World Muslim Population

Transcription

1 World Muslim Population Houssain Kettani Abstract The purpose of this manuscript is to present a reliable estimate of the Muslim population and its percentage in each country throughout the world from 1950 till This data is summarized to be a reference for other studies and discussions related to Muslim population. The presented data show that the percentage of World Muslim population with respect to the total World population has increased steadily from 17% in 1950 to 26% by Introduction and Methodology The aim of this paper is to track the change of the World Muslim population since Our results are summarized in tables and a superscript number is put by a country name representing the source of the percentages. A (year) sign is put next to this number to indicate that the source bases its estimate on official census data and the year the census was conducted. Percentage values are based on the latest available census and reliable estimates. Official censuses were considered in this study to be the most reliable; although official censuses are usually challenged by minorities, whether Muslims or not, claiming that their number is underestimated for various reasons. However, these claims tend to be based on emotions and wishful thinking and not on scientific facts. In addition, residents who are not citizens are not counted in many religious and ethnic censuses. While typically non-citizens do not influence the political life in a country, they do help in establishing and maintaining various religious facilities and activities. Thus, it makes sense to include them in an estimate that inquires about adherents of a certain religion in a country. However, not all censuses inquire on religious adherence, nor are held regularly. Thus, our second source of estimates is Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) that include data on religion. When no census or Survey is available, we resort to other estimates from reliable sources. The total population estimate for each country and the corresponding annual population growth rate (APGR) since 1950 are based on [UNP]. An estimate for the Muslims demographics in the decennial estimates based on these growth rates. We divide each continent into various regions, and then sort countries that belong to each region in alphabetical order. These regions go from the bottom up (south to north) to simulate the growth of Islam in the continent as a growing tree, and right to left (east to west), to follow the Muslim tradition of starting from the right. A color coded map of each continent illustrating the presence of Muslims in each country is also laid out in the corresponding section. The value of pure white color is 255, while pure black is 0. H. Kettani is with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Computer Science, Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA. [email protected] Given a percentage of Muslims p, the color was chosen as p. Thus, the darker the region is, the higher the percentage of Muslims in the corresponding country. Data for Asia, Africa, Europe, the Americas, and Oceania are considered in Sections 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively. Section 7 presents a summary of the data for the whole world. Data for Asia, Africa, Europe, the Americas, and Oceania are considered in Sections 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively. Section 7 presents a summary of the data for the whole world. 2. Islam in Asia Islam has started in Asia which explains why more than two-thirds of World Muslim population resides in this continent. Accordingly, the results of this paper reveal that while the total Asian population increased from 1.4 billion in 1950 to 4.7 billion by 2020, the percentage of Muslims in Asia increased from 23% in 1950 to 31% by 2020, which amounts to more than one percentage point per decade. We divided Asia into five regions; the data for each is included in a separate section. These regions are Southeastern Asia (Section 2.1), Southwestern Asia (Section 2.2), Eastern Asia (Section 2.3), Central Asia (Section 2.4), and Western Asia (Section 2.5). The country of Russia was not included in Asia as most of its population lives in the European side of the country, although most of its territory is in Asia. A color coded map of Asia illustrating the presence of Muslims in the continent is presented in Figure Muslims in Southeastern Asia This region consists of eleven countries: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar (Burma), Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste (East Timor), and Vietnam. The total population of this region increased from 176 million in 1950 to 673 million by The related percentage of Muslims in this region decreased from 42% in 1950 to 40% by The corresponding individual data for each country in this region is discussed below and summarized in Table Brunei: Based on census data [UN56, UN63, UN73, UN83, UN, UNC], the total population increased from 40,657 in 1947, to 83,877 in 1960, to 136,256 in 1971, to 192,832 in 1981, to 260,482 in 1991, to 332,844 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 27,266 or 67.06% in 1947, to 50,516 or 60.23% in 1960, to 84,700 or in 1971, to 122,269 or 63.41% in 1981, to 174,977 or 67.17% in Religious affiliation data from the 2001 census was not available Cambodia: Based on census data [KH], the total population increased from 11,413,880 in 1998, to 13,395,682 in The corresponding Muslim population increased in number but decreased in percentage from

2 245,398 or 2.15% in 1998, to 257,197 or 1.92% in 2008, although [DOS] indicates that there are 500,000 to 700,000 Muslims, which constitutes up to 5.23% of the total population recorded in the 2008 census. According to [KET] the massacres of the Khmer Rouge regime ( ) decreased the Muslim population from over one million or 15% of the total population to a one third of that Indonesia: Based on census data [UN73, UN], the total population increased from 118,367,850 in 1971 to 201,241,999 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 103,579,496 or 87.51% in 1971 to 177,528,772 or 88.22% in Laos: Based on census data [UN, LA], the total population increased from 4,574,848 in 1995, to 5,621,982 in The corresponding Muslim population decreased from 1,133 or 0.02% in 1995, to 1,006 or 0.02% in Malaysia: Based on census data [UN73, UN88, UN], the total population increased from 10,319,324 in 1970, to 13,070,372 in 1980, to 17,498,091 in 1991, to 23,274,690 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 5,164,205 or 50.04% in 1970, to 6,918,307 or 52.93% in 1980, to 10,257,341 or 58.62% in 1991, to 14,049,379 or 60.36% in Myanmar (Burma): According to 1953 census [UN56], the total population was 2,940,704, out of which 234,512 or 7.97% were Muslims. More recent religious census data are not available. Nevertheless, [DOS] points out that although official statistics indicate that Muslims constitute 4% of the total population, independent studies estimate that 6% to 10% of the population is Muslim Philippines: Based on census data [UN56, UN63, UN79, UN, UNC], the total population increased from 19,234,182 in 1948, to 27,087,685 in 1960, to 36,684,486 in 1970, to 60,559,116 in 1990, to 76,332,470 in 2000, to 88,574,614 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 791,817 or 4.12% in 1948, to 1,317,475 or 4.86% in 1960, to 1,584,963 or 4.32% in 1970, to 2,769,643 or 4.57% in 1990, to 3,862,409 or 5.06% in 2000, although [DOS] estimates that 5% to 9% of the total population is Muslim Singapore: Based on census data [UN83, UN], the total population 15 years and over increased from 1,981,962 in 1980, to 2,253,900 in 1990, to 2,494,630 in The corresponding Muslim population increased in number but decreased in percentage with respect to the total population from 323,867 or 16.34% in 1980, to 346,200 or 15.36% in 1990, to 371,660 or 14.90% in Thailand: Based on census data [UN56, UN63, UN73, UN83, UN], the total population increased from 17,442,689 in 1947, to 26,257,916 in 1960, to 34,397,374 in 1970, to 44,803,677 in 1980, to 60,916,441 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 670,404 or 3.84% in 1947, to 1,025,569 or 3.91% in 1960, to 1,325,587 or 3.85% in 1970, to 1,714,689 or 3.83% in 1980, to 2,777,542 or 4.56% in Timor-Leste (East Timor): According to census data [UNC, TL], in 2004 the total population was 924,642 out of which 2,970 or 0.32% were Muslims. Figure 2. A color coded map of Asia illustrating the presence of Muslims in the continent; the darker the region the higher the percentage of Muslims in the corresponding country.

3 Vietnam: The 1999 census [VN] included for the first time a question about religious affiliation, which indicated that the total population was 76,323,173, out of which 63,147 or 0.08% were Muslims. Religious affiliation data from the 2009 census was not yet available. Previous estimate by [KET] was 25,000 or 0.05% in Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar (Burma) Philippines Singapore Thailand Timor-Leste (East Timor) Vietnam Total Population 48,001 81, , , , , , ,852 Muslims % Muslims 32,189 49,268 80, , , , , ,735 APGR% [UN56](1947) [UN63](1960) [UN73](1971) [UN83](1981) [UN](1991) Population 4,345,800 5,433,306 6,937,996 6,747,832 9,690,107 12,759,811 15,053,112 17,758,584 Muslims % Muslims 651, ,996 1,040, , , , , ,965 APGR% [KET] [KET] [KH](1998) [KH](2008) Population 77,151,870 93,058, ,920, ,582, ,385, ,280, ,516, ,367,000 Muslims % Muslims 67,515,601 81,435, ,317, ,273, ,489, ,098, ,126, ,342,367 APGR% [UN73](1971) [UN](2000) Population 1,666,255 2,124,054 2,692,444 3,237,523 4,206,591 5,403,262 6,436,093 7,666,349 Muslims % Muslims ,081 1,287 1,533 APGR% [UN](1995) [LA](2005) Population 6,109,907 8,140,405 10,852,505 13,763,441 18,103,341 23,273,615 27,913,990 33,479,579 Muslims % Muslims 3,057,397 4,073,459 5,430,594 7,284,989 10,612,178 14,047,954 16,848,884 20,208,274 APGR% [UN73](1970) [UN](1980) [UN](1991) [UN](2000) Population 17,157,509 21,074,817 26,402,632 33,561,169 40,844,487 46,609,819 50,495,672 54,705,488 Muslims % Muslims 1,367,453 1,679,663 2,104,290 2,674,825 4,084,449 4,660,982 5,049,567 5,470,549 APGR% [UN56](1953) [DOS] Population 19,996,220 27,057,135 36,567,344 48,111,854 62,427,480 77,689,369 93,616, ,809,710 Muslims % Muslims 823,844 1,314,977 1,579,709 2,198,712 2,852,936 3,931,082 4,737,013 5,708,171 APGR% [UN56](1948) [UN63](1960) [UN79](1970) [UN](1990) [UN](2000) Population 1,022,098 1,634,000 2,074,601 2,414,502 3,016,380 4,018,337 4,836,691 5,821,707 Muslims % Muslims 167, , , , , , , ,434 APGR% [UN83](1980) [UN](1990) [UN](2000) Population 20,607,324 27,642,069 37,186,309 47,263,814 56,672,975 62,346,822 68,139,238 74,469,806 Muslims % Muslims 791,321 1,080,805 1,431,673 1,810,204 2,584,288 2,843,015 3,107,149 3,395,823 APGR% [UN56](1947) [UN63](1960) [UN79](1970) [UN83](1980) [UN](2000) Population 433, , , , , ,310 1,171,163 1,682,333 Muslims % Muslims 1,387 1,602 1,934 1,860 2,369 2,609 3,748 5,383 APGR% [TL](2004) Population 27,366,684 33,648,385 42,898,338 53,317,063 66,247,474 78,663,267 89,028, ,760,076 Muslims % Muslims 82, , ,695 26,659 52,998 62,931 71,223 80,608 APGR% [KET] [KET] [VN](1999) Population 175,905, ,394, ,267, ,773, ,591, ,193, ,615, ,017,483 Muslims % Muslims 74,490,508 90,818, ,455, ,126, ,523, ,744, ,228, ,754,844 APGR% Table 2.1. Estimate of the Muslim population in Southeastern Asia region.

4 2. 2. Muslims in Southwestern Asia This region consists of seven countries: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. The total population of this region increased from 473 million in 1950 to 1,897 million by The related percentage of Muslims in this region increased from 23% in 1950 to 31% by The corresponding individual data for each country in this region is discussed below and summarized in Table Bangladesh: Based on census data [UN83, UN88, BD], the total population increased from 71,477,748 in 1974, to 87,119,965 in 1981, to 111,455,185 in 1991, to 130,522,598 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 61,038,929 or 85.40% in 1974, to 75,486,980 or 86.65% in 1981, to 98,426,074 or 88.31% in 1991, to 116,922,143 or 89.58% in This shows that every decade the representation of Muslims with respect to the total population increased by more than one percentage point Bhutan: According to [BT], up to five per cent of the population practice Islam India: Based on census data [UN56, UN63, UN88, UN], the total population increased from 356,610,792 in 1951, to 438,774,729 in 1961, to 665,287,849 in 1981, to 838,583,988 in 1991, to 1,028,610,328 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 35,400,117 or 9.93% in 1951, to 46,939,592 or 10.70% in 1961, to 75,571,514 or 11.36% in 1981, to 101,596,057 or 12.16% in 1991, to 138,188,240 or 13.43% in This shows that every decade the representation of Muslims with respect to the total population increased by around one percentage point Maldives: Census data [UN88, UNC] show that the total population increased from 142,832 in 1977 to 298,968 in 2006, and that the entire population is Muslim [CIA] Nepal: Based on census data [UN73, UN83, UN], the total population increased from 11,555,983 in 1971, to 15,022,839 in 1981, to 18,491,097 in 1991, to 22,736, 934 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 351,186 or 3.04% in 1971, to 399,197 or 2.66% in 1981, to 653,218 or 3.53% in 1991, to 954,023 or 4.20% in Pakistan: Based on census data [UN56, UN63, UN88, PK], the total population increased from 75,635,496 Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Total Population 43,594,580 54,138,214 69,178,394 90,397, ,632, ,766, ,425, ,060,352 Muslims % Muslims 37,229,771 46,234,035 59,078,348 78,329, ,114, ,098, ,292, ,047,663 APGR % [UN83](1974) [UN83](1981) [UN88](1991) [BD](2001) Population 168, , , , , , , ,462 Muslims % Muslims 8,419 11,199 14,884 21,130 27,439 28,059 35,424 44,723 APGR % [BT] Population 371,856, ,313, ,963, ,637, ,161,572 1,042,589,892 1,214,464,312 1,414,672,803 Muslims % Muslims 36,925,350 47,969,588 62,816,709 78,683, ,838, ,019, ,102, ,990,557 APGR % [UN56](1951) [UN63](1961) [UN88](1981) [UN](1991) [UN](2001) Population 81,999 98, , , , , , ,971 Muslims % Muslims 81,999 98, , , , , , ,971 APGR % [UN88](1977) [CIA] Population 8,126,126 9,691,444 11,893,041 15,057,512 19,104,650 24,431,756 29,852,682 36,476,405 Muslims % Muslims 247, , , , ,394 1,026,134 1,253,813 1,532,009 APGR % [UN73](1971) [UN83](1981) [UN](1991) [UN](2001) Population 41,177,263 48,777,520 61,750,078 82,609, ,775, ,132, ,753, ,427,576 Muslims % Muslims 35,363,033 42,968,117 59,693,800 79,858, ,723, ,947, ,286, ,362,611 APGR % [UN56](1951) [UN63](1961) [UN88](1981) [PK](1998) Population 8,240,623 10,017,869 12,520,121 15,059,710 17,290,330 18,767,087 20,409,946 22,196,620 Muslims % Muslims 540, , ,181 1,138,514 1,461,033 1,585,819 1,724,640 1,875,614 APGR % [UN56](1946) [UN71](1963) [UN79](1971) [UN81](1981) [UN](2001) Population 473,245, ,261, ,724, ,341,598 1,130,728,985 1,375,521,432 1,614,928,135 1,897,090,189 Muslims % Muslims 110,396, ,261, ,976, ,589, ,055, ,978, ,009, ,215,149 APGR % Table 2.2. Estimate of the Muslim Population in Southwestern Asia region.

5 in 1951, to 93,720,613 in 1961, to 84,253,644 in 1981, to 130,579,571 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 64,958,221 or 85.88% in 1951, to 82,556,634 or 88.09% in 1961, to 81,450,057 or 96.67% in 1981, to 126,009,286 or 96.50% in Sri Lanka: It changed its name from Ceylon in 1972 [CIA]. Based on census data [UN56, UN71, UN79, UN81, UN], the total population increased from 6,657,339 in 1946, to 10,582,064 in 1963 to 12,689,897 in 1971, to 14,846,750 in 1981, to 16,864,687 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 436,556 or 6.56% in 1946, to 724,043 or 6.84% in 1963, to 901,785 or 7.11% in 1971, to 1,121,717 or 7.56% in 1981, to 1,425,698 or 8.45% in Muslims in Eastern Asia This region consists of six countries: China, Japan, North and South Korea, Mongolia and Taiwan. The total population of this region increased from 667 million in 1950 to 1,685 million by The related percentage of Muslims in this region increased slowly and is around 9% since The corresponding individual data for each country in this region is discussed below and summarized in Table China: The 1936 census indicated a total population of 452,460,000; out of which 47,437,000 or 10.48% were Muslim [KET]. Later censuses under the communist regime which took over in 1948, presented a much less count of Muslims. Accordingly, official estimate was less than ten million or 1.74% of the total population of China Japan Korea, North Korea, South Mongolia Taiwan Total 573,269,000 recorded in the 1953 census [KET], and about twenty million or 1.61% out of the total population of 1,242,612,226 recorded in the 2000 census [DOS]. The reason for this underestimate according to [KET], is due to the fact that only ethnicities with majority Muslims were considered Muslim, while most Chinese Muslims are from ethnicities the majority of which are not Muslim. Thus, using ethnic census data alone severely underestimates the number of Muslims in China. Therefore, [KET] kept the 1936 percentage estimate to infer the Muslim population in later years Japan: The 2005 census [UNC] showed that the total population is 127,767,994. According to [DOS], there are 100,000 Muslims in Japan, which constitutes up to 0.08% of the total population recorded in the 2005 census. Previous estimate by [KET] in 1981 was 25,000 or 0.02% of the total population North Korea: The 2008 census [UNC] indicates that the total population is 24,051,218. According to [PEW], the Muslim population is estimated at 2,000 Muslims, which constitutes 0.01% of the total population recorded in the 2008 census. According to [KET], there were no Muslims in this country in 1971 or before that South Korea: The 2005 census [UNC] showed that the total population is 47,278,951. According to [KR], South Korea is home to 35,000 Korean Muslims and 200,000 migrant Muslim workers. Thus, Muslims constitute up to 0.50% of the total population recorded in the 2005 census. According to [KET], Islam entered this country in the 1950s Population 547,115, ,174, ,146, ,219,088 1,148,166,548 1,274,061,430 1,361,763,412 1,455,502,495 Muslims % Muslims 57,337,687 68,033,528 85,951, ,355, ,327, ,521, ,712, ,536,661 APGR % [KET](1936) [KET] Population 82,823,736 93,188, ,447, ,794, ,191, ,705, ,995, ,285,709 Muslims % Muslims 16,565 18,638 20,890 23,359 98, , , ,829 APGR % [KET] [DOS] Population 9,736,822 10,946,479 14,246,772 17,239,340 20,143,212 22,858,710 23,990,703 25,178,754 Muslims % Muslims 974 1,095 1,425 1,724 2,014 2,286 2,399 2,518 APGR % [PEW] Population 19,211,386 25,068,498 31,439,846 37,459,355 42,982,851 46,429,319 48,500,717 50,664,528 Muslims % Muslims 1,921 2,507 6,288 29, , , , ,323 APGR % [KET] [KET] [KET] [KR] Population 761, ,873 1,255,642 1,663,026 2,216,080 2,389,197 2,701,117 3,053,760 Muslims % Muslims 33,040 44,971 66,423 91, , , , ,839 APGR % [MN](1956e) [MN](1963e) [MN](1969e) [MN](1979e) [MN](1989e) [MN](2000e) Population 7,521,495 10,843,824 14,769,725 18,029,798 20,393,628 22,300,929 23,026,499 23,775,675 Muslims % Muslims 20,308 29,278 39,878 48,680 55, , , ,359 APGR % [KET] [KET] [TW01] [TW] Population 667,170, ,181, ,306,315 1,177,404,803 1,357,093,364 1,494,745,360 1,586,977,859 1,685,460,921 Muslims % Muslims 57,410,495 68,130,017 86,086, ,550, ,832, ,066, ,386, ,243,528 APGR % Table 2.3. Estimate of the Muslim population in Eastern Asia region.

