Human Anatomy and Physiology - Problem Drill 10: Axial and Appendicular Musculature

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1 Human Anatomy and Physiology - Problem Drill 10: Axial and Appendicular Musculature Question No. 1 of 10 There are a number of muscles that position the girdle and coordinate with the muscles that move the arm. Which of the following statements about muscles that position the pectoral girdle is correct? Question #01 A. The muscles that position the pectoral girdle include the trapezius, rhomboid major and the biceps brachii muscle. B. The rhomboid minor muscle has its origin on the anterior and superior margins of ribs 1-8. C. The subclavius muscle has its origin on the 7 th and 8 th ribs. D. The muscles that position the pectoral girdle include the trapezius, rhomboid minor and the serratus anterior muscle. E. None of the answers are correct. The trapezius and the rhomboid major muscles do position the girdle, but the biceps brachii does not; it instead moves the arm. The origin of the rhomboid minor muscle is the spinous process of the C 7-T 1 vertebrae. The origin of the subclavius muscle is the first rib. D. Correct! The muscles that position the pectoral girdle are: (1) Trapezius, (2) Subclavius, (3) Serratus anterior, (4) Rhomboid minor, (5) Rhomboid major, (6) Pectoralis minor, and the (7) Levator scapulae. Answer choice D is correct. In order for the arm to move in its full range of movement, the combination of the muscles that position the girdle and the muscles that move the arm must be utilized. The muscles that position the pectoral girdle are: (1) Trapezius, (2) Subclavius, (3) Serratus anterior, (4) Rhomboid minor, (5) Rhomboid major, (6) Pectoralis minor, and the (7) Levator scapulae.

2 Question No. 2 of 10 Which of the following statements about the muscle labelled in the image below is correct? A Question #02 A. The muscle identified in the image is innervated by the medial pectoral nerve. B. The muscle identified in the image is the pectoralis major muscle. C. The action of the muscle identified in the image is adduction and performing downward rotation of the scapula. D. The muscle labeled with the letter A in the image is the serratus anterior muscle. E. The muscle labeled in the image is innervated by the accessory nerve. A. Correct! The muscle identified in the image is the pectoralis minor muscle and it is innervated by the medial pectoral nerve. The pectoral major muscle is a superficial muscle; this image depicts the deep pectoralis minor muscle. The action of the pectoralis minor muscle is to depress and retract the shoulder. The serratus anterior muscle is attached to the first 8 ribs; the letter A in the image depicts the pectoralis minor muscle. The muscle identified in the image is the pectoralis minor muscle and it is innervated by the medial pectoral nerve. The pectoralis minor is located on either side of the chest, and it underlies the pectoralis major muscle. The pectoralis minor muscle also moves the scapula and shoulder, through its attachment to the coracoid process of the scapula. Origin: anterior surfaces and superior margins of ribs 3-5 and fascia covering the associating external intercostal muscles. Insertion: coracoid process of scapula. Muscle action: depresses and protracts the shoulder. Rotates the scapula so the glenoid cavity moves inferiorly and elevates the ribs if scapula is stationary. Innervation: Medial pectoral nerve (C 8-T 1).

3 Question No. 3 of 10 The skeletal muscles of the body are divided into the axial and appendicular divisions. Which of the following muscles is in the appendicular division? Question #03 A. Procerus. B. Medial rectus. C. Teres major. D. Stylohyoid. E. Rectus abdominis. The Procerus muscle is in the axial division and is located near the bridge of the nose. The medial rectus muscle is in the axial division and is attached the eye. C. Correct! The teres major is in the appendicular division, and it performs extension and medial rotation at the shoulder. The stylohyoid muscle is in the axial division, and it is located in the anterior neck. The rectus abdominis muscle is in the axial division, and its muscular action is to depress the ribs and flex the vertebral column. The muscles of the body are divided into the appendicular musculature and the axial musculature. The function of the axial musculature includes the following: (1) the positioning of the head and vertebral column, and (2) assisting in respiration during the breathing cycle. Unlike the appendicular musculature, the axial musculature does not contribute to the movement of the limbs or their associated girdles (pectoral and pelvic). The functions of the appendicular musculature are to move and stabilize the upper and lower extremities and the pectoral and pelvic girdles.