6 by the participation of Turkish soldiers in the Korea war (less than 0.01%), then Muslims were few thousands by 1971 (around 0.02%), then increased in 1981 to 30,000 or 0.08% of the total population Mongolia: Based on census data [MN], the total population increased from 845,481 in 1956, to 1,017,162 in 1963, to 1,188,271 in 1969, to 1,538,980 in 1979, to 1,987,274 in 1989, to 2,365,269 in The corresponding ethnic Kazakh population, which is mostly Muslim [DOS], increased from 36,729 or 4.34% in 1956, to 47,735 or 4.69% in 1963, to 62,812 or 5.29% in 1969, to 84,305 or 5.48% in 1979, to 120,506 or 6.06% in 1989, then decreased to 102,983 or 4.35% in Taiwan: According to [KET, TW01, TW], the Muslim population increased from 20,000 or 0.27% in 1949, to 40,000 or 0.27% in 1971, to 105,000 or 0.47% in 2000, to 210,000 or 0.91% in Muslims in Central Asia This region consists of twelve countries: Abkhazia, Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, South Ossetia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The de facto countries of Abkhazia and South Ossetia were included as they are run by independent governments from the claiming country of Georgia and are recognized by Russia. The total population of this region increased from 51 million in 1950 to 210 million by The related percentage of Muslims in this region increased from 76% in 1950 to 92% by To this end, the corresponding individual data for each country in this region is discussed below and summarized in Table Abkhazia: According to surveys held in 1997 and 2003 [AB], Muslims percentage with respect to the total population decreased from 17% to 16%, respectively Afghanistan: According to the last census of 1979 [UN83], the total population was 13,051,358; out of which 13,020,810 or 99.77% were Muslims Armenia: According to census data [SU, UNE], the total population increased from 1,282,338 in 1939, to 1,763,048 in 1959, to 2,491,873 in 1970, to 3,037,259 in 1979, to 3,304,776 in 1989, to 3,213,011 in These censuses included ethnic demography, from which we can deduce religion. Accordingly, the Muslim population decreased from 152,169 or 11.87% in 1939, to 135,072 or 7.66% in 1959, to 189,358 or 7.60% in 1970, to 214,373 or 7.06% in 1979, to 144,094 or 4.36% in 1989 to 6,159 or 0.19% in Azerbaijan: According to census data [SU, UNE], the total population increased from 3,205,150 in 1939, to 3,697,717 in 1959, to 5,117,081 in 1970, to 6,026,515 in 1979, to 7,021,178 in 1989, to 7,953,438 in These censuses included ethnic demography, from which we can deduce religion. Accordingly, the corresponding Muslim population increased from 2,132,643 or 66.54% in 1939, to 2,656,803 or 71.85% in 1959, to 4,012,984 or 78.42% in 1970, to 4,974,710 or 82.55% in 1979, to 6,135,753 or 87.39% in 1989, to 7,624,536 or 95.86% in In addition, an official Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) [AZ] was conducted in It covered the population aged 15 to 49. The participants were 8,444 females out of which 8,379 or 99.23% were Muslim and 2,245 males out of which 2,232 or 99.42% were Muslim. Thus, this survey indicated that 99.33% of the population is Muslim Georgia: According to census data [SU, GE], the total population changed from 3,540,023 in 1939, to 4,044,045 in 1959, to 4,686,358 in 1970, to 4,993,182 in 1979, to 5,400,841 in 1989, to 4,371,535 in These censuses included ethnic demography, from which we can deduce religion. Accordingly, the corresponding Muslim population increased from 223,975 or 6.33% in 1939, to 185,680 or 4.59% in 1959, to 255,231 or 5.45% in 1970, to 297,291 or 5.95% in 1979, to 363,263 or 6.73 in 1989 to 433,784 or 9.92% in The latest census, however, did not include the population of Abkhazia and South Ossetia Iran: Based on census data [UN63, UN71, UN83, UN, IR], the total population increased from 18,954,704 in 1956, to 25,078,923 in 1966, to 33,708,744 in 1976, to 60,055,488 in 1996, to 70,495,782 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 18,654,127 or 98.41% in 1956, to 24,771,922 or 98.76% in 1966, to 33,396,908 or 99.07% in 1976, to 59,788,791 or 99.56% in 1996, to 70,093,956 or 99.43% in Kazakhstan: According to census data [SU, UNE], the total population changed from 6,151,102 in 1939, to 9,309,847 in 1959, to 12,848,573 in 1970, to 14,684,283 in 1979, to 16,464,464 in 1989, to 14,953,126 in 1999, to 16,304,840 in These censuses included ethnic demography, from which we can deduce religion. Accordingly, the corresponding Muslim population increased from 2,652,998 or 43.13% in 1939, to 3,476,761 or 37.34% in 1959, to 4,993,669 or 38.87% in 1970, to 6,303,189 or 42.92% in 1979, to 7,776,037 or 47.23% in 1989, to 9,177,139 or 61.37% in In addition, official Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) were conducted in 1995 and 1999 [KZ95, KZ]. The former covered the female population aged 15 to 49 while the latter added the male population aged 15 to 59. The participants in the 1995 DHS were 3,771 females out of which 1,914 or 50.76% were Muslim. The participants in the 1999 DHS were 4,800 females out of which 2,685 or 55.94% were Muslim and 1,440 males out of which 819 or 56.88% were Muslim. Thus, the 1999 DHS indicated that 56.41% of the Kazakhstani population is Muslim. Nevertheless, in January 2007 the Kazakhstani President declared that 70% of the total population is Muslim [KZ07] Kyrgyzstan: According to census data [SU,KG], the total population changed from 1,458,213 in 1939, to 2,065,837 in 1959, to 2,932,805 in 1970, to 3,522,832 in 1979, to 4,257,755 in 1989, to 4,822,900 in 1999, to 5,362,800 in These censuses included ethnic demography, from which we can deduce religion. Accordingly, the corresponding Muslim population increased from 989,562 or 67.86% in 1939, to 1,228,973 or 59.49% in 1959, to 1,816,852 or 61.95% in 1970, to 2,344,124 or 66.54% in 1979, to 3,070,307 or 72.11% in 1989, to 4,105,780 or 85.13% in 1999, to 4,872,800 or 90.86% in In addition, an official Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) was conducted in 1997 [KG97]. It covered female population aged 15 to 49. The participants were 3,848 females out of which 3,323 or 86.36% were Muslim.

7 Abkhazia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Georgia Iran Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Ossetia, South Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Total Population 355, , , , , , , ,314 Muslims % Muslims 60,399 68,805 82,783 82,634 89,260 44,414 31,917 24,370 APGR % [AB] [AB] Population 8,151,455 9,616,353 11,839,729 13,945,792 12,580,412 20,535,806 29,117,489 41,285,361 Muslims % Muslims 8,132,707 9,594,235 11,812,498 13,913,717 12,551,477 20,488,574 29,050,519 41,190,405 APGR % [UN83](1979) Population 1,353,506 1,867,396 2,518,408 3,096,298 3,544,695 3,075,811 3,090,379 3,105,016 Muslims % Muslims 160, , , , ,549 5,844 1,545 1,553 APGR % [SU](1939e) [SU](1959e) [SU](1970e) [SU](1979e) [SU](1989e) [UNE](2001e) Population 2,895,997 3,894,494 5,172,002 6,160,502 7,211,692 8,121,411 8,933,928 9,827,734 Muslims % Muslims 1,926,996 2,798,194 4,055,884 5,085,494 6,302,298 7,785,185 8,874,071 9,761,888 APGR % [SU](1939e) [SU](1959e) [SU](1970e) [SU](1979e) [SU](1989e) [UNE](1999e) [AZ](2006s) Population 3,527,004 4,159,500 4,707,491 5,073,000 5,459,999 4,744,750 4,219,191 3,751,846 Muslims % Muslims 223, , , , , , , ,183 APGR % [SU](1939e) [SU](1959e) [SU](1970e) [SU](1979e) [SU](1989e) [GE](2002) Population 16,912,989 21,703,682 28,804,866 39,329,530 56,733,180 66,902,877 75,077,547 84,251,056 Muslims % Muslims 16,644,072 21,358,593 28,447,686 38,963,765 56,483,554 66,608,504 74,649,605 83,770,825 APGR % [UN63](1956) [UN71](1966) [UN83](1976) [UN](1996) [IR](2006) Population 6,702,996 9,995,997 13,109,992 14,918,991 16,530,000 14,956,751 15,753,460 16,592,608 Muslims % Muslims 2,891,002 3,732,505 5,095,854 6,403,231 8,390,628 8,437,103 8,886,527 9,359,890 APGR % [SU](1939e) [SU](1959e) [SU](1970e) [SU](1979e) [KZ95](1995s) [KZ99](1999s) Population 1,740,000 2,172,500 2,964,499 3,627,499 4,394,502 4,954,863 5,550,239 6,217,155 Muslims % Muslims 1,180,764 1,292,420 1,836,507 2,413,738 3,168,875 4,218,075 5,042,947 5,648,907 APGR % [SU](1939e) [SU](1959e) [SU](1970e) [SU](1979e) [SU](1989e) [KG](1999e) [KG](2009e) Population 101,356 96,807 99,421 97,988 99,000 70,000 62,480 55,768 Muslims % Muslims 35,475 33,882 34,797 34,296 34,650 24,500 21,868 19,519 APGR % [OS] Population 1,531,502 2,082,499 2,941,501 3,952,691 5,303,152 6,172,891 7,074,845 8,108,588 Muslims % Muslims 1,354,767 1,702,443 2,468,508 3,402,476 4,753,745 5,864,246 7,004,097 8,027,502 APGR % [SU](1939e) [SU](1959e) [SU](1970e) [SU](1979e) [SU](1989e) [DOS01] [DOS] Population 1,211,000 1,593,501 2,188,499 2,861,000 3,668,000 4,501,727 5,176,502 5,952,421 Muslims % Muslims 930,048 1,248,827 1,780,563 2,400,093 3,213,535 4,190,658 4,818,806 5,541,108 APGR % [SU](1939e) [SU](1959e) [SU](1970e) [SU](1979e) [SU](1989e) [TM](2000s) Population 6,313,997 8,558,503 11,972,994 15,951,899 20,515,248 24,775,610 27,794,296 31,180,782 Muslims % Muslims 5,314,491 6,938,378 9,916,034 13,656,421 19,391,012 23,858,912 26,765,907 30,027,093 APGR % [SU](1939e) [SU](1959e) [SU](1970e) [SU](1979e) [UZ96](1996s) [UZ](2002s) Population 50,797,093 66,145,970 86,806, ,501, ,564, ,073, ,049, ,480,650 Muslims % Muslims 38,854,642 49,102,248 65,979,070 86,876, ,901, ,996, ,566, ,745,244 APGR % Table 2.4. Estimate of the Muslim population in Central Asia region.

8 South Ossetia: According to [OS], Muslims make up 35% of the total population Tajikistan: According to census data [SU], the total population changed from 1,484,440 in 1939, to 1,979,897 in 1959, to 2,899,602 in 1970, to 3,806,220 in 1979, to 5,092,603 in 1989, to 6,127,493 in These censuses included ethnic demography, from which we can deduce religion. Accordingly, the corresponding Muslim population increased from 1,313,095 or 88.46% in 1939, to 1,618,578 or 81.75% in 1959, to 2,433,265 or 83.92% in 1970, to 3,276,406 or 86.08% in 1979, to 4,565,146 or in According to the Tajikistani President [DOS], Muslims make up 99% of the total population Turkmenistan: According to census data [SU], the total population changed from 1,251,883 in 1939, to 1,516,375 in 1959, to 2,158,880 in 1970, to 2,764,748 in 1979, to 3,522,717 in 1989, to 4,483,251 in These censuses included ethnic demography, from which we can deduce religion. Accordingly, the corresponding Muslim population increased from 961,393 or 76.80% in 1939, to 1,188,365 or 78.37% in 1959, to 1,756,505 or 81.36% in 1970, to 2,319,355 or 83.89% in 1979, to 3,086,385 or 87.61% in In addition, an official Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) was conducted in 2000 [TM]. It covered female population aged 15 to 49. Muslims constituted 93.1% of the total 7,919 participants Uzbekistan: According to census data [SU], the total population increased from 6,271,269 in 1939, to 8,105,704 in 1959, to 11,959,582 in 1970, to 15,389,307 in 1979, to 19,810,077 in These censuses included ethnic demography, from which we can deduce religion. Accordingly, the Muslim population increased from 5,278,611 or 84.17% in 1939, to 6,570,983 or 81.07% in 1959, to 9,904,522 or 82.82% in 1970, to 13,175,293 or 85.61% in 1979, to 17,533,359 or 88.51% in In addition, official Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Bahrain Cyprus Cyprus, North Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Oman Population 115, , , , , , ,131 1,002,228 Muslims % Muslims 111, , , , , , , ,010 APGR % [UN56](1950) [UN63](1959) [UN71](1971) [UN83](1981) [UN](1991) [UN](2001) Population 494, , , , , , , ,862 Muslims % Muslims 88, , ,544 3,727 4,152 4,798 5,366 6,002 APGR % [UN56](1946) [UN63](1960) [UN](2001) Population , , , , , ,991 Muslims % Muslims , , , , , ,567 APGR % [DOS](2006) Population 5,719,191 7,496,988 10,209,822 14,023,797 18,079,414 24,652,342 31,466,698 40,164,666 Muslims % Muslims 5,354,307 7,162,622 9,784,072 13,439,005 17,325,502 23,624,339 30,154,537 38,489,799 APGR % [UN56](1947) [UN63](1957) [UN71](1965) Population 1,257,971 2,114,020 2,897,797 3,763,901 4,513,700 6,084,185 7,285,033 8,722,895 Muslims % Muslims 106, , , , , ,621 1,225,343 1,467,191 APGR % [IL](1950) [IL](1960) [IL](1970) [IL](1980) [IL](1990) [IL](2000) [IL](2008) Population 472, ,097 1,622,793 2,225,250 3,254,004 4,853,360 6,472,392 8,631,517 Muslims % Muslims 442, ,568 1,518,610 2,124,446 3,156,058 4,777,162 6,370,775 8,496,002 APGR % [UN63](1961) [UN88](1979) [JO97](1997s) [JO](2002s) Population 152, , ,260 1,374,924 2,143,005 2,228,364 3,050,744 4,176,624 Muslims % Muslims 143, , ,824 1,258,193 1,961,064 2,039,176 2,791,736 3,822,029 APGR % [UN63](1957) [UN71](1965) [UN83](1975) [UN88](1980) Population 1,442,826 1,888,485 2,442,746 2,784,713 2,974,323 3,772,283 4,254,583 4,798,547 Muslims % Muslims 807,983 1,057,552 1,367,938 1,559,439 1,665,621 2,112,478 2,382,566 2,687,186 APGR % [DOS] Population 456, , ,636 1,187,441 1,842,998 2,402,184 2,905,114 3,513,339 Muslims % Muslims 433, , ,304 1,128,069 1,750,848 2,282,075 2,759,858 3,337,672 APGR % [DOS] Table 2.5. Estimate of the Muslim population in Western Asia region.

9 were conducted in 1996 and 2002 [UZ96, UZ]. The former covered the female population aged 15 to 49 while the latter added male population aged 15 to 59. The participants in the 1996 DHS were 4,415 females out of which 4,173 or 94.52% were Muslim. The participants in the 2002 DHS were 5,463 females out of which 5,234 or 95.81% were Muslim and 2,333 males out of which 2,258 or 96.79% were Muslim. Thus, the 2002 DHS indicated that 96.30% of the Uzbekistani population is Muslim Muslims in Western Asia This region consists of sixteen countries and territories: Bahrain, Cyprus, North Cyprus, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. Regardless of politics and territorial claims, the following de facto territories: North Cyprus, Israel and Palestine had independent entries since they are run by independent governments, even though they are not recognized by most countries in the world. In particular, the population and statistics of Muslims in Palestine exclude Israeli citizens as they were already included in the entry of Israel. The total population of this region increased from 44 million in 1950 to 271 million by The related Muslim population remained around 92% since The corresponding individual data for each country in this region is discussed below and summarized in Table Bahrain: Based on census data [UN56, UN63, UN71, UN83, UN, UNC], the total population increased from 109,650 in 1950, to 143,135 in 1959, to 182,203 in 1965, to 216,078 in 1971, to 350,798 in 1981, to 508,037 in 1991, to 650,604 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 105,401 or 96.12% in 1950, to 135,720 or 94.82% in 1959, to 173,594 or 95.28% in 1965, to 206,708 or 95.66% in 1971, to 298,140 or in 1981, to 415,427 or in 1991, to 528,393 or 81.22% in Cyprus: Based on census data [UN56, UN63, UN], the total population increased from 450,114 in 1946, to 573,566 in 1960, to 689,565 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 80,548 or 17.90% in 1946, to 104,942 or 18.30% in 1960, then decreased to 4,182 or 0.61% in 2001 due to the ethnic cleansing against Muslims from 1963 to 1974, which caused the Turkish military intervention in 1974, and the subsequent unilateral declaration of independence of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (North Cyprus) in Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Total Population 1,004,800 1,100,905 1,095,641 1,476,177 2,154,468 3,149,447 4,409,392 6,173,381 Muslims % Muslims 994,250 1,089,345 1,084,137 1,460,677 2,120,643 3,100,001 4,354,275 6,096,214 APGR % [UN71](1967) [UN](1997) [PS](2007) Population 25,000 45, , , , ,817 1,508,322 3,688,347 Muslims % Muslims 19,385 34,893 86, , , ,280 1,169,553 2,859,944 APGR % [UN](2004) Population 3,201,369 4,074,732 5,744,737 9,604,374 16,258,864 20,807,966 26,245,969 33,105,153 Muslims % Muslims 3,041,301 3,870,995 5,457,500 9,124,155 15,445,921 19,767,568 24,933,671 31,449,895 APGR % [DOS] Population 3,536,100 4,620,766 6,371,000 8,971,343 12,720,920 16,510,861 22,505,091 30,675,512 Muslims % Muslims 3,076,407 4,020,066 5,542,770 7,805,068 11,067,200 14,364,449 19,579,429 26,687,696 APGR % [DOS] Population 21,484,000 28,233,000 36,207,440 46,161,316 56,086,184 66,459,578 75,705,147 86,236,920 Muslims % Muslims 21,148,850 27,928,084 35,906,918 45,778,177 55,620,669 65,907,964 75,076,794 85,521,153 APGR % [UN56](1945) [UN63](1955) [UN71](1965) Population 69,589 90, ,650 1,015,200 1,867,083 3,238,054 4,707,307 6,843,227 Muslims % Muslims 66,840 86, , ,569 1,654,422 2,460,921 3,577,553 5,200,853 APGR % [UN71](1968) [UN83](1975) [DOS](2005) Population 4,316,000 5,222,010 6,390,724 8,381,347 12,313,576 18,181,733 24,255,928 32,359,404 Muslims % Muslims 4,315,137 5,220,966 6,389,446 8,379,671 12,311,113 18,178,097 24,251,077 32,352,932 APGR % [DOS] Population 43,747,631 57,354,600 75,759, ,318, ,022, ,591, ,723, ,431,614 Muslims % Muslims 40,150,026 52,524,593 69,521,742 94,072, ,655, ,748, ,552, ,643,146 APGR % Table 2.5. Continued.

10 North Cyprus: According to the 2006 census [DOS], the total population was 265,100; and according to [DOS], 99.6% of the population is Muslim Iraq: Based on census data [UN56, UN63, UN71,UNC], the total population increased from 4,816,185 in 1947, to 6,339,960 in 1957, to 8,047,415 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 4,508,779 or 93.62% in 1947, to 6,057,493 or 95.54% in 1957, to 7,711,712 or 95.83% in More recent official estimate [DOS], is that Muslims make up 97% of the total population Israel: Based on official statistics data [IL], the total population increased from 1,370,100 in 1950, to 2,150,400 in 1960, to 3,022,100 in 1970, to 3,321,700 in 1980, 4,821,700 in 1990, to 6,363,300 in 2000, to 7,374,000 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 116,100 or 8.47% in 1950, to 166,300 or 7.73% in 1960, to 328,600 or 10.87% in 1970, to 438,300 or 12.71% in 1980, to 677,700 or 14.06% in 1990, to 970,000 or 15.23% in 2000, to 1,240,000 or 16.82% in Jordan: Based on census data [UN63, UN88, UNC], the total population increased from 1,706,226 in 1961, to 2,132,997 in 1979, to 5,103,639 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 1,596,745 or 93.58% in 1961, to 2,036,407 or 95.47% in More recent official estimate [DOS], is that Muslims make up more than 92% of the total population. Recent censuses did not include religion in their questionnaires. However, official Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) were conducted in 1997 and 2002, which included data on the female population aged 15 to 49. The participants in the 1997 DHS [JO97] were 5,548 females, out of which 5,381 or 96.99% were Muslim. On the other hand, the participants in the 2002 DHS [JO] were 6,006 females, out of which 5,912 or 98.43% were Muslim Kuwait: Based on census data [UN63, UN71, UN83, UN88, UNC], the total population increased from 206,473 in 1957, to 439,687 in 1965, to 944,781 in 1975, to 1,242,708 in 1980, to 2,213,403 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 194,894 or 94.39% in 1957, to 439,687 or 94.08% in 1965, to 944,781 or in 1975, to 1,242,708 or 91.51% in This percentage has been decreased to 85% according to [CIA] Lebanon: According to [DOS], Muslims make up 56% of the total population Oman: According to [DOS], non-muslims make up less than 5% of the total population. Thus, Muslims make up at least 95% of the total population Palestine: The statistics in this region covers Palestinians who live in Gaza Strip and the West Bank and excludes those who live in Jerusalem. The statistics also exclude Israeli citizens who live in this region as they are covered under Israel. The 1967 census [UN71] indicated that the Strip had a total population of 356,269 out of which 352,532 or 98.95% were Muslims. More recent census data [UN, UNC] indicate that the total population increased to 1,022,207 in 1997, and 1,416,543 in The 1997 census [UN] indicated that both Gaza Strip and the West Bank had a total population of 2,597,616, out of which 2,556,859 or 98.43% were Muslims. In [UN], it is noted that in the 1997 census, total population does not include Palestinian population living in those parts of Jerusalem governorate which were annexed by Israel in 1967, amounting to 210,209 persons. Likewise, the results does not include the estimates of not enumerated population based on the findings of the post enumeration study, i.e. 83,805 persons. The 2007 census [UNC, PS], indicated that the total population reached 3,761,646; out of which 1,416,543 or 37.66% live in Gaza Strip, while 2,350,583 or 62.49% live in West Bank, including East Jerusalem. For religious affiliation in the West Bank; 2,187,495 or 98.11% of the 2,229,595 who stated their religion were Muslim. According to [DOS], there are 1,500 to 2,500 Christians living in the Strip. Thus, Muslims make up at least 99.82% of the total population of the Strip recorded in the 2007 census. All in all, according to the 2007 census results, Muslims make up 98.75% of the total population Qatar: According to the 2004 census [UN], the total population was 744,029, out of which 576,931 or 77.54% were Muslims Saudi Arabia: According to the 2004 census [UNC], the total population was 22,678,262. Although [CIA] states that 100% of the population is Muslim, [DOS] points out that there are more than one million Roman Catholics, in addition to other Christians, Jews, Hindus, Buddhists, etc. Thus, Muslims make less than 95% of the total population Syria: According to [DOS], Muslims make up 87% of the total population Turkey: Based on census data [UN56, UN63, UN71, UNC], the total population increased from 18,790,174 in 1945, to 24,064,763 in 1955, to 31,391,207 in 1965, to 67,803,927 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 18,497,801 or 98.44% in 1945, to 23,804,048 or 98.92% in 1955, to 31,129,973 or 99.17% in More recent official estimate [DOS], is that Muslims make up 99% of the total population United Arab Emirates: Based on census data [UN71, UN83, UNC], the total population increased from 179,126 in 1968, to 557,887 in 1975, to 4,106,427 in The corresponding Muslim population increased in number but decreased in percentage from 172,052 or 96.05% in 1968, to 494,325 or 88.61% in 1975, then to 76% in 2005 [DOS] Yemen: The 2004 census [UNC] reported a total population of 19,685,161. According to [DOS], there are less than 3,600 non-muslims in the country. Thus, Muslims make up at least 99.98% of the total population. 3. Islam in Africa Africa was the second continent that Islam spread into, which explains why almost one-third of World Muslim population resides in this continent. Accordingly, the results of this paper reveal that while the total African population increased from 227 million in 1950 to 1,302 million by 2020, the percentage of Muslims in Africa decreased from 44% in 1950 to 41% by We divided Africa into five regions; the data for each is included in a separate section. These regions are Southern Africa (Section 3.1), Eastern Africa (Section 3.2), Middle Africa (Section 3.3), Western Africa (Section 3.4), and Northern Africa (Section 3.5). A color coded map of Africa illustrating the presence of

11 Muslims in the continent is presented in Figure Muslims in Southern Africa This region consists of fifteen countries and territories: Angola, Botswana, Comoros, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mayotte, Mozambique, Namibia, Réunion, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The total population in this region increased from 39 million in 1950 to 201 million by The related Muslim population decreased from 6% in 1950 to 5% by The corresponding individual data for each country in this region is discussed below and summarized in Table Angola: The last census [UNC] was conducted in 1970 which recorded a total population of 5,646,166. In [DOS], the total population is estimated to be 17 million out of which 80,000 to 90,000 are Muslim, which constitutes up to 0.53% of the total population Botswana: Before independence in 1966, this country was named Bechuanaland. Historical census data [UN56] show that in 1946 the total population was 296,274, out of which 98 or 0.03% were Muslims. More recent census data [UNC, BW01], show that in 2001 the total Batswana population increased to 1,680,863, out of which 1,189,688 aged twelve or over, and out of the latter 5,036 or 0.42% were Muslims. In addition, a 2006 official survey [BW] indicated that the Muslim population made up 0.50% of the total population Comoros: Based on census data [UNC], in 2003 the population this island nation was 575,660. According to [DOS], 99% of this population are Muslim Lesotho: Before independence in 1966, this country was named Basutoland. Historical census data [UN56, UN63] show that in 1946 the population was 563,854, out of which 220 or 0.04% were Muslims. The numbers increased in 1956 to a total population of 641,674, out of which 331 or 0.05% were Muslims. However, religious information was not gathered since then. More recent census data [UNC], show that in 2006 the Basotho population was 1,880,661. Current estimate is given by [DOS], which mentioned that the current Muslim community consists of 1,000 families. If each family consist of four people, then this puts the Muslim population at 0.21% of the total population enumerated in the 2006 census Madagascar: Official Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) were conducted in 1992, and 1997 [MG92, MG97]. They covered only female population aged 15 to 49. The participants in the 1992 and 1997 DHS were 6,260 and Figure 3: A color coded map of Africa illustrating the presence of Muslims in the continent; the darker the region the higher the percentage of Muslims in the corresponding country.

12 7,060 females, respectively. Out of these participants, 59 or 0.94% and 50 or 0.71% were Muslim, respectively Malawi: Before independence in 1964, this country was named Nyasaland. Historical census data [UN63] show that in 1961 the total population was 20,890, out of which 7,570 or 36.24% were Muslims. Based on census data [MW], the total Malawian population increased from 9,933,963 in 1998 to 13,029,498 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 1,272,429 or 12.81% in 1998, to 1,690,087 or 12.97% in Mauritius: Based on census data [UN55, UN63, UN73, UN88, UN], the total Mauritian population increased from 501,200 in 1952, to 681,619 in 1962, to 826,199 in 1972, to 964,762 in 1983, to 1,056,660 in 1990, to 1,178,848 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 77,014 or 15.37% in 1952, to 110,332 or 16.19% in 1962, to 136,997 or 16.58% in 1972, then decreased to 124,969 or 12.95% in 1983, then increased to 171,670 or 16.25% in 1990, then to 196,240 or 16.65% in Thus, the representation of Muslims in this island nation increases slowly Mayotte: Based on census data [UNC], in 2007 the total population of this territorial overseas collectivity of France was 186,452. According to [CIA], 97% of this population is Muslim Mozambique: Based on Census data [UN56, UN, MZ], the total Mozambican population increased from 117,405 in 1955, to 15,278,334 in 1997, to 20,226,296 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 16,348 or 13.92% in 1955, to 2,696,756 or 17.65% in 1997, to 3,620,500 or 17.90% in Namibia: Based on census data [UNC], in 2001 the total Namibian population was 1,830,330. According to [DOS08], Muslims make up less than 1% of this population Réunion: According to [PEW], Muslims make up 4.2% of the total population South Africa: Based on census data [UN56, UN63, UN79, UN88, UN], the South African population increased from 7,831,915 in 1946, to 16,002,797 in 1960, to 21,794,328 in 1970, to 25,016,525 in 1980, to 40,583,574 in 1996, to 44,819,778 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 4,928 or 0.06% in 1946, to 192,007 or 1.20% in 1960, to 269,915 or 1.24% in 1970, to 352,993 or 1.41 in 1980, to 553,585 or 1.36% in 1996, to Angola Botswana Comoros Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mayotte Population 4,147,509 5,011,585 6,083,243 7,854,004 10,661,460 14,279,518 18,992,707 25,261,561 Muslims % Muslims 21,982 26,561 32,241 41,626 56,506 75, , ,886 APGR % [DOS] Population 412, , , ,051 1,351,599 1,722,554 1,977,569 2,270,338 Muslims % Muslims ,137 5,677 7,235 8,306 9,535 APGR % [UN56](1946) [BW01](2001) Population 156, , , , , , , ,886 Muslims % Muslims 154, , , , , , , ,227 APGR % [DOS] Population 733, ,456 1,032,803 1,295,860 1,602,337 1,888,520 2,084,182 2,300,116 Muslims % Muslims ,365 3,966 4,377 4,830 APGR % [UN56](1946) [UN63](1956) [DOS] Population 4,083,554 5,102,813 6,546,187 8,604,246 11,272,999 15,275,362 20,146,442 26,570,835 Muslims % Muslims 38,385 47,966 61,534 80, , , , ,653 APGR % [MG92](1992s) [MG97](1997s) Population 2,880,700 3,528,901 4,517,806 6,214,787 9,451,491 11,831,431 15,691,784 20,811,691 Muslims % Muslims 1,043,966 1,278,874 1,637,253 2,252,239 1,210,736 1,515,606 2,035,224 2,699,276 APGR % [UN63](1961) [MW](1998) [MW](2008) Population 493, , , ,035 1,056,281 1,194,803 1,296,569 1,407,003 Muslims % Muslims 75, , , , , , , ,266 APGR % [UN55](1952) [UN63](1962) [UN73](1972) [UN88](1983) [UN](1990) [UN](2000) Population 15,141 23,967 36,690 54,948 92, , , ,718 Muslims % Muslims 14,687 23,248 35,589 53,300 89, , , ,717 APGR % [CIA] Table 3.1. Estimate of the Muslim population in Southern Africa region.

13 654,064 or 1.46% in Thus, the representation of Muslims with regard to the total South African population is expected to continue its slow increase Swaziland: Based on census data [UNC], in 2007 the total population was 953,524. According to [PEW], 0.2% of this population is Muslims. Previous estimate by [DOS01] was 10% Zambia: Before independence in 1964, this country was named North Rhodesia. Historical census data [UN63] show that in 1961 the total population was 84,380, out of which 2,390 or 2.83% were Muslims. More recent census data show that in 2000 the total Zambian population was 9,337,425; out of which 41,932 or 0.45% were Muslim [ZM] Zimbabwe: Before independence in 1980, this country was named South Rhodesia. Historical census data [UN69, UN71] show that in 1961 the population was 239,310, out of which 3,100 or 1.30% were Muslims. Official Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) were conducted in 1999 and 2006 [ZW99, ZW]. They covered the female population aged 15 to 49 and the male population aged 15 to 54. The participants in the 1999 DHS were 5,907 females out of which 31 or 0.52% were Muslim and 2,609 males out of which 31 or 1.19% were Muslim. Thus, the 1999 DHS indicated that 0.86% of the total population is Muslim. The participants in the 2006 DHS were 8,907 females out of which 62 or 0.70% were Muslim and 7,175 males out of which 76 or 1.06% were Muslim. Thus, the 2006 DHS indicated that 0.88% of the total population is Muslim Muslims in Eastern Africa This region consists of ten countries: Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia, Tanzania, and Uganda. The total population of this region increased from 45 million in 1950 to 314 million by The related Muslim population remained around 26% since The corresponding individual data for each country in this region is discussed below and summarized in Table Burundi: Based on the last census of 1990 [UN], the total population was 5,292,793; out of which 83,528 or 1.58% were Muslim. By 2008, the total population increased to 8,036,618, but data on religious affiliations is not released yet. Nevertheless, [DOS] estimates Muslims to be between Mozambique Namibia Réunion South Africa Swaziland Zambia Zimbabwe Total Population 6,442,133 7,646,095 9,448,877 12,138,111 13,543,223 18,249,419 23,405,670 30,018,785 Muslims % Muslims 896,745 1,064,336 1,315,284 2,142,377 2,390,379 3,221,022 4,189,615 5,298,316 APGR % [UN56](1955) [UN](1997) [MZ](2007) Population 485, , ,277 1,013,313 1,416,897 1,823,997 2,212,037 2,682,629 Muslims % Muslims 4,853 6,024 7,803 10,133 14,169 18,240 22,120 26,826 APGR % [DOS08] Population 248, , , , , , , ,163 Muslims % Muslims 10,421 14,072 19,347 21,266 25,368 30,398 35,158 40,663 APGR % [PEW] Population 13,683,162 17,396,477 22,501,928 29,075,274 36,745,283 44,871,893 50,492,408 56,816,931 Muslims % Muslims 8, , , , , , , ,527 APGR % [UN56](1946) [UN63](1960) [UN79](1970) [UN88](1980) [UN](1996) [UN](2001) Population 273, , , , ,367 1,079,690 1,201,904 1,337,952 Muslims % Muslims 27,300 34,913 44,563 60,320 86,437 10,797 2,404 2,676 APGR % [DOS01] [DOS04] [PEW] Population 2,340,351 3,044,262 4,137,589 5,774,159 7,910,280 10,467,278 13,257,269 16,790,916 Muslims % Muslims 66,232 86, , ,409 35,596 47,103 59,658 75,559 APGR % [UN63](1961) [ZM](2000) Population 2,746,854 3,751,391 5,204,364 7,282,344 10,461,122 12,455,362 12,644,041 12,835,578 Muslims % Muslims 35,709 48,768 67,657 94,670 89, , , ,953 APGR % [UN69](1961) [ZW](1999s) [ZW](2006s) Population 39,141,852 49,020,660 62,953,139 82,696, ,471, ,564, ,130, ,205,102 Muslims % Muslims 2,399,490 3,138,255 3,990,737 5,785,597 5,218,540 6,690,276 8,542,429 10,772,911 APGR % Table 3.1. Continued.

14 2% and 5% of the total population Djibouti: According to [DOS], more than 99% of the population is Muslim Eritrea: Official Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) were conducted in 1995 and 2002 [ER95, ER]. The former covered the female population aged 15 to 49 and the male population aged 15 to 59. The latter covered population aged 15 to 49. The participants in the 1995 DHS were 5,054 females out of which 1,893 or 37.46% were Muslim and 1,114 males out of which 433 or 38.90% were Muslim. Thus, the 1995 DHS indicated that 38.18% of the total population is Muslim. The participants in the 2002 DHS were 8,754 females out of which 3,198 or 36.53% were Muslim and 5,733 males out of which 2,443 or 42.61% were Muslim. Thus, the 2002 DHS indicated that 39.57% of the total population is Muslim Ethiopia: Based on census data [UN, ET], the total population increased from 53,130,782 in 1994 to 73,918,505 Burundi Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Rwanda Seychelles Somalia Tanzania Uganda Total Population 2,456,301 2,940,499 3,513,500 4,129,997 5,681,258 6,472,622 8,518,862 11,211,996 Muslims % Muslims 38,810 46,460 55,513 65,254 89, , , ,150 APGR % [UN](1990) Population 62,001 84, , , , , ,053 1,059,177 Muslims % Muslims 61,381 84, , , , , ,262 1,048,585 APGR % [DOS] Population 1,141,299 1,423,600 1,847,002 2,468,904 3,157,904 3,657,325 5,223,994 7,461,769 Muslims % Muslims 435, , , ,628 1,205,688 1,447,204 2,067,134 2,952,622 APGR % [ER95](1995s) [ER](2002s) Population 18,433,865 22,550,343 28,948,172 35,408,618 48,292,435 65,514,626 84,975, ,217,429 Muslims % Muslims 6,040,778 7,389,747 9,486,316 11,603,404 15,825,431 22,196,355 28,789,735 37,341,665 APGR % [UN](1994) [ET](2007) Population 6,076,757 8,104,242 11,248,508 16,261,487 23,433,370 31,440,637 40,862,900 53,108,867 Muslims % Muslims 233, , , ,441 1,143,548 2,203,989 2,864,489 3,722,932 APGR % [UN71](1962) [KE93](1993s) [KE](2003s) Population 2,162,316 2,887,402 3,775,833 5,196,989 7,150,297 7,957,797 10,277,212 13,272,654 Muslims % Muslims 182, , ,435 42,615 58, , , ,562 APGR % [UN79](1970) [UN83](1978) [RW](2002) Population 35,232 34,632 41,425 61,898 70,000 81,131 86,202 91,589 Muslims % Muslims APGR % [UN63](1960) [UN73](1971) [UN](1987) [UN](1994) [UN](2002) Population 2,264,080 2,818,943 3,599,962 6,433,522 6,595,987 7,394,196 9,358,602 11,844,889 Muslims % Muslims 2,263,854 2,818,661 3,599,602 6,432,879 6,595,327 7,393,457 9,357,666 11,843,705 APGR % [DOS] Population 7,649,766 10,072,878 13,599,895 18,661,433 25,454,631 34,131,312 45,039,573 59,434,080 Muslims % Muslims 2,346,948 3,090,359 4,172,448 5,725,328 7,809,481 11,126,808 13,565,919 17,901,545 APGR % [TZ92](1992s) [TZ99](1999s) [TZ](2005s) Population 5,158,194 6,787,351 9,443,100 12,655,396 17,730,869 24,432,843 33,796,461 46,748,582 Muslims % Muslims 281, , ,649 1,335,144 1,870,607 2,956,374 4,089,372 5,656,578 APGR % [UN63](1959) [UN](1991) [UN](2002) Population 45,439,811 57,704,758 76,178, ,618, ,127, ,812, ,018, ,451,032 Muslims % Muslims 11,885,032 14,898,276 19,445,196 27,108,612 35,153,491 48,294,102 61,926,808 80,886,966 APGR % Table 3.2. Estimate of the Muslim population in Eastern Africa region.

15 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 17,412,432 or 32.77% in 1994, to 25,045,550 or 33.88% in Kenya: According to census data [UN71], in 1962 the total population was 8,048,000, out of which 309,100 or 3.84% were Muslims. Official Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) were conducted in 1989, 1993, 1998 and 2003 [KE89, KE93, KE98, KE]. The first two covered only female population aged 15 to 49. The rest covered in addition male population aged 15 to 54. The participants in the 1989 and 1993 DHS were 7,150 and 7,540 females, respectively. Out of these participants, 253 or 3.54% and 370 or 4.91% were Muslim, respectively. The participants in the 1998 DHS were 7,881 females out of which 399 or 5.06% were Muslim and 3,407 males out of which 160 or 4.70% were Muslim. Thus, the 1998 DHS indicated that 4.88% of the total population is Muslim. The participants in the 2003 DHS were 8,195 females out of which 619 or 7.55% were Muslim and 3,578 males out of which 231 or 6.46% were Muslim. Thus, the 2003 DHS indicated that 7.01% of the total population is Muslim Rwanda: According to census data [UN79, UN83, RW], the total population increased from 3,572,550 in 1970, to 4,831,527 in 1978, to 7,963,809 in The corresponding Muslim population however, decreased sharply by nearly eightfold from 302,300 or 8.46% in 1970, to 39,676 or 0.82% in 1978, and then bounced to 144,968 or 1.82% in 2002, although [DOS] puts the current Muslim population at 5% Seychelles: According to census data [UN63, UN73, UN], the total population increased from 41,425 in 1960, to 52,650 in 1971, to 68,598 in 1987, to 74,331 in 1994, to 81,755 in The corresponding Muslim population has increased from 132 or 0.32% in 1960, to 176 or 0.33% in 1971, to 328 or 0.48% in 1987, to 506 or 0.68% in 1994, to 866 or 1.06% in Somalia: Although [CIA] indicates that the percentage of Muslim is 100%, [DOS] points out that there is a very small, extremely low-profile Christian community, and small numbers of followers of other religions. Thus, our estimate of the percentage of Muslims is 99.99% Tanzania: Official Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) were conducted in 1992, 1996, 1999, and 2005 [TZ92, TZ96, TZ99, TZ]. The first covered only female population aged 15 to 49, the second and third covered in addition male population aged 15 to 59, and the latest covered all population aged 15 to 49. The participants in the 1992 DHS were 9,238 females out of which 2,834 or 30.68% were Muslim. The participants in the 1996 DHS were 8,120 females out of which 2,531 or 31.17% were Muslim and 2,256 males out of which 694 or 30.76% were Muslim. Thus, the 1996 DHS indicated that 30.97% of the total population were Muslim. The participants in the 1999 DHS were 4,029 females out of which 1,315 or 32.64% were Muslim and 3,542 males out of which 1,153 or 32.55% were Muslim. Thus, the 1999 DHS indicated that 32.60% of the total population were Muslim. The participants in the 2005 DHS were 10,329 females out of which 3,095 or 29.96% were Muslim and 2,635 males out of which 798 or 30.28% were Muslim. Thus, the 2005 DHS indicated that 30.12% of the total population is Muslim Uganda: According to census data [UN63, UN], the total population increased from 6,537,058 in 1959, to 16,671,705 in 1991, to 24,433,132 in The corresponding Muslim population has increased from 356,236 or 5.45% in 1959, to 1,758,101 or 10.55% in 1991, to 2,956,121 or 12.10% in Muslims in Middle Africa This region consists of eleven countries: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo Brazzaville, Congo Kinshasa, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Niger, Nigeria, Saint Helena, and São Tomé and Principe. The total population of this region increased from 61 million in 1950 to 368 million by The related Muslim population decreased from 36% in 1950 to 35% by The corresponding individual data for each country in this region is discussed below and summarized in Table Cameroon: Based on historical census data [UN56], in 1953 the total population was 1,439,870, out of which 338,820 or 23.53% were Muslims. Official Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) were conducted in 1991, 1998, and 2004 [CM91, CM98, CM]. The first covered only female population aged 15 to 49, the second covered in addition male population aged 15 to 59, and the latest covered all population aged 15 to 49. The participants in the 1991 DHS were 3,871 females out of which 817 or 21.11% were Muslim. The participants in the 1998 DHS were 5,501 females out of which 1,033 or 18.79% were Muslim and 2,562 males out of which 496 or 19.36% were Muslim. Thus, the 1998 DHS indicated that 19.07% of the total population is Muslim. The participants in the 2004 DHS were 10,656 females out of which 1,925 or 18.06% were Muslim and 4,815 males out of which 823 or 17.09% were Muslim. Thus, the 2004 DHS indicated that 17.57% of the total population is Muslim Central African Republic: According the 2003 census [UNC], the total population was 3,151,072; out of which 10% were Muslim [DOS] Chad: Based on historical census data [UN71, UN], the total population increased from 2,524,370 in 1964, to 6,193,538 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 1,035,450 or 41.02% in 1964, to 3,335,869 or 53.86% in Official Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) were gathered in 1997 and 2004 [TD97, TD04]. They covered female population aged 15 to 49, and male population aged 15 to 59. The participants in the 1997 DHS were 7,454 females, out of which 4,020 or 53.93% were Muslim, and 2,320 males, out of which 1,283 or 55.30% were Muslim. Thus, the 1997 DHS indicated that Muslims make up 54.62% of the total population. The participants in the 2004 DHS were 6,085 females, out of which 3,484 or 57.26% were Muslim, and 1,887 males, out of which 1,019 or 54.00% were Muslim. Thus, the 2004 DHS indicated that Muslims make up 55.63% of the total population Congo Brazzaville: An official Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) was conducted in 2005 [CG]. It covered female population aged 15 to 49 and male population aged 15 to 59. The participants were 7,051 females out of which 88 or 1.25% were Muslim and 3,146