4 Question No. 4 of 10 A 25-year-old man is treated in the emergency department after falling off a ladder. The patient severely injured a muscle in the shoulder region of his body. The insertion of the injured muscle is the clavicle and scapula and it is innervated by the axillary nerve. Based on this information, which muscle did this patient injure? Question #04 A. Infraspinatus. B. Deltoid. C. Supraspinatus. D. Latissimus dorsi. E. Coracobrachialis. The infraspinatus muscle is in the correct region, but its origin is the infraspinous process of the scapula, and it is innervated by the suprascapular nerve. B. Correct! The origin of the deltoid muscle is the clavicle and scapula, and this muscle is innervated by the axillary nerve (C 5- C 6). The supraspinatus muscle has its origin on the supraspinous fossa of the scapula, and this muscle is innervated by the suprascapular nerve (C 5). The latissimus dorsi muscle has its origin on the spinous processes of the inferior thoracic and all lumbar vertebrae, ribs 8-12, and thoracolumbar fascia. The innervation for this muscle is the thoracodorsal nerve (C 6-C 8). The origin of the coracobrachialis muscle is the coracoid process, and it is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve (C 5-C 7). The deltoid muscle is the major abductor muscle of the arm. This muscle is also involved in the flexion and medial rotation of the humerus and extension and lateral rotation of the humerus. This superficial muscle is adjacent to the pectoralis major. Deltoid muscle - Origin: clavicle and scapula. Insertion: deltoid tuberosity of the humerus. Muscle action: entire muscle can abduct the shoulder; the anterior portion can flex and rotate the humerus medially; and the posterior portion can extend and rotate the humerus laterally. Innervation: Axillary nerve (C 5- C 6).

5 Question No. 5 of 10 Which of the following statements is correct about the muscle labelled in the image below? A Question #05 A. The muscle labelled in the image is the trapezius muscle. B. The muscle identified in the image has its insertion on the floor of the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus. C. The teres major muscle is identified in the image. D. The axillary nerve innervates the muscle identified in the image. E. The supraspinatus muscle is labelled in the image. The latissimus dorsi muscle is labelled in the image; the trapezius muscle is a superficial muscle in the upper back and neck region. B. Correct! The latissimus dorsi muscle is labelled in the image and its insertion is on the floor of the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus. The latissimus dorsi muscle is labelled in the image; the teres minor muscle is located above this muscle. The latissimus dorsi muscle is labelled in the image and it is innervated by the thoracodorsal nerve. The latissimus dorsi muscle is labelled in the image; the supraspinatus muscle is located in the region of the clavicle. Latissimus dorsi The latissimus dorsi muscle is a superficial muscle that extends from a widespread origin - from the spinous processes of the inferior thoracic and all the lumbar vertebrae to the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus. This muscle performs extension, adduction, and medial rotation of the arm. Latissimus dorsi muscle - Origin: spinous processes of inferior thoracic and all lumbar vertebrae, ribs 8-12, and thoracolumbar fascia. Insertion: floor of intertubercular sulcus of the humerus. Muscle action: extension, adduction and medial rotation at the shoulder. Innervation: Thoracodorsal nerve (C 6-C 8).

6 Question No. 6 of 10 The knee is extended by a group of muscles located in the thigh region. Which of the following statements about these muscles is correct? Question #06 A. The biceps femoris is one of the muscles that extend the knee. B. There are a total of 7 muscles that extend the knee and are located in the thigh region. C. The group of muscles that extends the knee includes the vastus lateralis and the vastus medialis. D. The tibial nerve innervates the muscles that extend the knee. E. All the muscles that extend the knee have their origins on the anterior surface of the femur. The biceps femoris is located on the posterior aspect of the leg and its muscular action is flexion at the knee. There are a total of four muscles that extend the knee: rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis. C. Correct! There are a total of four muscles that extend the knee: rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis. All the muscles that extend the knee are innervated by the femoral nerve. The muscles that extend the knee have their origins: on the anterior, inferior iliac spine and the superior acetabular rim of the ilium for the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis anterior and inferior to the greater trochanter, (2) vastus intermedius anterolateral surface of the femur and the linea aspera, and (3) vastus medialis the entire length of the linea aspera of the femur. The muscles that extend the knee are the rectus femoris, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis. These muscles form the quadriceps muscles. These muscles cover the anterior and lateral aspects of the femur. These are powerful extensor muscles of the knee, which are attached to the patella through the quadriceps tendon. The three vastus muscles (lateralis, intermedius and medialis) share the same insertion, muscular action and innervation as the rectus femoris muscle. The origins of these three muscles differ: (1) vastus lateralis anterior and inferior to the greater trochanter, (2) vastus intermedius anterolateral surface of the femur and the linea aspera, and (3) vastus medialis the entire length of the linea aspera of the femur.

7 Question No. 7 of 10 Which muscle of the head and neck is labelled in the image below? A Question #07 A. Procerus. B. Levator labii superioris. C. Frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis. D. Risorius. E. Orbicularis oris. The procerus muscle is near the bridge of the nose; the frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis is labelled in the image. The levator labii superioris muscle is located adjacent to the nose; the frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis is labelled in the image. C. Correct! The frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis is labelled in the image. The risorius muscle is located adjacent to the lips; the frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis is labelled in the image. The orbicularis oris muscle surrounds the lips; the frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis is labelled in the image.