16 males out of which 62 or 1.97% were Muslim. Thus, the 2005 DHS indicated that 1.61% of the total population is Muslim Congo Kinshasa: An official Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) was conducted in 2007 [CD]. It covered Cameroon Central African Rep Chad Congo - Brazzaville Congo - Kinshasa Equatorial Guinea Gabon Niger Nigeria Saint Helena São Tomé &Príncipe Total the population aged 15 to 49. The participants were 9,995 females out of which 117 or 1.17% were Muslim and 4,316 males out of which 78 or 1.81% were Muslim. Thus, the 2007 DHS indicated that 1.49% of the total population is Muslim Equatorial Guinea: According to [DOS], Muslims Population 4,466,496 5,407,991 6,838,792 9,079,803 12,232,973 15,865,456 19,958,351 25,107,112 Muslims % Muslims 1,050,967 1,272,500 1,609,168 2,136,478 2,582,381 3,025,542 3,506,682 4,411,320 APGR % [UN56](1953) [CM91](1991s) [CM98](1998s) [CM](2004s) Population 1,326,654 1,503,267 1,827,970 2,268,768 2,928,464 3,745,727 4,505,945 5,420,454 Muslims % Muslims 132, , , , , , , ,045 APGR % [DOS](2003) Population 2,429,433 2,966,822 3,682,355 4,608,167 6,105,359 8,401,696 11,506,130 15,757,655 Muslims % Muslims 996,553 1,216,990 1,510,502 2,481,959 3,288,346 4,673,863 6,400,860 8,765,984 APGR % [UN71](1964) [UN](1993) [TD04](2004s) Population 807,726 1,011,381 1,332,828 1,814,824 2,446,482 3,035,508 3,758,678 4,654,134 Muslims % Muslims 13,004 16,283 21,459 29,219 39,388 48,872 60,515 74,932 APGR % [CG](2005s) Population 12,183,661 15,385,055 20,285,425 27,170,024 37,016,126 50,829,248 67,827,495 90,510,272 Muslims % Muslims 181, , , , , ,356 1,010,630 1,348,603 APGR % [CD](2007s) Population 225, , , , , , , ,055 Muslims % Muslims 2,255 2,521 2,908 2,204 3,793 5,289 6,934 9,091 APGR % [DOS] Population 469, , , , ,400 1,233,410 1,501,266 1,827,291 Muslims % Muslims 44,274 45,848 49,973 64,341 87, , , ,496 APGR % [GA](2000s) Population 2,461,727 3,241,599 4,382,820 5,922,179 7,903,944 11,031,046 15,891,482 22,893,495 Muslims % Muslims 2,426,032 3,194,596 4,319,269 5,836,307 7,786,966 10,915,220 15,602,257 22,476,834 APGR % [UN64](1960) [NE92](1992s) [NE98](1998s) [NE](2006s) Population 36,680,002 45,148,007 56,467,479 74,522,934 97,338, ,842, ,258, ,620,067 Muslims % Muslims 17,312,961 21,309,859 26,652,650 35,420,751 43,247,396 55,629,761 70,520,173 89,396,302 APGR % [UN71](1963) [NG90](1990s) [NG99](1999s) [NG](2008s) Population 5,040 5,032 5,125 5,996 5,644 3,969 4,398 4,873 Muslims % Muslims APGR % (2008) Population 60,000 64,251 73,630 94, , , , ,219 Muslims % Muslims APGR % [UN](1991) Population 61,115,275 75,471,168 95,716, ,389, ,399, ,657, ,071, ,899,627 Muslims % Muslims 22,160,277 27,438,193 34,651,013 46,603,012 57,880,161 75,546,969 97,700, ,197,688 APGR % Table 3.3. Estimate of the Muslim population in Middle Africa region.

17 make up less than 1% of the total population Gabon: An official Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) was conducted in 2000 [GA]. It covered female population aged 15 to 49 and male population aged 15 to 59. The participants were 6,183 females out of which 368 or 5.95% were Muslim and 2,005 males out of which 259 or 12.92% were Muslim. Thus, the 2000 DHS indicated that 9.44% of the total population is Muslim Niger: According to census data [UN64], in 1960 the total population was 1,506,490, out of which 1,484,710 or 98.55% were Muslims. Official Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) were gathered in 1992, 1998 and 2006 [NE92, NE98, NE]. The first covered female population aged 15 to 49, while the rest added male population aged 15 to 59. The participants in the 1992 DHS were 6,503 females, out of which 6,407 or 98.52% were Muslim. The participants in the 1998 DHS were 7,577 females, out of which 7,505 or 99.05% were Muslim, and 3,542 males, out of which 3,501 or 98.84% were Muslim. Thus, the 1998 DHS indicated that Muslims make up 98.95% of the total population. The participants in the 2006 DHS were 9,223 females, out of which 9,065 or 98.29% were Muslim, and 3,549 males, out of which 3,480 or 98.06% were Muslim. Thus, the 2006 DHS indicated that Muslims make up 98.18% of the total population Nigeria: According to census data [UN71], in 1963 the total population was 55,670,055; out of which 26,276,496 or 47.20% were Muslims. Official Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) were gathered in 1990, 1999, 2003, and 2008 [NG90, NG99, NG03, NG]. The first covered female population aged 15 to 49 while the second added male population aged 15 to 64. The 2003 DHS covered female population aged 15 to 49 and male population aged 15 to 59. The 2008 DHS covered the population aged 15 to 49. The participants in the 1990 DHS were 8,781 females, out of which 4,174 or 47.53% were Muslim. The participants in the 1999 DHS were 8,206 females, out of which 3,587 or 43.71% were Muslim, and 2,680 males, out of which 1,210 or 45.15% were Muslim. Thus, the 1999 DHS indicated that Muslims make up 44.43% of the total population. The participants in the 2003 DHS were 7,620 females, out of which 3,862 or 50.68% were Muslim, and 2,346 males, out of which 1,177 or 50.17% were Muslim. Thus, the 2003 DHS indicated that Muslims make up 50.43% of the total population. The participants in the 2008 DHS were 33,385 females, out of which 14,826 or 44.41% were Muslim, and 13,808 males, out of which 6,173 or 44.71% were Muslim. Thus, the 2008 DHS indicated that Muslims make up 44.56% of the total population Saint Helena: According to census data [UN, UNC], the total population decreased from 5,156 in 1998, to Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Côte d'ivoire Gambia Ghana Guinea Population 2,050,199 2,269,175 2,756,531 3,559,934 4,795,088 6,659,331 9,211,741 12,742,447 Muslims % Muslims 421, , , , ,350 1,626,209 2,249,507 3,111,706 APGR % [UN](1992) [BJ](2002) Population 4,080,438 4,720,676 5,607,760 6,862,361 8,813,964 11,676,155 16,286,706 22,717,820 Muslims % Muslims 2,280,965 2,638,858 3,134,738 3,836,060 4,927,006 6,526,971 9,858,343 13,751,097 APGR % [UN](1996) [BF](2006) Population 146, , , , , , , ,537 Muslims % Muslims 4,048 5,439 7,393 8,012 9,812 12,159 14,199 16,579 APGR % [INT] Population 2,504,884 3,444,757 5,232,558 8,419,402 12,610,252 17,281,479 21,570,746 26,924,610 Muslims % Muslims 968,639 1,332,088 2,023,430 3,255,783 4,876,384 6,254,167 7,909,993 9,873,255 APGR % [UN](1988) [CI99](1999s) [CI](2005s) Population 258, , , , ,529 1,301,808 1,750,732 2,354,466 Muslims % Muslims 232, , , , ,976 1,171,627 1,575,659 2,119,019 APGR % [DOS] Population 4,980,879 6,788,711 8,739,405 11,026,160 14,967,509 19,529,305 24,332,755 30,317,667 Muslims % Muslims 791,462 1,078,726 1,388,691 1,752,057 2,378,337 3,103,207 3,866,475 4,817,477 APGR % [UN](2000) Population 2,618,922 3,122,668 3,843,218 4,628,485 6,147,054 8,383,554 10,323,755 12,712,976 Muslims % Muslims 2,145,683 2,558,402 3,148,749 3,792,118 5,036,281 7,118,476 8,714,282 10,731,023 APGR % [GN92](1992s) [GN99](1999s) [GN](2005s) Table 3.4. Estimate of the Muslim population in Western Africa region.

18 4,255 in Censuses in this British Overseas Territory Islands do not include information on Muslims. The 1998 census reported that 66 or 1.28% follow other religions than the ones listed. Religious data from the 2008 census was not available. Thus, our estimate for the Muslim population in these islands is 0.1%, which is supported by correspondence with Saint Helena s Development and Economic Planning Department São Tomé and Príncipe: According to census data [UN], the total population increased from 117,504 in 1991, to 137,599 in The corresponding Muslim population was 51 or 0.04% in 1991, but the later census did not include information about Muslims. However, the 2001 census pointed out that 4,212 or 3.06% follow other religion than the ones listed, and the religion was not collected from 26,913 or 19.56%. Nevertheless, [DOS] points out that the number of Muslims has increased due to an influx of migrants from Nigeria and Cameroon, and puts the Muslims population at less than 2% of the total population Muslims in Western Africa This region consists of thirteen countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d'ivoire (Ivory Coast), Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo. The total population of this region increased from 28 million in 1950 to 166 million by The related Muslim population decreased from 53% in 1950 to 51% by The corresponding individual data for each Guinea Bissau Liberia Mali Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Total country in this region is discussed below and summarized in Table Benin: Based on census data [UN, BJ], the total population increased from 4,915,555 in 1992, to 6,769,914 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 1,011,193 or 20.57% in 1992, to 1,652,953 or 24.42% in Burkina Faso: Based on census data [UN, BF], the total population increased from 10,312,609 in 1996, to 14,017,262 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 5,764,748 or 55.90% in 1996, to 8,485,149 or 60.53% in Cape Verde: According to [INT], 2.77% of the population is Muslim Côte d'ivoire (Ivory Coast): Based on census data [UN], in 1988 the total population was 10,815,694, out of which 4,182,410 or 38.67% were Muslims. Official Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) were conducted in 1994, 1999 and 2005 [CI94, CI99, CI]. The first two covered female population aged 15 to 49 and male population aged 15 to 59. The last DHS covered population aged 15 to 49. The participants in the 1994 DHS were 8,099 females out of which 2,639 or 32.58% were Muslim and 2,552 males out of which 950 or 37.23% were Muslim. Thus, the 1994 DHS indicated that 34.91% of the total population is Muslim. The participants in the 1999 DHS were 3,040 females out of which 1,054 or 34.67% were Population 518, , , ,043 1,022,392 1,303,763 1,647,380 2,081,560 Muslims % Muslims 233, , , , , , , ,702 APGR % [DOS01] [DOS] Population 823,899 1,058,546 1,430,093 1,909,870 2,166,878 2,824,427 4,101,767 5,956,781 Muslims % Muslims 115, , , , , , , ,919 APGR % [LR84](1984) [LR](2008) Population 4,267,630 5,059,784 6,035,969 7,183,263 8,654,639 10,522,937 13,323,104 16,868,399 Muslims % Muslims 3,953,106 4,686,878 5,591,118 6,653,857 7,853,219 9,796,854 12,274,576 15,540,856 APGR % [ML87](1987s) [ML96](1996s) [ML01](2001s) [ML](2006s) Population 2,416,264 3,081,978 4,169,071 5,636,005 7,537,760 9,901,787 12,860,717 16,703,858 Muslims % Muslims 2,167,147 2,764,226 3,739,240 5,286,573 7,070,419 9,287,876 12,063,353 15,668,219 APGR % [UN63](1961) [UN](1988) Population 1,943,999 2,253,581 2,667,551 3,260,874 4,083,501 4,228,178 5,835,664 8,054,291 Muslims % Muslims 1,457,999 1,690,186 2,000,663 2,445,656 3,062,626 3,171,134 4,376,748 6,040,718 APGR % [SL](2004) Population 1,329,006 1,566,393 2,132,285 2,784,589 3,925,939 5,247,486 6,780,030 8,760,158 Muslims % Muslims 154, , , , , , ,876 1,072,243 APGR % [UN79](1970) [TG88](1988s) [TG](1998s) Population 27,938,877 34,474,508 43,915,654 57,012,371 75,974,726 99,299, ,537, ,385,410 Muslims % Muslims 14,926,069 18,104,854 22,707,875 29,283,543 38,218,585 49,642,810 64,975,565 84,406,812 APGR % Table 3.4. Continued

19 Muslim and 886 males out of which 334 or 37.70% were Muslim. Thus, the 1999 DHS indicated that 36.19% of the total population is Muslim. The participants in the 2005 DHS were 5,183 females out of which 1,924 or 37.12% were Muslim and 4,503 males out of which 1,631 or 36.22% were Muslim. Thus, the 2005 DHS indicated that 36.67% of the total population is Muslim The Gambia: According to [DOS], Muslims make up more than 90% of the total population Ghana: Based on census data [UN], in 2000 the total population was 18,912,079, out of which 3,004,794 or 15.89% were Muslims Guinea: Official Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) were conducted in 1992, 1999 and 2005 [GN92, GN99, GN]. They covered female population aged 15 to 49 and male population aged 15 to 59. The participants in the 1992 DHS were 6,065 females out of which 4,962 or 81.81% were Muslim and 1,549 males out of which 1,271 or 82.05% were Muslim. Thus, the 1992 DHS indicated that 81.93% of the total population is Muslim. The participants in the 1999 DHS were 6,753 females out of which 5,770 or 85.44% were Muslim and 1,980 males out of which 1,671 or 84.39% were Muslim. Thus, the 1999 DHS indicated that Algeria Egypt Libya Mauritania Morocco Sudan Tunisia Total 84.91% of the total population is Muslim. The participants in the 2005 DHS were 7,954 females out of which 6,742 or 84.76% were Muslim and 3,174 males out of which 2,668 or 84.06% were Muslim. Thus, the 2005 DHS indicated that 84.41% of the total population is Muslim Guinea Bissau: According to [DOS], Muslims make up 40% to 45% of the total population Liberia: According to the 2008 census [LR], the total population was 3,476,608, out of which 424,685 or 12.22% were Muslims. This is a decrease from 14% recorded in the 1984 census [LR84] Mali: Official Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) were conducted in 1987, 1996, 2001 and 2006 [ML87, ML96, ML01, ML06]. The 1987 DHS covered only female population aged 15 to 49. The 1996 and 2001 covered in addition male population aged 15 to 59. The 2006 covered female and male population aged 15 to 49. The participants in the 1987 DHS were 3,200 females, out of which 2,964 or 92.63% were Muslim. The participants in the 1996 DHS were 9,704 females out of which 8,794 or 90.62% were Muslim and 2,474 males out of which 2,248 or 90.86% were Muslim. Thus, the 1996 DHS indicated that 90.74% of the total population is Muslim. The participants Population 8,752,997 10,799,997 13,746,184 18,811,202 25,282,515 30,506,054 35,422,589 41,131,502 Muslims % Muslims 8,665,467 10,691,997 13,608,722 18,623,090 25,029,690 30,200,993 35,068,363 40,720,187 APGR % [DOS] Population 21,514,024 27,798,152 35,574,953 44,433,037 57,784,848 70,173,793 84,474, ,689,370 Muslims % Muslims 19,734,814 25,810,584 33,031,344 41,651,529 54,387,099 66,047,574 79,507,331 95,710,035 APGR % [UN56](1947) [UN71](1966) [UN83](1976) [UN](1986) Population 1,029,010 1,349,004 1,994,000 3,063,000 4,364,594 5,346,375 6,545,619 8,013,865 Muslims % Muslims 1,000,198 1,311,232 1,993,402 3,062,081 4,363,285 5,344,771 6,543,655 8,011,461 APGR % [UN71](1964) [UN79](1973) Population 650, ,306 1,149,426 1,525,251 1,987,924 2,603,740 3,365,675 4,350,576 Muslims % Muslims 650, ,306 1,149,426 1,525,251 1,987,924 2,603,740 3,365,675 4,350,576 APGR % [CIA] Population 8,966,766 11,658,803 15,386,680 19,717,212 25,028,519 29,142,429 32,911,719 37,168,530 Muslims % Muslims 8,320,262 10,818,203 15,243,584 19,533,842 24,795,754 28,871,404 32,605,640 36,822,863 APGR % [UN56](1952) [UN](1971) Population 9,189,991 11,683,240 15,038,793 20,509,075 27,091,381 34,903,970 43,192,438 53,449,126 Muslims % Muslims 7,361,183 9,358,275 12,046,073 16,427,769 21,700,196 27,539,232 34,078,834 42,171,361 APGR % [SD93](1993) [SD](2008) Population 3,529,608 4,220,701 5,127,001 6,457,073 8,214,938 9,452,001 10,373,957 11,385,841 Muslims % Muslims 3,189,707 3,814,247 5,075,731 6,392,502 8,132,789 9,357,481 10,270,217 11,271,983 APGR % [UN56](1946) [DOS] Population 53,633,073 68,369,203 88,017, ,515, ,754, ,128, ,286, ,850,809 Muslims % Muslims 48,922,308 62,663,845 82,148, ,216, ,396, ,965, ,439, ,058,465 APGR % Table 3.5. Estimate of the Muslim Population in Northern Africa region.

20 in the 2001 DHS were 12,849 females out of which 11,934 or 92.88% were Muslim and 3,405 males out of which 3,178 or 93.33% were Muslim. Thus, the 2001 DHS indicated that 93.10% of the total population is Muslim. The participants in the 2006 DHS were 14,583 females out of which 13,343 or 91.50% were Muslim and 3,436 males out of which 3,436 or 92.76% were Muslim. Thus, the 2006 DHS indicated that 92.13% of the total population is Muslim Senegal: Based on census data [UN63, UN, UNC], the total population increased from 3,109,840 in 1961, to 6,773,417 in 1988, to 9,552,442 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 2,789,320 or 89,69% in 1961, to 6,353,464 or 93.80% in Sierra Leone: Based on the 2004 census data [SL, UNC], the total population was 4,976,871; out of which 75% were Muslims Togo: Based on census data [UN79, UNC], the total population increased from 1,949,470 in 1970, to 2,719,567 in The corresponding Muslim population was 226,186 or 11.60% in Official Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) were conducted in 1988, 1998 [TG88, TG]. The former covered only female population aged 15 to 49, while the latter added male population aged 15 to 59. The participants in the 1988 DHS were 3,360 females, out of which 384 or 11.43% were Muslim. The participants in the 1998 DHS were 8,569 females out of which 947 or 11.05% were Muslim and 3,819 males out of which 513 or 13.43% were Muslim. Thus, the 1998 DHS indicated that 12.24% of the total population is Muslim Muslims in Northern Africa This region consists of seven countries: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Sudan, and Tunisia. The total population of this region increased from 54 million in 1950 to 257 million by The related Muslim population increased slightly from 90% in 1950 to 91% by The corresponding individual data for each country in this region is discussed below and summarized in Table Algeria: According to [DOS], more than 99% of the population is Muslim Egypt: Based on census data [UN56, UN71, UN83, UN, UNC], the total population increased from 18,966,767 in 1947, to 30,075,858 in 1966, to 36,626,204 in 1976, to 48,205,049 in 1986, to 72,798,031 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 17,397,946 or 91.73% in 1947, to 27,925,659 or 92.85% in 1966, to 34,334,328 or 93.74% in 1976, to 45,368,453 or 94.12% in Although [CIA, DOS] claim that Muslims make up 90% of the population, religious data was not reported since the 1986 census, and the trend by then was that Muslim percentage is increasing Libya: Based on census data [UN71, UN79, UNC], the total population increased from 1,564,369 in 1964, to 2,052,372 in 1973, to 4,404,986 in 1995, to 5,670,688 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 1,520,517 or 97.20% in 1964, to 2,051,731 or 99.97% in More recent census religious data were not available although [CIA, DOS] point out that 97% of the population are Sunni Muslim Mauritania: Although [CIA] points out that Muslims make up 100% of the population, [DOS] indicates that there are very small numbers of non-muslims, almost exclusively non-mauritanian. Thus, our estimate for the Muslim population is 99.99% of the entire population Morocco: Based on census data [UN56, UN73, UNC], the total population increased from 9,008,421 in 1952, to 15,379,259 in 1971, to 29,680,069 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 8,359,196 or 92.79% in 1952, to 15,236,231 or 99.07% in More recent religious census data were not available, although [DOS] estimates the current percentage of Muslims is 98.7% Sudan: The 1993 census [SD93], indicated a total population of 25,588,000; out of which 21,266,641 live in the Northern States, out of which 20,495,781 or 96,38% were Muslim. If we assume that all population in the Southern States is non-muslim; which is not the case, this census indicated that 80.10% of the population was Muslim. The 2008 census [SD], indicated a total population of 39,154,000; out of which 30,894,000 or 78.90% live in the Northern States, which we take as the estimate of the Muslim population Tunisia: Based on historical census data [UN56], in 1946 the total population was 3,230,952, out of which 2,919,860 or 90.37% were Muslims. More recent census religious data are not available, although the 2004 census indicates that the total population increased to 9,932,400. Nevertheless, recent estimates of the percentage of Muslims in 98% according to [CIA], and more than 99% according to [DOS]. 4. Islam in Europe Europe was the third continent; after Asia and Africa, to which Islam has entered. Although Islam has a deep history in Europe, the results of this paper reveal that the percentage of Muslims in Europe is very low. The total population of Europe increased from 548 million in 1950 to 744 million by The related Muslim population increased from 2% in 1950 to 6% by The country of Russia was included in Europe as most of its population lives in the European side of the country, although most of its territory is in Asia. We divided Europe into four regions; the data for each is included in a separate section. These regions are Southeastern Europe (Section 4.1), Southwestern Europe (Section 4.2), Northeastern Europe (Section 4.3), and Northwestern Europe (Section 4.4). A color coded map of Europe illustrating the presence of Muslims in the continent is presented in Figure Muslims in Southeastern Europe This region consists of seventeen countries: Albania, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Greece, Hungary, Kosovo, Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Pridnestrovie (Transnistria), Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, and Slovenia. The total population of this region increased from 81 million in 1950 to 105 million by The related Muslim population increased from 5% in 1950 to 9% by The corresponding individual data for each country in this region is discussed below and summarized in Table 4.1. For the former Yugoslav republics, the 1991 census and the ones afterwards included religious data. However, previous censuses included ethnic data from

21 which we can deduce religious affiliation. In our estimate, only the following ethnic groups were considered Muslim: Albanian, Muslim, Roma (Gypsy) and Turk. We also included Yugoslav ethnic declaration for the censuses as Muslims were not given the option to declare that they are Muslim by ethnicity or Bosniacs Albania: Based on census data [KET73, KET86, UNC], the total population increased from 1,250,000 in 1953, to 2,220,000 in 1971, 2,810,000 in 1982 to 3,069,300 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 860,000 or 69% in 1953, to 1,580,000 or 71.17% in 1971, to 2,110,000 or 75% in In addition, an official Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) [AL] was conducted in It covered the population aged 15 to 49. The participants were 7,584 females out of which 6,048 or 79.75% were Muslim and 3,013 males out of which 2,392 or 79.42% were Muslim. Thus, this survey indicated that 79.59% of the Albanian population is Muslim Austria: According to census data [UN73, UN88, UN], the Austrian population has increased from 7,456,403 in 1971, to 7,555,338 in 1981, to 7,795,786 in 1991, to 8,032,926 in The corresponding Muslim population has increased from 9,162 or 0.12% in 1971, to 76,939 or 1.02% in 1981, to 158,776 or 2.04% in 1991, to 338,988 or 4.22% in Thus, the Muslim population increased eight fold from 1971 to 1981, then doubled by 1991, then doubled again by The Muslim representation in percentage with respect to the rest of the population seems to double every decade. Thus, the Muslim population in Austria is expected to continue its sharp increase Bosnia and Herzegovina: Based on census data [YU, BA], the total population increased from 2,565,277 in 1948, to 2,847,790 in 1953, to 3,277,948 in 1961, to 3,746,111 in 1971, to 4,124,256 in 1981, to 4,377,033 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 806,931 or 31.46% in 1948, to 913,669 or 32.08% in 1953, Figure 4: A color coded map of Europe illustrating the presence of Muslims in the continent; the darker the region the higher the percentage of Muslims in the corresponding country.

22 to 1,124,173 or 34.30% in 1961, to 1,488,127 or 39.72% in 1971, to 1,641,957 or 39.81% in 1981, to 1,917,012 or 43.80% in Bulgaria: Based on census data [UN56, KET, UN], the total Bulgarian population increased from 7,029,349 in 1946, to 7,600,000 in 1956, to 8,524,000 in 1971, to 8,814,000 in 1982, to 7,928,901 in The corresponding Muslim population changed from 938,418 or 13.35% in 1946, to 1,075,000 or 14.14% in 1956, to 1,450,000 or 17.01% in 1971, to 1,700,000 or 19.3% in 1982, 966,978 or 12.20% in Although both populations are growing very slowly, the growth of the Muslim population is slightly less than that of the total Bulgarian population, which led to the decrease in representation of the corresponding Muslim population Croatia: Based on census data [HR, UN], the total Croatian population changed from 3,779,858 in 1948, to 4,159,696 in 1961, to 4,426,221 in 1971, to 4,601,469 in 1981, to 4,784,265 in 1991 to 4,437,460 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 2,130 or 0.06% in 1948, to 23,822 or 0.57% in 1961, to 24,110 or 0.55% in 1971, to 33,883 or 0.74% in 1981, to 54,814 or 1.15% in 1991, to 56,777 or 1.28% in Czech Republic: Based on census data [UNC], in 2001 the Czech population was 10,230,060; however Islam was not among the listed religions in this or previous censuses. Nevertheless, [CZ] points out that there are 20,000 Muslims in the Republic, which constitutes 0.20% of the total Czech population enumerated in the 2001 census. In addition, [KET] estimated the Muslim population in 1971 in Czechoslovakia to be 2,000 or 0.01% of the total population of 14,450, Greece: According to census data [UN56, KET], the Greek population increased from 7,632,801 in 1951, to Albania Austria Bosnia & Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Greece Hungary Kosovo Population 1,215,002 1,610,565 2,135,599 2,671,300 3,289,483 3,067,556 3,169,087 3,273,979 Muslims % Muslims 835,921 1,108,069 1,519,906 1,901,164 2,618,100 2,441,468 2,522,276 2,605,759 APGR % [KET](1953) [KET](1971) [AL](2009s) Population 6,936,445 7,042,634 7,465,908 7,548,798 7,670,513 8,004,712 8,387,491 8,788,574 Muslims % Muslims 8,324 8,451 8,959 76, , , , ,878 APGR % [UN73](1971) [UN88](1981) [UN](1991) [UN](2001) Population 2,661,293 3,180,020 3,396,402 3,747,109 4,121,595 3,332,123 3,781,274 4,290,968 Muslims % Muslims 837,243 1,090,747 1,349,051 1,491,724 1,805,259 1,459,470 1,656,198 1,879,444 APGR % [YU](1948e) [BA](1961e) [BA](1971e) [BA](1981e) [BA](1991e) Population 7,250,999 7,867,008 8,489,572 8,861,536 8,818,915 8,006,072 7,497,282 7,020,826 Muslims % Muslims 968,008 1,112,395 1,444,076 1,710,276 1,075, , , ,541 APGR % [UN56](1946) [KET](1956) [KET](1971) [KET] [UN](2001) Population 3,850,295 4,045,251 4,169,215 4,376,609 4,517,199 4,505,422 4,409,659 4,315,931 Muslims % Muslims 2,310 23,058 22,931 32,387 51,948 57,669 56,444 55,244 APGR % [HR](1948) [HR](1961) [HR](1971) [HR](1981) [UN](1991) [UN](2001) Population 8,924,882 9,545,911 9,800,973 10,283,564 10,303,292 10,224,397 10,410,786 10,600,573 Muslims % Muslims ,028 20,607 20,449 20,822 21,201 APGR % [KET] [CZ] Population 7,566,002 8,333,499 8,793,002 9,642,504 10,160,501 10,942,311 11,183,393 11,429,787 Muslims % Muslims 111, , , , , , , ,750 APGR % [UN56](1951) [KET](1961) [KET](1971) [KET] [DOS] Population 9,338,000 9,984,003 10,337,003 10,707,472 10,364,840 10,214,758 9,973,141 9,737,239 Muslims % Muslims 3,735 2,995 5,169 3,212 3,109 3,064 2,992 2,921 APGR % [KET] [KET] [HU](2001) Population 733, ,988 1,243,093 1,584,440 1,956,196 2,000,000 2,180,686 2,377,696 Muslims % Muslims 510, , ,513 1,273,414 1,652,203 1,870,400 2,039,378 2,223,621 APGR % [KO](1948e) [KO](1961e) [KO](1971e) [KO](1981e) [KO](1991e) [KO](2006e) Table 4.1. Estimate of the Muslim population in Southwestern Europe region.

23 8,388,553 in 1961, to 8,768,641 in The corresponding Muslim population decreased from 112,665 or 1.48% in 1951, to 114,955 or 1.37% in 1961, to 110,000 or 1.25% in 1971 to 160,000 or 1.66% in However, later censuses did not include information about religious adherence. According to the 2001 census [UNC], the total Greek population was 10,964,020. It is estimated in [DOS] that there are 100,000 to 120,000 indigenous Muslims and more than 200,000 immigrant Muslims in Greece. Thus, there are more than 320,000 Muslims in Greece, which constitutes 2.92% of the total population reported in the 2001 census Hungary: According to [KET], Muslim population increased slightly from 3,300 or 0.04% in 1949 to 5,000 or 0.05% in According to the 2001 census [HU], the total Hungarian population was 10,198,315, out of which 3,201 or 0.03% were Muslim Kosovo: According to [KO], the total Kosovar population increased from 733,034 in 1948, to 815,908 in 1953, to 963,988 in 1961, to 1,243,693 in 1971, to 1,584,440 in 1981, to 1,956,196 in 1991, to 2,100,000 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 510,794 or 69.68% in 1948, to 571,056 or 69.99% in 1953, to 675,571 or 70.08% in 1961, to 943,005 or 75.82% in 1971, to 1,273,375 or 80.37% in 1981, to 1,652,262 or 84.46% in 1991, to 1,963,912 or 93.52% in Macedonia: Based on census data [MK, UN], the Macedonian population changed from 1,152,986 in 1948, to 1,304,514 in 1953, to 1,406,003 in 1961, to 1,647,308 in 1971, to 1,909,136 in 1981, to 2,033,964 in 1991, to 1,935,034 in 1994, 2,022,547 in The corresponding Muslim population changed from 314,603 or 27.29% in 1948, to 388,515 or 29.78% in 1953, to 338,200 or 24.05% in 1961, to 414,176 or 25.14% in 1971, to 546,437 or 28.62% in 1981 to 611,326 or 30.06% in 1991, to 581,203 Macedonia Moldova Montenegro Pridnestrovie (Transnistria) Romania Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Total Population 1,229,699 1,392,001 1,567,968 1,794,830 1,909,349 2,011,614 2,043,360 2,075,607 Muslims % Muslims 335, , , , , , , ,800 APGR % [MK](1948e) [MK](1961e) [MK](1971e) [MK](1981e) [UN](1991) [UN](2002) Population 2,170,003 2,740,500 3,149,501 3,431,998 3,684,950 3,514,257 3,063,574 2,670,688 Muslims % Muslims 7,378 9,318 11,338 15,101 19,899 1,757 1,532 1,335 APGR % [SU](1959e) [SU](1970e) [SU](1979e) [SU](1989e) [MD](2004) Population 398, , , , , , , ,270 Muslims % Muslims 23,075 59, , , , , , ,069 APGR % [YU](1948e) [YU](1961e) [YU](1971e) [ME](1981e) [ME](1991e) [ME](2003) Population 171, , , , , , , ,345 Muslims % Muslims APGR % [PV](2004) Population 16,310,998 18,407,000 20,252,541 22,201,389 23,206,717 22,137,869 21,190,154 20,283,010 Muslims % Muslims 32,622 36,814 42,530 48,843 58,017 68,627 65,689 62,877 APGR % [RO](1956e) [RO](1966e) [RO](1977e) [UN](1992) [UN](2002) Population 5,999,221 6,619,336 6,929,553 7,361,636 7,612,549 8,134,031 7,675,171 7,242,196 Muslims % Muslims 95, , , , , , , ,750 APGR % [YU](1948e) [YU](1961e) [YU](1971e) [YU](1981e) [UN](1991) [UN](2002) Population 3,463,443 4,144,899 4,528,460 4,976,397 5,256,170 5,378,589 5,411,640 5,444,894 Muslims % Muslims ,731 4,841 4,870 4,900 APGR % [KET] [DOS07] Population 1,473,094 1,580,010 1,669,731 1,831,881 1,926,701 1,985,406 2,024,912 2,065,204 Muslims % Muslims 442 1,106 5,510 16,670 29,479 48,047 49,003 49,978 APGR % [SI](1948e) [SI](1961e) [SI](1971e) [SI](1981e) [SI](1991) [SI](2002) Population 79,691,949 88,186,299 94,892, ,175, ,064, ,705, ,539, ,656,788 Muslims % Muslims 3,774,042 4,750,693 6,216,346 7,711,150 8,692,769 8,657,861 9,052,054 9,497,114 APGR % Table 4.1. Continued.

24 or 30.04% in 1994, to 674,015 or 33.33% in Moldova: According to census data [SU, MD], the total population changed from 2,884,477 in 1959, to 3,568,873 in 1970, to 3,949,756 in 1979, to 4,335,360 in 1989, to 3,383,332 in The 2004 census included religious demography while the other censuses included ethnic demography, from which we can deduce religion. Accordingly, the corresponding Muslim population changed from 9,768 or 0.34% in 1959, to 12,998 or 0.36% in 1970, to 17,205 or 0.44% in 1979, to 23,404 or 0.54 in 1989, to 1,667 or 0.05% in Montenegro: According to census data [YU, ME], the total population of Montenegro increased from 377,189 in 1948, to 419,873 in 1953, to 471,894 in 1961, to 529,604 in 1971, to 584,310 in 1981, to 615,035 in 1991, to 620,145 in The corresponding Muslim population changed from 21,834 or 5.79% in 1948, to 32,509 or 7.74% in 1953, to 60,410 or 12.80% in 1961, to 106,664 or 20.14% in 1971, to 117,286 or 20.07% in 1981, to 130,789 or 21.25% in 1991, to 110,034 or 17.74% in Pridnestrovie (Transnistria): This is a de facto independent nation, which is claimed by Moldova. According to census data [PV], there are no Muslims in this region and the total population changed from 578,000 in 1979, to 679,000 in 1989, to 555,347 in Data for previous years were estimated from the 1970 and 1959 census results regarding the population of the two major cities: Bender and Tiraspol. The total population of both cities were multiplied by a factor of 2.5 to estimate the total population. This factor was based on the last three censuses Romania: Based on census data [RO, UN], the Romanian population changed from 14,280,729 in 1930, to 15,872,624 in 1948, to 17,489,450 in 1956, to 19,103,163 in 1966, to 21,559,910 in 1977, to 22,810,035 in 1992, to 21,680,974 in Religious data started being gathered since the 1992 census, which also showed that only the Turkish and Tartar minorities are mostly Muslim. The previous censuses included ethnic affiliations from which we can deduce religion. Accordingly, the corresponding Muslim population changed from 41,660 or 0.29% in 1930, to 34,798 or 0.20% in 1956, to 40,191 or 0.21% in1966, to 46,791 or 0.22% in 1977, to 55,928 or 0.25% in 1992, to 67,257 or 0.31% in Serbia: According to census data [YU, UN], the total population changed from 5,794,837 in 1948, to 6,162,321 in 1953, to 6,678,247 in 1961, to 7,202,915 in 1971, to 7,729,246 in 1981, to 7,822,795 in 1991, to 7,498,001 in The last two censuses included religious data and both excluded Kosovo. The 1991 included Montenegro and found 468,713 Muslims, from which we extract the estimate of 130,789 Muslims in Montenegro based on the 1991 ethnic data. The previous censuses included ethnic data from which we can deduce religious affiliation, but included Kosovo. The data of the latter was extracted both from the total and Muslim population. Accordingly, the corresponding Muslim population changed from 92,033 or 1.59% in 1948, to 168,928 or 2.74% in 1953, to 173,337 or 2.60% in 1961, to 264,200 or 3.67% in 1971, to 368,292 or 4.76% in 1981, to 337,924 or 4.32% in 1991, to 239,658 or 3.20% in Slovakia: Based on census data [UN], in 2001 the Slovak population was 5,379,455 out of which 6,294 follow other religions than the ones listed in the census. However Islam was not among the listed religions in this or previous censuses. Nevertheless, [DOS07] estimates between 1,200 to 5,000 Muslims in Slovakia, which constitutes up to 0.09% of the total Slovak population enumerated in the 2001 census. In addition, [KET] estimated the Muslim population in 1971 in Czechoslovakia to be 2,000 or 0.01% of the total population of 14,450, Slovenia: Based on census data [SI, UN], the Slovenian population changed from 1,391,873 in 1948, to 1,466,425 in 1953, to 1,591,523 in 1961, to 1,679,051 in 1971, to 1,838,381 in 1981, to 1,913,355 in 1991, to 1,964,036 in The corresponding Muslim population changed from 395 or 0.03% in 1948, to 3,517 or 0.24% in 1953, to 1,040 or 0.07% in 1961, to 5,466 or 0.33% in 1971, to 16,751 or 0.91% in 1981, to 29,361 or 1.53% in 1991, to 47,488 or 2.42% in Muslims in Southwestern Europe This region consists of eleven countries: Andorra, France, Gibraltar, Italy, Liechtenstein, Malta, Monaco, Portugal, San Marino, Spain, and Switzerland. The total population of this region increased from 130 million in 1950 to 200 million by The related Muslim population increased from 0.2% in 1950 to 5% by The corresponding individual data for each country in this region is discussed below and summarized in Table Andorra: Based on census data [UNC], in 2000 the population of Andorra was 66,089. According to [DOS], there are 2,000 Muslims in Andorra, which constitutes 3.03% of the total population recorded in the 2000 census. According to [KET], there were no Muslims in France: According to [KET, DOS01, DOS], the Muslim population increased from 240,000 or 0.55% in 1950, to two million or 3.90% in 1971, to 2.5 million or 4.6% in 1982, to four million or 7% in 2001, to from five to six million or 8% to 10% in Gibraltar: According to census data [UN73, UN83, UN], the total population increased from 24,672 in 1970, to 26,479 in 1981, to 26,703 in 1991 to 27,495 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 1,989 or 8.06% in 1970, to 2,124 or 8.02% in 1981, then decreased to 1,850 or 6.93% in 1991, to 1,102 or 4.01% in Italy: Based on census data [UNC], in 2001 the population of Italy was 57,110,144. According to [KET, DOS01, DOS], the Muslim population increased from 50,000 or 0.09% in 1971, to one million or 1.7% in 2001, to 1.25 million or 2.1% in It is also pointed out in [KET] that Muslims started migrating to Italy after World War II Liechtenstein: Based on census data [LI], the Liechtenstein population increased from 7,046 in 1970 to 9,302 in 1980, to 10,909 in 1990, to 12,192 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from eight or 0.04% in 1970, to 421 or 1.67% in 1980, to 689 or 2.37% in 1990, to 1,593 or 4.78% in Malta: According to [DOS01, DOS], the Muslim population increased from 2,500 or 0.64% in 2001, to 3,000 or 0.75% in In addition, [KET] noted that there were very few Muslims in 1974.

25 Monaco: According to census data [MC], the total population changed from 27,063 in 1982, to 29,972 in 1990, to 32,020 in 2000, to 31,109 in These censuses included data on nationalities residing in Monaco, from which we can deduce religion. In our estimate only the following nationalities were considered Muslim: Algeria, Egypt, Iran, Morocco, Senegal, Syria, Tunisia, and Turkey. Accordingly, the Muslim population changed from 430 or Andorra France Gibraltar Italy Liechtenstein Malta Monaco Portugal San Marino Spain Switzerland Total Population 5,664 11,000 27,000 35,000 57,000 65,908 87, ,903 Muslims % Muslims ,727 1,997 2,660 3,542 APGR % [KET] [DOS01] [DOS] Population 41,831,805 45,673,851 50,770,956 53,949,749 56,842,015 59,128,075 62,636,580 66,353,270 Muslims % Muslims 230, ,206 1,980,067 2,481,688 3,978,941 4,138,965 6,263,658 6,635,327 APGR % [KET] [KET] [KET] [DOS01] [DOS] Population 21,000 24,502 26,833 30,000 28,000 27,118 29,337 31,737 Muslims % Muslims 1,693 1,975 2,163 2,406 1,940 1,087 1,176 1,273 APGR % [UN73](1970) [UN83](1981) [UN](1991) [UN](2001) Population 46,366,769 49,510,848 53,359,255 56,307,276 56,997,717 57,115,970 60,097,564 63,234,805 Muslims % Muslims 4,637 44,560 48,023 50, , ,971 1,262,049 1,327,931 APGR % [KET] [KET] [DOS01] [DOS] Population 13,757 16,628 21,350 26,000 29,000 32,673 36,190 40,085 Muslims % Muslims ,562 1,730 1,916 APGR % [LI](1970) [LI](1980) [LI](1990) [LI](2000) Population 311, , , , , , , ,236 Muslims % Muslims ,305 2,489 3,075 3,242 APGR % [KET] [DOS01] [DOS] Population 19,242 20,442 23,042 25,029 30,000 33,268 32,915 32,565 Muslims % Muslims APGR % [MC](1982e) [MC](1990e) [MC](2000e) [MC](2008e) Population 8,405,000 8,857,723 8,680,437 9,766,315 9,979,313 10,226,124 10,732,357 11,263,651 Muslims % Muslims ,860 10,977 14,317 15,025 15,769 APGR % [UN79](1970) [UN88](1981) [UN](1991) [UN](2001) Population 15,000 9,796 19,149 21,000 23,000 26,941 32,423 39,022 Muslims % Muslims APGR % [KET] [DOS1] [DOS] Population 28,008,746 30,455,156 33,778,659 37,526,910 38,839,282 40,264,336 45,316,586 51,002,777 Muslims % Muslims 75,624 82,229 91, , , ,626 1,178,231 1,326,072 APGR % [KET] [DOS01] [DOS] Population 4,692,633 5,328,229 6,181,179 6,319,057 6,714,629 7,184,177 7,594,561 8,028,387 Muslims % Muslims 2,346 2,664 16,071 56, , , , ,009 APGR % [UN64](1960) [UN73](1970) [CH](1980) [CH](1990) [CH](2000) Population 129,691, ,220, ,190, ,330, ,900, ,493, ,006, ,416,364 Muslims % Muslims 315, ,885 2,138,805 2,699,063 5,794,279 6,142,796 9,051,748 9,657,693 APGR % Table 4.2. Estimate of the Muslim population in Southwestern Europe region.