8 Question No. 8 of 10 A 31-year-old male undergoes emergency surgery on his left eye. The surgery involves the temporary division of the muscle that is attached to the upper portion of the eyeball, roughly on the midline of the eye. Which of the following statements about the muscle temporarily divided during the surgery is correct? Question #08 A. The muscle that is temporarily divided in this patient s operation is the superior rectus muscle. B. The surgery involves one of the 8 extra-ocular muscles. C. The muscle involved in this patient s operation is innervated by the abducens nerve. D. The muscle divided in this patient s operation is innervated by the trochlear nerve. E. The inferior oblique muscle is temporarily divided during the operation. A. Correct! The muscle that is temporarily divided in this patient s operation is the superior rectus muscle. There are a total of 6 extra-ocular muscles: medial rectus, lateral rectus, inferior rectus, superior rectus, inferior oblique and the superior oblique muscles. The superior rectus muscle temporarily divided in this patient s surgery is innervated by the oculomotor nerve. The superior rectus muscle temporarily divided in this patient s surgery is innervated by the oculomotor nerve. The superior rectus muscle is temporarily divided in this patient s surgery; the inferior oblique muscle inserts on the inferior, lateral surface of the eyeball. There are six extra-ocular muscles that position the eye and are located on the surface of the orbit. The extra-ocular muscles are the: medial rectus, lateral rectus, inferior rectus, superior rectus, inferior oblique and the superior oblique muscles. Superior rectus muscle - Origin: sphenoid around the optic canal. Insertion: superior surface of the eyeball. Muscle action: eye looks up. Innervation: Oculomotor nerve (N III).

9 Question No. 9 of 10 The diaphragm muscle is a large muscle located in the chest region of the body. Which of the following statements about the diaphragm is correct? Question #09 A. The diaphragm separates the abdominopelvic and thoracic cavities. B. The insertion of the diaphragm is the xiphoid process. C. The diaphragm plays no role in respiration. D. The diaphragm is a solid muscle with no foramen through it. E. The diaphragm is part of the vertebral column musculature. A. Correct! The diaphragm does separate the abdominopelvic and thoracic cavities. The insertion of the diaphragm is the central tendinous sheet. Contraction of the diaphragm increases the size of the thoracic cavity, and this leads to gas exchange in the lungs. The diaphragm contains a foramen for the inferior vena cava and the esophagus. The diaphragm is part of the oblique and rectus musculature. The diaphragm is a large muscle that separates the abdominopelvic and thoracic cavities. The diaphragm is part of the rectus group of muscles and its origin is the xiphoid process, ribs 7-12 and their associated cartilages, and anterior surfaces of the lumbar vertebrae. Insertion: central tendinous sheet. Muscle action: contraction of the diaphragm expands the thoracic cavity and compresses the abdominopelvic cavity.

10 Question No. 10 of 10 In the pelvic region of both males and females are the muscles of the perineum and the pelvic diaphragm. Which of the following statements about these muscles is correct? Question #10 A. The muscles of the perineum include the bulbospongiosus and the coccygeus. B. There are a total of 10 muscles in the perineum. C. The superficial transverse perineal muscle is a muscle of the perineum that functions to stabilize the central tendon of the perineum. D. The external urethral sphincter in the male is innervated by the perineal nerve. E. While the muscles of the perineum and the pelvic diaphragm are located in the region of the urethra, they only support the urethra in its position. The bulbospongiosus muscle is a muscle of the perineum; however, the coccygeus muscle is a muscle of the pelvic diaphragm. There are a total of 5 muscles in the perineum: bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus, superficial transverse perineal, deep transverse perineal and the external urethral sphincter. C. Correct! The superficial transverse perineal muscle is a muscle of the perineum that functions to stabilize the central tendon of the perineum. The external urethral sphincter in the male and female is innervated by the pudendal nerve, perineal branch. The muscles of the perineum and the pelvic diaphragm control the movements of material through the urethra. The muscles of the perineum and the pelvic diaphragm function to (1) support the organs of the pelvic cavity, (2) control the movements of material through the urethra and the anus, and (3) flex the joints of the sacrum and coccyx. This musculature extends from the sacrum and coccyx to the ischium and pubis. The terms pelvic diaphragm or anal diaphragm pertain to the muscular sheet in that region. The muscles of the perineum include the bulbospongiosus, ischiocavernosus, superficial transverse perineal, deep transverse perineal and the external urethral sphincter. The muscles of the pelvic diaphragm are the coccygeus, the levator ani (iliococcygeus and the pubococcygeus) and the external anal sphincter. The pelvic diaphragm forms the foundation of the anal triangle.