26 1.59% in 1982, to 647 or 2.16% in 1990, to 694 or 2.17% in 2000, to 565 or 1.82% in Portugal: Based on census data [UN79, UN88, UN], the Portuguese population decreased from 8,611,125 in 1970 to 7,836,504 in 1981, then bounced to 8,376,840 in 1991, and increased to 8,699,515 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 365 or less than 0.01% in 1970, to 4,335 or 0.06% in 1981, to 9,134 or 0.11% in 1991, to 12,014 or 0.14% in Thus, this slow increase of the Muslim population is expected to continue. In addition, according to the 2001 census [PT], the Muslim population was distributed as follows: North Region: 835 or 0.03% out of 3,042,345; Center Region: 638 or 0.03% out of 1,996,009; Lisbon Region: 9,600 or 0.42% out of 2,265,629 inhabitants; Alentejo Region: 219 or 0.03% out of 669,940 inhabitants; Algarve Region: 630 or 0.19% out of 337,486 inhabitants; Azores Islands: 19 or 0.01% out of 189,996 inhabitants; Madeira Islands: 73 or 0.04% out of 198,110 Belarus Estonia Latvia Lithuania Poland Russia Ukraine Total inhabitants San Marino: Based on census data [UNC], in 2000 the population of San Marino was 26,941. According to [KET], there were no Muslims in the country in the 1970s, while [DOS] points out that there is a small number of Muslims in 2001 and 2009; however it did not state their number. Thus, our estimate is that 0.05% of the total Sammarinese population is Muslim Spain: According to [KET, DOS01, DOS], the Muslim population increased from 90,000 or 0.27% in 1971, to 700,000 or 1.75% in 2001, to 1.2 million or 2.60% in Switzerland: Based on census data [UN64, UN73, CH], the total population increased from 5,429,061 in 1960, to 6,269,783 in 1970, to 6,365,960 in 1980, to 6,873,700 in 1990, then to 7,288,010 in The corresponding Muslim population grew from 2,703 or 0.05% in 1960, to 16,353 or 0.26% in 1970, to 56,600 or 0.89% in 1980, to 152,200 or 2.21% in 1990, to 310,807 or 4.26% in Muslims in Northeastern Europe This region consists of seven countries: Belarus, Estonia, Population 7,745,003 8,190,006 9,039,503 9,658,500 10,259,700 10,053,547 9,587,940 9,143,897 Muslims % Muslims 22,461 18,018 23,503 29,941 41,039 26,139 24,929 23,774 APGR % [SU](1939e) [SU](1959e) [SU](1970e) [SU](1979e) [SU](1989e) [UNE](1999e) Population 1,100,998 1,216,003 1,365,002 1,472,898 1,567,485 1,370,335 1,339,459 1,309,279 Muslims % Muslims 3,193 3,526 3,959 5,744 8,308 1,644 1,607 1,571 APGR % [SU](1959e) [SU](1970e) [SU](1979e) [SU](1989e) [UN](2000) Population 1,949,000 2,120,977 2,359,169 2,511,718 2,663,162 2,373,770 2,240,265 2,114,269 Muslims % Muslims 7,406 8,060 10,616 13,061 19,175 14,717 13,890 13,108 APGR % [SU](1959e) [SU](1970e) [SU](1979e) [SU](1989e) [UNE](2000e) Population 2,567,402 2,778,552 3,139,645 3,413,204 3,697,849 3,500,819 3,255,324 3,027,044 Muslims % Muslims 5,648 6,113 6,907 11,605 13,312 2,801 2,604 2,422 APGR % [SU](1959e) [SU](1970e) [SU](1979e) [SU](1989e) [UN](2001) Population 24,824,013 29,637,553 32,664,156 35,574,153 38,110,783 38,432,879 38,038,094 37,647,364 Muslims % Muslims 12,412 14,819 16,332 17,787 3,811 3,843 26,627 26,353 APGR % [KET] [KET] [DOS01] [DOS] Population 102,702, ,905, ,391, ,655, ,065, ,669, ,366, ,334,183 Muslims % Muslims 6,429,174 7,362,210 9,218,700 10,302,093 12,082,121 14,886,988 14,247,206 13,634,920 APGR % [SU](1939e) [SU](1959e) [SU](1970e) [SU](1979e) [SU](1989e) [RU](2002e) Population 37,297,652 42,783,010 47,316,501 50,043,550 51,582,774 48,870,139 45,433,415 42,238,374 Muslims % Muslims 138, , , , , , , ,936 APGR % [SU](1939e) [SU](1959e) [SU](1970e) [SU](1979e) [SU](1989e) [UNE](2001e) [UA](2007s) Population 178,186, ,631, ,275, ,329, ,946, ,271, ,261, ,733,249 Muslims % Muslims 6,618,295 7,541,095 9,440,893 10,570,398 12,461,788 15,429,721 14,762,110 14,116,084 APGR % Table 4.3. Estimate of the Muslim Population in Northeastern Europe region.

27 Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, and Ukraine. The total population in this region increased from 178 million in 1950, to 256 million in 1990, then is decreasing to 240 million by The related Muslim population increased from 4% in 1950 to 6% by The corresponding individual data for each country in this region is discussed below and summarized in Table Belarus: According to census data [SU, UNE], the total population changed from 5,568,994 in 1939, to 8,054,648 in 1959, to 9,002,338 in 1970, to 9,532,516 in 1979, to 10,151,806 in 1989, to 10,045,237 in These censuses included ethnic demography, from which we can deduce religion. Accordingly, the corresponding Muslim population changed from 16,168 or 0.29% in 1939, to 17,815 or 0.22% in 1959, to 23,008 or 0.26 in 1970, to 29,075 or 0.31% in 1979, to 40,849 or 0.40 in 1989, to 26,435 or 0.26% in Estonia: According to census data [SU], the total population changed from 1,196,791 in 1959, to 1,356,079 in 1970, to 1,464,476 in 1979, to 1,565,662 in These censuses included ethnic demography, from which we can deduce religion. Accordingly, the corresponding Muslim population changed from 3,435 or 0.29% in 1959, to 3,963 or 0.29% in 1970, to 5,765 or 0.39% in 1979, to 8,332 or 0.53 in In addition, the 2000 census [UN], indicated that the total population was 1,121,582 out of which 1,387 or 0.12% were Muslims Latvia: According to census data [SU, UNE], the total population changed from 2,093,458 in 1959, to 2,364,127 in 1970, to 2,502,816 in 1979, to 2,666,567 in 1989, to 2,377,383 in These censuses included ethnic demography, from which we can deduce religion. Accordingly, the corresponding Muslim population changed from 7,987 or 0.38% in 1959, to 10,559 or 0.45 in 1970, to 13,131 or 0.52% in 1979, to 19,312 or 0.72 in 1989, to 14,781 or 0.62% in Lithuania: According to census data [SU], the total population changed from 2,711,445 in 1959, to 3,128,236 in 1970, to 3,391,490 in 1979, to 3,674,802 in These censuses included ethnic demography, from which we can deduce religion. Accordingly, the corresponding Muslim population changed from 6,074 or 0.22% in 1959, to 6,983 or 0.22 in 1970, to 11,546 or 0.34% in 1979, to 13,170 or 0.36 in In addition, the 2000 census [UN], indicated that the total population was 3,483,972 out of which 2,860 or 0.08% were Muslims Poland: According to [KET, DOS01, DOS], the Muslim population changed from 11,000 in 1963, to 15,000 or 0.05% in 1971, to 5,123 or 0.01% in 2001, to 25,000 or 0.07% in Russia: According to census data [SU], the total population changed from 109,397,463 in 1939, to 117,534,315 in 1959, to 130,079,210 in 1970, to 137,409,921 in 1979, to 147,021,869 in 1989, to Belgium Channel Islands Denmark Finland Germany Iceland Ireland Population 8,628,489 9,155,060 9,632,471 9,827,738 9,933,055 10,193,094 10,697,588 11,227,051 Muslims % Muslims 8,628 73, , , , , , ,623 APGR % [KET] [KET] [KET] [KET] [BE] Population 102, , , , , , , ,548 Muslims % Muslims APGR % [PEW] Population 4,270,994 4,580,999 4,928,767 5,123,029 5,139,947 5,335,385 5,481,283 5,631,171 Muslims % Muslims ,772 16, , , , ,353 APGR % [KET] [KET] [DOS01] [DOS] Population 4,009,003 4,430,001 4,605,998 4,779,537 4,986,441 5,173,368 5,345,826 5,524,033 Muslims % Muslims ,035 1,069 1,105 APGR % [UN73](1970) [UN](1985) [UN](1990) [UN](2000) Population 68,376,002 72,814,899 78,169,287 78,288,577 79,433,024 82,074,780 82,056,775 82,038,774 Muslims % Muslims 20,513 21,844 1,172,539 1,722,349 2,541,857 2,626,393 4,283,364 4,282,424 APGR % [KET] [KET] [KET] [DOS01] [DOS] Population 142, , , , , , , ,736 Muslims % Muslims ,251 1,466 APGR % [KET] [DOS01] [DOS] Population 2,969,000 2,833,997 2,953,705 3,400,999 3,514,643 3,803,822 4,589,002 5,536,258 Muslims % Muslims 2,078 1,984 2,068 3,741 3,866 18,639 34,876 42,076 APGR % [KET] [IE](1991) [IE](2002) [IE](2006) Table 4.4. Estimate of the Muslim population in Northwestern Europe region.

28 145,166,731 in These censuses included ethnic demography, from which we can deduce religion. Accordingly, the corresponding Muslim population increased from 6,850,154 or 6.26% in 1939, to 7,212,991 or 6.14% in 1959, to 9,197,198 or 7.07% in 1970, to 10,215,802 or 7.43% in 1979, to 11,994,159 or 8.16 in 1989, to 14,729,536 or 10.15% in Ukraine: According to census data [SU, UNE], the total population changed from 30,946,218 in 1939, to 41,869,046 in 1959, to 47,126,517 in 1970, to 49,609,333 in 1979, to 51,452,034 in 1989, to 48,240,902 in These censuses included ethnic demography, from which we can deduce religion. Accordingly, the corresponding Muslim population changed from 115,037 or 0.37% in 1939, to 123,973 or 0.30% in 1959, to 158,164 or 0.34 in 1970, to 186,966 or 0.38% in 1979, to 291,046 or 0.57 in 1989, to 485,371 or 1.01% in In addition, an official Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) [UA] was conducted in It covered the population aged 15 to 49. The participants were 6,841 females out of which 63 or 0.92% were Muslim and 3,178 males out of which 33 or 1.04% were Muslim. Thus, this survey indicated that 0.98% of the Ukrainian population is Muslim Muslims in Northwestern Europe This region consists of thirteen countries and territories: Belgium, Channel Islands, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Isle of Man Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Sweden United Kingdom Total Iceland, Ireland, Isle of Man, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. This total population of this region increased from 160 million in 1950, to 208 million by The related Muslim percentage increased from 0.1% in 1950, to 5% by The corresponding individual data for each country in this region is discussed below and summarized in Table Belgium: According to [KET, BE], the Muslim population increased from 8,000 or 0.1% in 1951, to 121,000 or 1.3% in 971, to 350,000 or 3.6% in 1982, to 628,751 or 6.0% in Channel Islands: The Islands consists of the two British Crown Dependencies of Guernsey and Jersey. According to census data [UNC], in 2001 the total population in Guernsey was 59,807 and in Jersey was 87,186. However, census data in these Islands do not record religious affiliation. Nevertheless, [PEW] estimates that Muslims constitute 0.1% of the total population Denmark: According to [KET, DOS01, DOS], the Muslim population increased from few hundreds or about 0.01% in 1950, to 16,000 or 0.32% in 1971, to 106,000 or 2% in 2001, to 210,000 or 3.7% in Finland: According to census data [UN73, UN], the total Finnish population increased slowly from 4,598,336 in 1970, to 4,910,664 in 1985, to 4,998,478 in 1990, to 5,181,115 in The percentage of the Population 51,000 50,423 60,496 63,000 70,000 74,911 80,276 86,025 Muslims % Muslims APGR % [PEW] Population 296, , , , , , , ,506 Muslims % Muslims 1,480 1,570 1,696 1,821 5,231 5,986 9,639 10,849 APGR % [KET] [DOS01] [DOS] Population 10,113,998 11,486,631 13,038,524 14,149,808 14,952,737 15,914,751 16,653,346 17,426,219 Muslims % Muslims 5,057 5, , , , , ,894 1,010,721 APGR % [KET] [KET] [KET] [NL](1995) [NL02](2002) [NL02](2004) Population 3,265,000 3,580,998 3,877,383 4,085,621 4,241,485 4,483,961 4,855,315 5,257,424 Muslims % Muslims 5,877 6,446 6,979 7,354 71,681 75,779 99, ,777 APGR % [KET] [NO](2005) [NO](2009) Population 7,014,001 7,480,001 8,042,839 8,310,467 8,558,829 8,860,162 9,293,026 9,747,038 Muslims % Muslims ,086 24, , , , ,391 APGR % [KET] [KET] [KET] [DOS01] [DOS] Population 50,615,999 52,371,995 55,663,200 56,314,221 57,237,499 58,907,407 61,899,272 65,043,092 Muslims % Muslims 101, ,744 1,001,938 1,238,913 1,551,136 1,596,391 2,475,971 2,601,724 APGR % [KET] [KET] [KET] [CIA](2001) [UK](2008s) Population 159,854, ,384, ,637, ,064, ,846, ,686, ,922, ,358,097 Muslims % Muslims 147, ,892 2,486,908 3,766,730 5,540,511 6,220,423 9,216,536 9,464,833 APGR % Table 4.4. Continued.

29 corresponding Muslim population remained almost constant at 0.02%, however. The number of Muslims was 823 in 1970, 787 in 1985, 810 in 1990, and 1,199 in Nonetheless, [DOS] points out that the total Muslim population has increased to 40,000, which constitutes 0.77% of the total population recorded in the 2000 census Germany: According to [KET], Muslims in West Germany increased from 20,000 or 0.04% in 1951, to 1,150,000 or 1.87% out of total population of 61,650,000 in 1971 to 1.8 million or 2.9% in In addition, in 1971, there were about 2,000 Muslims in East Germany [KET], or less than 0.01% of the total population of 17,040,000. Thus, Muslims in Germany increased from 0.03% in 1951, to 1.50% in 1971, to 2.20% in According to [DOS01, DOS] Muslims increase from 3.2 million or 3.2% in 2001, to 4.3 million or 5.22% in Iceland: According to [KET], there were very few Muslims in this island nation during the 1970s. According to [DOS01, DOS] the Muslim population increased from 164 or 0.06% in 2001, to 1,200 or 0.38% in Ireland: According to [KET], in 1971 the Muslim population was 2,000 or 0.07% of the total population. Based on census data [IE], the Irish population was 3,525,719 in 1991, rising to 2,917,203 in 2002, then 4,239,848 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 3,875 or 0.11% in 1991, to 19,147 or 0.49% in 2002, to 32,539 or 0.76% in Isle of Man: According to census data [UNC], in 2006 the total Manx population was 80,058. However, census data in this British Crown Dependency Island does not record religious affiliation. Nevertheless, [PEW] estimates that 0.2% of the total population is Muslim Luxembourg: According to [KET, DOS01, DOS], the Muslim population increased from 1,500 or 0.5% in 1971, to 6,000 or 1.37% in 2001, to 9,000 or 1.96% in Netherlands: According to [KET], Muslims increased from 5,000 or 0.05% in 1951, to 132,000 or 1.1% in 1971, to 400,000 or 2.8% in According to census data [UNC], in 2002 the total Dutch population was 16,105,285, however Dutch national censuses stopped collecting data on religious affiliation since 1994, and previous censuses did not include such information on Muslims. Nevertheless, official statistics [NL, NL02, NL03] indicate that the corresponding Muslim population in the Netherlands increased from 626,000 or 4.1% in 1995, to 890,000 or 5.5% in 2002, to 920,000 or 5.7% in 2003 to 945,000 or 5.8% in Thus, the rate of increase of the Muslim population in the Netherlands with respect to the total population is more than 0.1 percentage point per year Norway: According to [KET], in 1971 the Muslim population was 7,000 or 0.18% of the total population. According to official statistics [NO], the Muslim population changed from 76,621 or 1.69% in 2005, to 72,023 or 1.59% in 2006, to 79,068 or 1.75% in 2007, to 83,684 or 1.85% in 2008, to 92,744 or 2.05% in Sweden: According to [KET, DOS01, DOS] Muslims increased from 1,000 or 0.01% in 1951, to 18,000 or 0.2% in 1972, to 25,000 or 0.3% in 1980, to 300,000 or 3.41% in 2001, to 500,000 or 5.38% in The United Kingdom: According to [KET], the Muslim population increased from 100,000 or 0.2% in 1951, to one million or 1.8% in 1971, to 1.25 million or 2.2% in According to census data [UNC, CIA], in 2001 the total population was 58,789,187, out of which 1,591,000 or 2.71% were Muslims. The census also revealed that the population of England and Wales [EW] was 52,041,916 out of which 1,546,626 or 2.97% were Muslims, the population of Scotland [SQ] was 5,062,000, out of which 42,600 or 0.53% were Muslims, and the population of Northern Ireland [ND] was 1,685,267, out of which 1,943 or 0.12% were Muslims. Another official statistics [UK] estimates that the Muslim population in the UK increased from 1,870,000 in 2004, to 2,017,000 in 2005, to 2,142,000 in 2006, to 2,327,000 in 2007, to 2,422,000 in 2008, reaching 4.00% of the total British population, according to the same source. Thus, the average annual growth rate of the Muslim population in the UK between 2004 and 2008 was 6.68%, which is ten times the rate of increase of the total population during the same period, according to [UK]. This caused the percentage of Muslims in the UK to rise from 2.70% in 2001 (census year) to 4.00% in 2008; about 0.2 percentage point per year. 5. Islam in the Americas Although there are convincing reports that Muslims started immigrating to the Americas since the tenth century [MRO], most Muslim population in the Americas can only trace their immigration to the twentieth century. In fact, the Muslim population in the new world, both in size and in percentage, remains the lowest in comparison with other continents. The total population of the Americas increased from 339 million in 1950 to 1,054 million by The related Muslim population increased from 0.1% in 1950 to 0.9% by We divide the Americas into various regions, and then sort countries that belong to each region in alphabetical order. The percentage and population of Muslims in each region and for the whole continent is summarized at the end of each section. Accordingly, the Americas continent is divided into four regions; the data for each is included in a separate section. These regions are Southern America (Section 5.1), the Caribbean (Section 5.2), Central America (Section45.3), and Northern America (Section 5.4). A color coded map of the Americas illustrating the presence of Muslims in the continent is presented in Figure Muslims in Southern America This region consists of fourteen countries and territories: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Columbia, Ecuador, Falkland Islands, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela. The total population of this region increased from 112 million in 1950, to 445 million by The related Muslim percentage increased from 0.1% in 1950, to 0.3% by The corresponding individual data for each country in this region is discussed below and summarized in Table Argentina: According to census data [UN56], in 1947 the population of Argentina was 15,893,827, out of which 18,764 or 0.12% were Muslim. Argentinean national censuses since then did not include information about religious affiliation. However, according to [KET, DOS01, DOS], the Muslim population increased from 200,000 or

30 1.1% in 1951, to 300,000 or 1.3% in 1971 to 380,000 or 1.35% in 1981, to 800,000 or 2.16% in 2001, then decreased to 600,000 or 1.62% in Bolivia: According to census data [UN], the population of this country was 6,292,909 in 1992 out of which 77,918 or 1.24% people confessing other religions than the listed ones. Islam was not among the listed religions in Bolivian national censuses. The 2001 Census [UNC] recorded a total population of 8,274,325; but no information on religious adherence was collected. According to [KET, DOS], the Muslim population increased from 100 or less than 0.01%, to 1,000 or 0.01% in Brazil: According to historical census data [UN56], in 1950 the Brazilian population was 51,944,397 out of which 3,454 or 0.01% was Muslim. By the 2000 Census [BR], the total population increased to 169,872,856 out of which 27,239 or 0.02% was Muslim. Thus, although the Muslim population in Brazil has increased by eightfold and its percentage representation has doubled in the past half century, its representation remained very low with respect to the total population. Previous 1981 estimate by [KET] was 360,000 or 0.3% Chile: According to census data [UN56, UN79, CL], the Chilean population increased from 5,932,995, in 1952 to 8,884,768 in 1970, to 15,116,435 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 956 or 0.02% in 1952, to 1,431 or 0.02% in 1970, to 2,894 or 0.02% in Thus, the Muslim population in Chile has only tripled in the last half century, and its representation remained very low and almost constant with respect to the total population Columbia: According to census data [UNC], the population of this country was 41,468,384 in However, national censuses in this country do not include information about religious affiliation. According to [KET, DOS], the Muslim population increased from 6,000 or 0.05% in 1951, to 10,000 or 0.05% in 1971, then remained at 10,000 or 0.02% in Ecuador: According to census data [UNC], the population of this country was 12,156,608 in However, national censuses in this country do not include information about religious affiliation. According to [KET, PEW], the Muslim population increased from less than 100 or less than 0.01% in 1973, to 2,000 or 0.02% in Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas): According to census data [FK], in 2006 this UK Overseas Territory had 2,955 inhabitants out of which 9 or 0.30% were Muslims French Guiana: According to [KET, PEW], the Muslim population increased from 2,500 or 7.8% in 1951, to 4,000 or 8.2% in 1971, then decreased to 2,000 or 0.9% in Guyana: Based on census data [UN88, GY], the Guyanese population decreased from 758,619 in 1980 to 723,673 in 1991, then increased to 751,223 in The Figure 5. A color coded map of the Americas illustrating the presence of Muslims in the continent; the darker the region the higher the percentage of Muslims in the corresponding country.

31 corresponding Muslim population has shrunk by more than a half from 66,122 or 8.72% in 1980, to 29,106 or 7.97% in 1991 and continued decreasing at a slower rate to 28,201 or 7.19% in Paraguay: According to census data [UN], the total Paraguayan population increased from 2,949,099 in 1992 to 3,892,603 in Data on Muslims started being reported on the national census beginning in Accordingly, the Muslim population in Paraguay has decreased from 1,200 or 0.04% in 1992 to 872 or 0.02% in According to [KET], in 1973 the Muslim population was about 1000 or 0.04% of the total population Peru: According to census data [PE], in 2007 the Peruvian population was 27,419,294; out of which 679,291 or 2.48% follow other religion than the ones listed in the census. However, Islam was not among the listed religions. Nevertheless, [PEW] estimates the number of Muslims in Peru to be 1,000; which constitutes less than 0.01% of the total Peruvian population recorded in the 2007 census. According to [KET], in 1973 the Muslim population was about 500 or less than 0.01% of the total population Suriname: Based on census data [UN71, SR], the Surinamese population increased from 324,211 in 1964, to 492,829 in The corresponding Muslim population however, increased slightly at a rate of about 600 people per decade, which caused its representation with respect to the rest of the population to decrease significantly. Accordingly, the Muslim population in Suriname change from 63,809 or 19.64% in 1964 to 66,307 or 13.45% in Uruguay: According to census data [UNC], the population of this country was 3,241,003 in However, national censuses in this country do not include information about religious affiliation. According to [KET, DOS], the Muslim population decreased from 1,000 or 0.04% in 1973, to 400 or 0.01% of the total population Venezuela: According to census data [UNC], the population of this country was 23,054,210 in However, national censuses in this country do not include information about religious affiliation. According to [KET], the Muslim population increased from 20,000 or 0.39% in 1951, to 30,000 or 0.28% in 1971, to 100,000 or 0.35% in Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Columbia Ecuador Falkland Islands French Guiana Population 17,150,335 20,684,913 24,002,708 28,153,804 32,497,507 36,938,728 40,665,732 44,768,779 Muslims % Muslims 20,580 24, , , , , , ,254 APGR % [UN56](1947) [KET] [KET] [DOS01] [DOS] Population 2,713,630 3,351,626 4,211,986 5,356,019 6,670,556 8,317,371 10,030,832 12,097,283 Muslims % Muslims ,003 1,210 APGR % [KET] [DOS] Population 53,974,725 72,743,915 95,991, ,618, ,570, ,174, ,423, ,264,353 Muslims % Muslims 5,397 7,274 9,599 12,162 29,914 34,835 39,085 43,853 APGR % [UN56](1950) [BR](2000) Population 6,081,931 7,646,896 9,574,336 11,181,360 13,190,515 15,418,704 17,134,708 19,041,692 Muslims % Muslims 1,216 1,529 1,915 2,236 2,638 3,084 3,427 3,808 APGR % [UN56](1952) [UN79](1970) [CL](2002) Population 11,999,600 16,006,393 21,332,516 26,890,687 33,203,846 39,772,905 46,300,196 53,898,707 Muslims % Muslims 6,000 8,003 10,666 13,445 6,641 7,955 9,260 10,780 APGR % [KET] [KET] [DOS] Population 3,387,357 4,439,714 5,972,190 7,964,335 10,278,486 12,310,314 13,774,909 15,413,751 Muslims % Muslims ,056 2,462 2,755 3,083 APGR % [KET] [PEW] Population 2,230 2,172 1,957 2,000 2,000 2,883 3,004 3,130 Muslims % Muslims APGR % [FK](2006) Population 25,479 32,472 48,025 68, , , , ,955 Muslims % Muslims 1,987 2,533 3,938 5,598 1,047 1,486 2,082 2,916 APGR % [KET] [KET] [PEW] Table 5.1. Estimate of the Muslim population in Southern Americas region.

32 5. 2. Muslims in the Caribbean This region consists of 25 island nations and territories: Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos, British Virgin Islands, and the United States Virgin Islands. The total population of this region increased from 17 million in 1950, to 4 million by The related Muslim population remained around 0.3% since The corresponding individual data for each country in this region is discussed below and summarized in Table Anguilla: According to the 2001 census [UN], the total Anguillan population was 11,430, out of which 36 or 0.32% were Muslims Antigua and Barbuda: According to the 2001 census [AN], the total Antiguan and Barbudan population was 76,886, out of which 228 or 0.30% were Muslims Aruba: According to census data [UN, UNC], the total Aruban population in 1991 was 66,687, out of which 218 or 0.33% were Muslims. The total population increased to 90,508 in 2000, however the corresponding census did not include Islam in its religion questionnaire Bahamas: A question on Muslim affiliation was first introduced on the 2000 census [BS], according to which the total population was 303,611, out of which 292 or 0.10% were Muslims Barbados: According to census data [UN56, UN63, UN88, BB], the Barbadian population increased from 192,800 in 1946 to 232,333 in 1960 to 244,228 in 1980, to 250,010 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 58 or 0.03% in 1946, to 336 or 0.14% in 1960, to 773 or 0.32% in 1980, to 1,657 or 0.66% in Thus, every twenty years, the Muslim population in Barbados more than doubles in number and percentage of representation with respect to the rest of the Barbadian population Cayman Islands: According to census data [KY], in 2007 the Caymanian population was 53,292; out of which 411 or 0.77% were Muslims Cuba: According to [KET, DOS], the Muslim population decreased from 5,000 or 0.09% in 1951, to 1,000 or 0.01% in 1971 due to the communist revolution, then increased to 6,300 or 0.06% in Dominica: According to census data [UN], the total population decreased from 73,795 in 1981 to 68,635 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 54 or 0.07% in 1981 to 139 or 0.20% in Dominican Republic: According to [KET, DOS], the Muslim population increased from less than 100 or less than 0.01% in 1973, to up to 10,000 or 0.10% in Grenada: According to census data [UN88], in 1981 the Grenadian population was 89,088 out of which 76 or 0.09% was Muslim. The total population increased to Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Total Population 422, , , , , , , ,661 Muslims % Muslims 36,877 49,573 61,858 67,674 59,710 54,375 54,748 55,123 APGR % [UN88](1980) [GY](1991) [GY](2002) Population 1,473,245 1,907,042 2,484,739 3,198,837 4,249,734 5,350,235 6,459,727 7,799,297 Muslims % Muslims ,280 1,700 1,070 1,292 1,560 APGR % [KET] [UN](1991) [UN](2002) Population 7,632,461 9,931,527 13,194,522 17,328,481 21,776,063 26,004,162 29,496,120 33,456,994 Muslims % Muslims ,319 1,733 2,178 2,600 2,950 3,346 APGR % [KET] [PEW] Population 214, , , , , , , ,527 Muslims % Muslims 42,226 56,956 73,119 71,833 54,706 62,833 70,524 79,157 APGR % [UN71](1964) [SR](2004) Population 2,238,506 2,538,808 2,810,013 2,915,754 3,109,992 3,320,980 3,372,222 3,424,255 Muslims % Muslims 895 1,016 1,124 1, APGR % [KET] [DOS] Population 5,093,708 7,580,295 10,724,379 15,096,499 19,740,837 24,407,686 29,043,555 34,559,937 Muslims % Muslims 19,865 29,563 30,028 42,270 69,093 85, , ,960 APGR % [KET] [KET] [DOS] Population 112,411, ,724, ,430, ,916, ,562, ,407, ,221, ,407,322 Muslims % Muslims 137, , , , ,613 1,055, ,909 1,051,400 APGR % Table 5.1. Continued.

33 102,632 in 2001, However, the corresponding census [UNC] did not include information about religious affiliation Guadeloupe: According to [KET], in 1973 there were very few Muslims in this Island, which means less than 0.01% of the total population. According to [PEW], by 2005 this population increased to 2,000 or 0.4% of the total population. Anguilla Antigua & Barbuda Aruba Bahamas Barbados Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Guadeloupe Haiti Population 6,243 5,708 6,000 7,000 9,000 11,254 14,237 18,011 Muslims % Muslims APGR % [UN](2001) Population 41,757 57,000 64,794 75,000 59,355 63,863 87, ,506 Muslims % Muslims APGR % [AN](2001) Population 38,066 49,205 56,771 60,684 63,233 90, , ,188 Muslims % Muslims APGR % [UN](1991) Population 79, , , , , , , ,154 Muslims % Muslims APGR % [BS](2000) Population 210, , , , , , , ,543 Muslims % Muslims ,661 1,693 1,726 APGR % [UN56](1946) [UN63](1960) [UN88](1980) [BB](2000) Population 7,503 7,622 10,460 17,000 25,355 40,200 55,143 75,641 Muslims % Muslims APGR % [KY](2007) Population 5,919,997 7,141,166 8,715,168 9,835,255 10,587,115 11,086,832 11,204,351 11,323,116 Muslims % Muslims 5,328 6, ,352 6,652 6,723 6,794 APGR % [KET] [KET] [DOS] Population 47,624 59,916 69,549 73,795 69,466 71,246 68,815 66,468 Muslims % Muslims APGR % [UN](1981) [UN](2001) Population 2,427,074 3,349,249 4,596,743 5,926,850 7,373,667 8,829,829 10,225,482 11,841,734 Muslims % Muslims ,374 8,830 10,225 11,842 APGR % [KET] [DOS] Population 76,676 89,843 94,395 88,929 96, , , ,573 Muslims % Muslims APGR % [UN](1981) Population 209, , , , , , , ,565 Muslims % Muslims ,545 1,717 1,869 2,034 APGR % [KET] [PEW] Population 3,221,277 3,869,396 4,712,998 5,691,260 7,107,901 8,647,874 10,188,175 12,002,824 Muslims % Muslims ,265 5,189 6,113 7,202 APGR % [KET] [HT] Table 5.2. Estimate of the Muslim population in the Caribbean region.

34 Jamaica Martinique Montserrat Netherlands Antilles Puerto Rico Saint Kitts & Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent &Grenadines Trinidad & Tobago Turks & Caicos Virgin Islands, British Virgin Islands, U.S. Total Population 1,402,896 1,629,018 1,869,004 2,133,199 2,363,987 2,567,577 2,729,909 2,902,504 Muslims % Muslims 1,403 1,629 1,869 2,133 2,364 1,027 1,092 1,161 APGR % [UN88](1982) [UN](2001) Population 222, , , , , , , ,073 Muslims % Muslims APGR % [KET] [PEW] Population 14,333 12,167 11,458 11,519 10,639 4,517 4,979 5,489 Muslims % Muslims APGR % [PEW](1980) Population 111, , , , , , , ,015 Muslims % Muslims ,064 1,182 APGR % [UN79](1971) [UN](1992) [UN](2001) Population 2,218,000 2,359,797 2,716,299 3,196,520 3,527,796 3,818,744 3,998,010 4,185,691 Muslims % Muslims 2,218 2,360 2,716 3,197 3,528 3,819 3,998 4,186 APGR % [KET] Population 40,000 50,883 44,884 43,309 40,618 35,217 51,671 75,813 Muslims % Muslims APGR % [KN](1980) [KN](1991) Population 82,783 89, , , , , , ,521 Muslims % Muslims APGR % [UN88)(1980) [UN](1991) [UN](2001) Population 67,000 80,946 90, , , , , ,730 Muslims % Muslims APGR % [UN88)(1980) Population 635, , ,867 1,081,764 1,218,783 1,295,100 1,343,725 1,394,176 Muslims % Muslims 37,206 50,665 60,776 65,339 71,177 75,116 77,936 80,862 APGR % [UN56](1946) [UN63](1960) [UN79](1970) [UN88](1980) [UN](1990) [UN](2000) Population 5,052 5,716 5,607 7,000 12,000 18,491 35,310 67,428 Muslims % Muslims APGR % Population 6,505 7,340 9,825 10,985 16,115 20,254 22,816 25,702 Muslims % Muslims APGR % [UN88](1980) [VG](2001) Population 26,795 32,628 64,067 98, , , , ,080 Muslims % Muslims ,281 1,969 1,239 1,303 1,312 1,321 APGR % [KET] [SS, SX] Population 17,123,718 20,777,217 25,431,835 29,868,689 34,387,653 38,634,819 42,316,857 46,571,748 Muslims % Muslims 48,231 63,901 70,125 77, , , , ,913 APGR % Table 5 2 Continued

35 Haiti: According to [KET], in 1973 there were very few Muslims in Haiti, which means less than 0.01% of the total population. According to [HT], by 2002 this population increased to up to 5,000 or 0.06% of the total population Jamaica: According to census data [UN88, UN], the total Jamaican population has increased from 2,172,879 in 1982 to 2,595,962 in The corresponding Muslim population however, has decreased by more than half from 2,238 or 0.10% in 1982, to 1,024 or 0.04% in Nevertheless, [DOS] estimates the total Muslim population in this island nation about 5,000; which constitutes 0.19% of the total population reported in the 2001 census Martinique: According to [KET], in 1973 there were very few Muslims in Martinique, which means less than 0.01% of the total population. According to [PEW], by 2005 this population increased to 1,000 or 0.2% of the total population Montserrat: According to census data [UN], in 2001 this British overseas territory had 4,303 inhabitants out of which 251 or 5.83% confess other religion than the ones listed in the census. Islam was not among the listed religions though. Nevertheless, [PEW] points out that according to the 1980 census Muslims make up 0.1% of the Montserratian population Netherlands Antilles: It mainly consists of five Caribbean islands: Bonaire, Curaçao, Saba, St. Eustatius, and St. Maarten. According to census data [UN79, UN], the total Dutch Antillean population decreased from 218,390 in 1971, to in 1992, to 175,653 in The decrease in population between the censuses of 1971 and 1992 is largely due the succession of the Island of Aruba in The corresponding Muslim population decreased from 547 or 0.25% in 1971, to 466 or 0.25% in 1992, then increased to 924 or 0.53% in The 2001 census [AN] also indicated that the total population of the Islands of Bonaire, Curaçao, Saba, St. Eustatius, and St. Maarten was 10,791, and 130,628, and 1,349, and 2,292, and 30,593, respectively. Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Mexico Nicaragua Panama Total Population 68,918 92, , , , , , ,335 Muslims % Muslims APGR % [UN88](1980) [UN](1991) [UN](2000) Population 966,015 1,334,049 1,822,114 2,348,634 3,078,289 3,930,863 4,639,827 5,476,659 Muslims % Muslims APGR % [KET] [CR] Population 2,199,897 2,773,759 3,741,724 4,662,518 5,329,703 5,945,317 6,194,126 6,453,348 Muslims % Muslims ,066 1,189 1,239 1,291 APGR % [KET] [SV] Population 3,146,073 4,140,640 5,420,427 7,015,704 8,910,121 11,230,704 14,376,881 18,404,430 Muslims % Muslims ,123 1,438 1,840 APGR % [KET] [GT] Population 1,487,235 2,002,943 2,690,903 3,634,481 4,901,203 6,229,981 7,615,584 9,309,357 Muslims % Muslims ,470 1,869 2,285 2,793 APGR % [UN56](1945) [KET] [DOS] Population 27,740,700 37,910,243 51,910,162 68,872,210 83,403,974 99,530, ,645, ,000,846 Muslims % Muslims 55,481 75, , ,744 8,340 9,953 11,065 12,300 APGR % [KET] [MX](2000) Population 1,294,993 1,774,576 2,399,680 3,250,477 4,137,774 5,100,914 5,822,265 6,645,627 Muslims % Muslims APGR % [KET] [NI](2005) Population 860,092 1,126,599 1,507,052 1,950,586 2,412,554 2,950,801 3,508,475 4,171,544 Muslims % Muslims ,101 5,016 10,525 12,515 APGR % [KET] [DOS02] [DOS] Population 37,763,923 51,155,626 69,614,727 91,878, ,363, ,170, ,115, ,851,145 Muslims % Muslims 56,704 77, , ,536 16,761 20,305 27,910 32,340 APGR % Table 5.3. Estimate of the Muslim population in Central America region.

36 Out of these populations, 64 or 0.59%, 512 or 0.39%, 29 or 2.15%, 9 or 0.39%, 310 or 1.01%, were Muslims, respectively Puerto Rico: According to [KET], in 1973 the Muslim population was 2,000 or 0.1% of the total population. In 2008, Muslims in the Island decided to pray Eid prayer in the Vega Alta Mosque. From their attendance, it is fair to assume that the percentage of Muslims remains at 0.1% Saint Kitts and Nevis: According to census data [KN], the total population of the Islands decreased from 43,309 in 1980 to 40,618 in 1991, and then increased to 46,111 in The corresponding Muslim population has increased from 7 or 0.02% in 1980 to 45 or 0.11% in Saint Lucia: According to census data [UN88, UN], the total population increased from 113,409 in 1980, to 133,308 in 1991 to 157,775 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 25 or 0.02% in 1980, to 81 or 0.06% in 1991 to 222 or 0.14% in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: According to census data [UN88, UN], the total population increased from 97,845 in 1980, to 109,022 in The corresponding Muslim population was 16 or 0.02% in Later censuses however, did not include information about Muslim adherence. Nevertheless, [PEW] points out that by 2005 the Muslim population increased to 2,000 or 1.5% of the total population Trinidad and Tobago: Based on census data [UN56, UN63, UN79, UN88, UN, TT], the islands population increased from 557,970 in 1946, to 827,957 in 1960, to 931,071 in 1970, to 1,055,763 in 1980, to 1,125,128 in 1990, then declined slightly to 1,114,772 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 32,615 or 5.85% in 1946, to 49,736 or 6.01% in 1960, to 58,271 or 6.26% in 1970, then increased in number to Bermuda Canada Saint Pierre & Miquelon United States of America Total 63,733 yet decreased in percentage to 6.04% in 1980, again to 65,732 or 5.84% in 1990, and declining to 64,648 or 5.80% in Thus, this slight decline in population representation is expected to continue as the annual rate of negative growth or decline of the Muslim segment of the population is nearly double the corresponding rate for the whole population Turks and Caicos: Based on census data [TC], in 2001 the islands had 19,886 out of which 2,787 or 14.01% were affiliated with other religions than the listed ones. However, Islam was not among the listed religions. Thus, our estimate for the Muslim population in Turks and Caicos is 0.14% British Virgin Islands: According to census data [UN88, UNC, VG], the population of this British overseas territory almost doubled from 10,985 in 1980, to 23,161 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 34 or 0.31% in 1980 to 196 or 0.85% in United States Virgin Islands: According to census data [UNC], in 2000 this United States territory had 108,612 inhabitants. However, the United States population censuses do not include religious information. Nevertheless, [SX] points out that there are 1,000 Muslims in the island of Saint Croix in 1998, while [SS] indicates that there are 300 Muslims in the Island of Saint Thomas in This total of 1,300 Muslims makes up 1.20% of the total U.S. Virgin Islander population. According to [KET], in 1973 the Muslim population was 1,500 or 2% of the total population Muslims in Central America This region consists of eight countries: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama. The total population in this region increased from 38 million in 1950, to 174 million by The related Muslim population decreased from 0.2% in 1950 to 0.02% by The corresponding individual data Population 37,403 42,640 58,525 54,000 58,460 62,131 64,448 66,851 Muslims % Muslims APGR % [UN88](1980) [UN93](1991) [UN](2000) Population 13,736,997 17,909,009 21,716,855 24,516,277 27,700,854 30,686,824 33,889,747 37,426,974 Muslims % Muslims 1,374 5,373 34,747 98, , , , ,569 APGR % [CA02](1951) [CA02](1961) [CA02](1971) [CA02](1981) [UN93](1991) [UN](2001) Population 4,354 4,822 5,186 5,840 6,000 7,000 6,036 5,204 Muslims % Muslims APGR % [KET] [PEW] Population 157,813, ,326, ,463, ,468, ,865, ,842, ,641, ,524,933 Muslims % Muslims 205, ,224 1,026,373 2,983,095 4,077,843 5,756,844 7,242,217 7,991,968 APGR % [KET] [KET] [KET] [US] Population 171,591, ,282, ,244, ,044, ,630, ,598, ,601, ,023,961 Muslims % Muslims 206, ,909 1,061,548 3,081,555 4,335,964 6,358,922 7,907,093 8,726,196 APGR % Table 5.4. Estimate of the Muslim population in Northern America region.

37 for each country in this region is discussed below and summarized in Table Belize: This country changed its name from British Honduras to Belize in According to census data [UN56, UN88, UN] the total population increased from 59,220 in 1946, to 142,847 in 1980 to 184,722 in 1991 to 232,111 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 12 or 0.02% in 1946, to 110 or 0.08% in 1980, to 159 or 0.09% in 1991, to 243 or 0.10% in Costa Rica: According to [KET, CR], the Muslim population increased from less than 100 or 0.01% in 1973, to 500 or 0.01% in El Salvador: According to [KET, SV], the Muslim population increased from less than 100 or 0.01% in 1973, to 1,300 or 0.02% in Guatemala: According to [KET, GT], the Muslim population increased from 200 or less than 0.01% in 1973, to 1,200 or 0.01% in Honduras: According to census data [UN56], in 1945 there were 28 Muslims out of a total population of 1,200,542, or less than 0.01%. Since then however, national censuses did not collect information about religious affiliation. According to [KET, DOS], the Muslim population increased from less than 100 or 0.01% in 1973, to 2,000 or 0.03% in Mexico: According to census data [UN], the population of this country was 84,794,454 in 2000 out of which 261,193 or 0.31% people confessing other religions than the listed ones. According to [MX], the 2000 Census recorded 1,421 Muslims, which has been increased by more than 3,000 by Thus, Muslims make up less than 0.01% of the total population. According to [KET], Muslim population was 100,000 or 0.2% in Nicaragua: According to census data [NI], in 2005 the population of this country was 5,142,098 out of which 321 or 0.01% were Muslim. According to [KET], in 1973 the Muslim population was around 150 or less than 0.01% of the total population Panama: According to census data [UNC], in 2000 the total population of Panama was 2,839,177. However, Panamanian national census does not include information about religious affiliation. Nonetheless, [DOS] estimates the number of Muslims in Panama of about 10,000, which constitutes 0.35% of the total population enumerated in the 2000 census. Previous estimate by [DOS02] was. According to [KET, DOS02, DOS], the Muslim population increased from 500 or 0.03% in 1973, to 5,000 or 0.17% in 1998, to 10,000 or 0.30% in Muslims in Northern America This region consists of three countries and territories: Bermuda, Canada, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, and The United States of America. The total population of this region increased from 172 million in 1950, to 388 million by The related Muslim population increased from 0.1% in 1950, to 2% by The corresponding individual data for each country in this region is discussed below and summarized in Table Bermuda: According to census data [UN88, UN93, UN], the total population of this Island nation increased from 54,050 in 1980 to 58,460 in 1991 to 62,059 in Information about Muslim adherents started being gathered since the 1980 census. Accordingly, the corresponding Muslim population increased from 393 or 0.73% in 1980 to 489 or 0.84% in 1991 to 604 or 0.97% in Canada: National census in Canada is conducted every five years. However, religious affiliation information is collected every other census, i.e., every ten years. According to census data [CA02, UN93, UN], the Canadian population increased from 14,009,429 in 1951, to 18,238,247 in 1961, to 21,568,310 in 1971, to 24,343,180 in 1981, to 27,296,859 in 1991, to 30,007,094 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 1,800 or 0.01% in 1951, to 5,800 or 0.03% in 1961, to 33,430 or 0.16% in 1971, to 98,160 or 0.40% in 1981, to 253,265 or 0.93% in 1991, to 579,640 or 1.96% in Saint Pierre and Miquelon: These French Territorial Collectivity Islands are off the north eastern coast of Canada. According to [KET], in 1973 there were no Muslims in these islands. By 2005, Muslims made up 0.2% of the total population [PEW] United States of America: The corresponding national census is conducted every ten years, but it does not include information on religious affiliations. According to census data [UNC], the total U.S. population increased from 248,709,873 in 1990 to 281,421,906 in 2000, at an average annual population growth rate of 1.24%. An estimate by [CIA] puts the total number of Muslims in the country with respect to the total population as 0.60%. However, the U.S. President declared in June 2009 in his Cairo speech to the Muslim world [US], that there are nearly seven million Muslims in the States. This number constitutes 2.28% of the 2009 total population estimate. According to [KET], the Muslim population increased from 200,000 or 0.13% in 1951, to 1,000,000 or 0.49% in 1971 to 3,000,000 or 1.3% in Muslims in Oceania Oceania consists of many island nations in the Pacific Ocean: Australia, Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, American Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, and Wallis and Futuna. The total population of this region increased from 13 million in 1950, to 41 million by Therefore, it is the least populated continent in the world. The related Muslim population increased from 0.3% in 1950, to 1.3% by The corresponding individual data for each country in Oceania is discussed below and summarized in Table Australia: Based on census data [UN56, UN73, UN83, UN88, UN93, UN, AU], the total Australian population increased from 7,579,358 in 1947, to 12,755,638 in 1971 to 13,548,400 in 1976, to 14,576,330 in 1981, to 15,602,156 in 1986, to 16,850,540 in 1991, to 17,892,423 in 1996, to 18,769,200 in 2001, to 19,855,300 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 2,704 or 0.04% in 1947, to 22,311 or 0.17% in 1971, to 45,200 or 0.33% in 1976, to 14,576,330 or 0.53% in 1981, to 109,523 or 0.70% in 1986, to 147,487 or 0.88% in 1991, to 200,885

38 or 1.12% in 1996, to 281,600 or 1.50% in 2001, to 340,400 or 1.71% in Cook Islands: Based on census data [CK01, CK], the total population increased from 18,027 in 2001 to 19,569 in Religious information is gathered from persons 15 years and over and this segment of population decreased from 14,990 in 2001 to 14,471 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from three or 0.02% in 2001 to Australia Cook Islands Federated States of Micronesia Fiji French Polynesia Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Caledonia New Zealand Niue Population 8,218,999 10,276,473 12,728,362 14,695,356 17,091,250 19,170,936 21,511,888 24,138,692 Muslims % Muslims 3,288 4,111 21,638 77, , , , ,772 APGR % [UN56](1947) [UN73](1971) [UN83](1981) [UN93](1991) [UN](2001) [AU](2006) Population 15,079 18,378 21,322 17,743 18,608 18,027 15,772 13,799 Muslims % Muslims APGR % [CK01](2001) [CK](2006) Population 32,000 44,534 61,426 72,958 96, , , ,253 Muslims % Muslims APGR % [UN](1994) Population 288, , , , , , , ,942 Muslims % Muslims 18,842 28,919 40,532 48,983 54,918 57,962 53,552 57,053 APGR % [UN56](1946) [UN63](1956) [UN71](1966) [UN83](1976) [UN](1986) [UN](1996) [FJ](2007) Population 60,696 79, , , , , , ,456 Muslims % Muslims APGR % Population 59,650 67,436 85, , , , , ,578 Muslims % Muslims APGR % [GU] [GU] Population 31,423 43,336 47,735 56,213 72,335 84, , ,655 Muslims % Muslims APGR % [KI](2005) Population 12,602 13,928 20,206 30,873 43,380 50,840 55,268 60,083 Muslims % Muslims APGR % [DOS] Population 1,011 2,547 4,300 5,242 7,287 7,882 9,798 12,181 Muslims % Muslims APGR % [UN56](1947) [NR](1983) [NR](1992) [NR](2002) Population 64,824 78, , , , , , ,168 Muslims % Muslims 6,482 7,800 10,532 14,272 7,407 9,319 10,987 12,954 APGR % [KET] [NC] Population 1,908,001 2,372,000 2,819,597 3,147,183 3,385,608 3,868,201 4,303,457 4,787,689 Muslims % Muslims ,888 5,756 24,370 38,731 43,089 APGR % [NZH](1951) [NZH](1961) [NZH](1971) [NZH](1981) [NZH](1991) [UN](2001) [NZ](2006) Population 4,553 4,864 4,990 3,281 2,239 1,788 1,473 1,213 Muslims % Muslims APGR % Table 6.1. Estimate of the Muslim Population in Oceania.

39 eight or 0.06% in This information was provided in correspondence with the Cook Islands Statistics Office Federated States of Micronesia: Based on census data [UN], the Islands had 105,506 inhabitants in 1994 out of which 26 or 0.02% were Muslims. The total population increased to 107,008 in 2000, but the corresponding census did not include Muslims in its religion questionnaire Fiji: Based on census data [UN56, UN63, UN71, UN83, UN, FJ], The total population increased from 259,638 in 1946, to 345,737 in 1956, to 476,727 in 1966, to Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Samoa, American Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Wallis & Futuna Total Population 6,596 8,825 12,548 16,780 43,345 69,221 64,342 59,807 Muslims % Muslims APGR % [MP](1980e) [MP](1990e) [MP](2000e) Population 6,587 9,760 11,210 12,116 15,122 19,129 20,478 21,923 Muslims % Muslims APGR % [PW] Population 1,798,096 2,080,478 2,553,689 3,199,016 4,131,073 5,387,613 6,888,387 8,807,217 Muslims % Muslims ,239 1,616 2,067 2,642 APGR % [KET] [DOS] Population 82, , , , , , , ,362 Muslims % Muslims APGR % [WS01](2001) [WS](2006) Population 18,937 20,051 27,159 32,297 46,773 57,291 66,250 76,610 Muslims % Muslims APGR % [RIS] Population 89, , , , , , , ,597 Muslims % Muslims APGR % [DOS01](1999) Population 1,580 1,870 1,599 1,572 1,577 1,449 1, Muslims % Muslims APGR % [TK](2006) Population 47,220 68,360 98,312 96,889 94,573 98, , ,259 Muslims % Muslims APGR % [UN](1996) [TO](2006) Population 4,487 5,444 5,887 7,349 9,043 9,561 11,140 12,979 Muslims % Muslims APGR % [DOS] Population 47,695 63,824 86, , , , , ,416 Muslims % Muslims APGR % [VN] Population 7,000 8,000 8,546 12,408 13,705 14,944 14,231 13,552 Muslims % Muslims APGR % Population 12,807,924 15,889,650 19,637,879 22,942,431 26,920,564 31,156,892 35,800,117 41,274,369 Muslims % Muslims 29,563 42,061 74, , , , , ,669 APGR % Table 6.1. Continued.

40 588,068 in 1976 to 715,375 in 1986, to 775,077 in 1996 to 837,271 in The corresponding Muslim population increased from 16,932 or 6.52% in 1946, to 25,394 or 7.34% in 1956, to 37,116 or 7.79% in 1966, to 45,459 or 7.73% in 1976, to 54,323 or 7.59% in 1986, to 56,001 or 7.23% in 1996, then decreased to 52,520 or 6.27% in Thus, since the 1980s, the representation of the Fijian Muslim population with respect to the rest of population has been decreasing constantly French Polynesia: These islands are part of the Republic of France as a French Overseas Collectivity and their censuses do not include data on religious affiliations. According to the 2007 census [UNC], there were 259,596 inhabitants in the Islands. Thus, our estimate of the French Polynesian Muslim population is 0.01% of the total population Guam: This Island is part of the United States of America as a United States Territory and its censuses do not include data on religious affiliations. Based on the 2000 census [UNC], there were 154,805 inhabitants in the Island. However, according to [GU] the Muslim population in the Island decreased from over 100 or 0.07% in the 1990s to about 50 or 0.03% in late 2000s Kiribati: Based on census data [KI], the Islands had 92,514 inhabitants in No information was reported on the number of Muslims in the Islands in this and previous censuses. However, the religious data indicated that about 1% of the population follows other religions than the listed ones. In correspondence with Kiribati s National Statistics Office, the latter puts Muslim population in the Islands at 50 to 100, which constitutes up to 0.11% of the total population recorded in the 2005 census Marshall Islands: According to [DOS], the Muslim population is less than ten or 0.02% of the total population Nauru: Based on census data [UN56], the Island had 1,476 inhabitants in 1947, out of which 34 or 2.30% were Muslims. The 2002 census [NR], reported 10,063 inhabitants of whom 1,417 or 14.08% affiliated with other religions than the ones stated. However, according to the Nauru Bureau of Statistics, none has mentioned Islam as their religion in this or previous censuses New Caledonia: Is part of the Republic of France as Sui Generis Collectivity. According to the 2004 census [NC04], there were 230,789 people living in the Islands. However, no statistics was gathered about religious affiliations. Nevertheless, [NC] points out that in 2007 there were 6,000 to 7,000 Indonesians and about 3,000 Arabs living in the Islands who are mostly Muslims. Thus, based on [NC], the New Caledonian Muslim population makes up to 4.33% of the total population recorded in the 2004 Census. Previous estimate by [KET] was 10% in New Zealand: According to census data [NZH, UN, NZ], the total Muslim population changed from 205 or 0.01% in 1951, to 200 or 0.01% in 1956, to 260 or 0.01% in Asia Africa Europe Americas Oceania World Population 1,410,865,328 1,705,337,725 2,140,863,857 2,641,340,276 3,200,000,498 3,721,125,109 4,190,294,876 4,737,480,856 Muslims % Muslims 321,301, ,836, ,019, ,214, ,968,265 1,056,535,147 1,236,742,730 1,453,601,910 CAPGR % MAPGR % Mus. Ratio% Population 227,268, ,040, ,781, ,232, ,726, ,461,202 1,033,044,104 1,302,294,870 Muslims % Muslims 100,293, ,243, ,943, ,996, ,867, ,139, ,584, ,322,842 CAPGR % MAPGR % Mus. Ratio% Population 547,424, ,423, ,996, ,899, ,758, ,156, ,729, ,164,497 Muslims % Muslims 10,854,911 12,893,565 20,282,952 24,747,341 32,489,347 36,450,801 42,082,449 42,735,724 CAPGR % MAPGR % Mus. Ratio% Population 338,890, ,939, ,721, ,708, ,943, ,810, ,254,771 1,053,854,176 Muslims % Muslims 448, ,056 1,745,271 3,900,010 5,386,449 7,543,316 8,997,996 9,931,849 CAPGR % MAPGR % Mus. Ratio% Population 12,807,924 15,889,650 19,637,879 22,942,431 26,920,564 31,156,892 35,800,117 41,274,369 Muslims % Muslims 29,563 42,061 74, , , , , ,669 CAPGR % MAPGR % Mus. Ratio% Population 2,537,257,493 3,034,630,742 3,701,001,109 4,456,123,136 5,311,350,119 6,137,710,789 6,932,123,192 7,876,068,770 Muslims % Muslims 432,928, ,588, ,065, ,003,548 1,174,932,234 1,451,051,433 1,722,883,359 2,049,122,995 WAPGR % MAPGR % Table 7.1. Estimate of the World Muslim population.

41 1961, to 551 or 0.02% in 1966, to 779 or 0.03% in 1971, to 1,415 or 0.05% in 1976, to 2,004 or 0.06% in 1981, to 2,544 or 0.08% in 1986, to 5,772 or 0.17% in 1991 to 13,548 or 0.37% in 1996, to 23,631 or 0.63% in 2001, to 36,072 or 0.90% in Niue: According to the 2006 census [UNC], the total population was 1,625. None of this population is expected to be Muslim Northern Mariana Islands: According to census data [MP], the total population increased from 16,780 in 1980, to 43,345 in 1990, to 58,846 in 1995, to 69,221 in These censuses included ethnic data on Bangladeshis who are mostly Muslim. Accordingly, the Muslim population changed from none in 1980, to 28 or 0.06% in 1990, to 7 or 0.01% in 1995, to 873 or 1.26% Palau: According to census data [PW05], in 2005 there were 19,907 inhabitants of this island nation, out of which 1,613 or 8.10% profess other religions than the ones listed in the census. [PW] on the other hand, points out that the Island has more than 500 or 2.51% Bangladeshi Muslims, which is our estimate for the Muslim population in Palau Papua New Guinea: According to [KET, DOS], the Muslim population increased from few hundred or 0.02% in 1981, to 2,000 or 0.03% in Samoa: According to Census data [WS01, WS], the total population increased from 176,710 in 2001 to 179,186 in Information about the Muslim population was first asked in the 2001 census, according to which Muslim population was 48 or 0.03% of the total population. The 2006 census indicated that the total population aged five years and over was 156,004; out of which 61 or 0.04% were Muslims American Samoa: According to Census data [AS], the total population increased from 46,773 in 1990 to 57,291 in No information on Islam adherence was ever collected in American Samoa censuses, and information on religious adherents was last collected in the census of 1974 [UN]. However, [RIS] points out that in early 1990s, there were twelve Muslims in the Islands, which constitutes 0.03% of the total American Samoan population enumerated in the 1990 census Solomon Islands: According to census data [SB], the Islands had 409,042 inhabitants in 1999, out of which six or less than 0.01% were Muslim [DOS01] Tokelau: According to the 2006 census data [TK], these islands dependency of New Zealand had 1,074 inhabitants, none of which were Muslims Tonga: According to census data [UN, TO], the total population increased from 96,020 in 1996 to 101,991 in Data on Muslim adherents started being reported beginning with the 1996 census. Accordingly, the Muslim population increased from 35 or 0.04% in 1996 to 47 or 0.05% in Tuvalu: According to census data [TV], in 2002 there were 9,561 inhabitants of these islands, out of which 133 or 1.39% profess other religions than the ones listed in the census. However, no information about the Muslim population was reported in this or previous censuses. Nonetheless, [DOS] reported that there is a small number of Muslims in the Islands, but did not state how many. Thus our estimate is that Muslims constitute 0.10% of the total Tuvaluan population Vanuatu: According to census data [VU99], in 1999 there were 186,678 inhabitants of these islands, out of which 17,943 or 9.61% profess other religions than the ones listed in the census. However, no information about the Muslim population was reported in this or previous censuses. Nonetheless, [VU] has reported that there are about two hundred Muslim converts in Vanuatu, which constitutes 0.11% of the total Ni-Vanuatu population enumerated in the 1999 census. Data from the 2009 census Figure 7: A color coded map of the World illustrating the presence of Muslims in each country; the darker the region the higher the percentage of Muslims in the corresponding country.

42 is still not available Wallis and Futuna: According to the 2008 census [UNC], the total population was 13,484. None of this population is expected to be Muslim. 7. World Summary A summary for each continent for the purpose of comparison is presented in Table 7.1. Accordingly, the world population increased from 2.53 billion in 1950 to 7.88 billion by The related Muslim population increased from 0.43 billion or 17% in 1950 to 2.04 billion or 26% by Most Muslims live in Asia, but this fraction of Muslims decreased from 74% in 1950 to 71% by Africa comes second, with the fraction of Muslims living in it increased from 23% in 1950 to 26% by Although the percentage of Muslims in Europe has increased from 2% in 1950 to 6% by 2020, the fraction of World Muslim population living there remained between 2% and 3% during the same period. Finally, since 1950 less than 0.5% and 0.1% of the World Muslim population lives in the Americas and Oceania, respectively. A color coded map of the World illustrating the presence of Muslims in each country is presented in Figure 7. Since the 1960s, the world population annual growth (APGR) has been decreasing constantly, from 2.0% to 1.2% in the 2000s. The corresponding APGR for the World Muslim population also has been decreasing since the 1960s, from 2.7% to 1.7% in the 2000s. However, since the 1970s, the Muslim s growth is about 40% higher than the world s growth. This explains why the representation of Muslims with respect to the total World population is increasing at over one percentage point each decade. Accordingly, Muslims increased from one out of six of the World population in 1950, to one out of five in 1980, to one out of four in 2010, to one out of three by s [AB] A. 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44 [ML06] "Enquête Démographique et de Santé du Mali 2006," Cellule de Planification et de Statistique, Ministère de la Santé, Direction Nationale de la Statistique et de l Informatique, Ministère de l Économie, de l Industrie et du Commerce, Bamako, Mali, and Macro International Inc., Calverton, Maryland, USA, December [ML01] "Enquête Démographique et de Santé du Mali 2001," Cellule de Planification et de Statistique, Ministère de la Santé, Direction Nationale de la Statistique et de l Informatique, Ministère de l Économie, de l Industrie et du Commerce, Bamako, Mali, and Macro International Inc., Calverton, Maryland, USA, June [ML96] "Enquête Démographique et de Santé du Mali ," Cellule de Planification et de Statistique, Ministère de la Sante, de la Solidarite et des Personnes Âgées, Direction Nationale de la Statistique et de l Informatique, Ministère de l Économie, de l Industrie et du Commerce, Bamako, Mali, and Macro International Inc., Calverton, Maryland, USA, December [ML87] "Enquête Démographique et de Santé du Mali 1987," Centre d'etudes et de Recherches sur la Population pour le Developpement, Institut du Sahel, Bamako, Mali, and Institute for Resource Development/Westinghouse, Columbia, Maryland, USA, January [MN] "Монгол улсын ястангуудын тоо, байршилд гарч буй өөрчлөлтyyдийн асуудалд" М.Баянтөр, Г.Нямдаваа, З.Баярмаа, ("Population and housing census of Mangolia," National Statistical Office, Mongolia) June [MP] "The U.S. Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (CNMI) Statistical Yearbook 2002,"the CNMI Central Statistics Division, Department of Commerce, Saipan, MP, [MRO] Y. 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Cobos Alfaro Los musulmanes de México en la Umma, Diario de Campo Boletin interno de los investigadores del área de antropología # 97, Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, México City, México, February [MZ] "Apresentação dos resultados definitivos do censo 2007," Instituto Nacional de Estatística, Dia Africano de Estatística, November [NC] Des centaines de Calédoniens se plongent dans le ramadan, Les Nouvelles Calédoniennes, September 15, [NC04] "Recensement de la population Nouvelle-Calédonie 2004," Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques (INSEE), Paris, France, and Institut Territorial de la Statistique et des Études Économiques (ISEE), Nouméa, New Caledonia, October [ND] "Census 2001 output, Northern Ireland census 2001 univariate tables," Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency, November [NE] "Enquête Démographique et de Santé et à Indicateurs Multiples 2006," Institut National de la Statistique, Ministère de l Économie et des Finances, Niamey, Niger, and Macro International Inc., Calverton, Maryland, USA, February [NE98] "Enquête Démographique et de Santé Niger 1998," CARE International, Niamey, Niger, and Macro International Inc., Calverton, Maryland, USA, February [NE92] "Enquête Démographique et de Santé Niger 1992," Direction de la Statistique et des Comptes Nationaux, Direction Générale du Plan, Ministère des Finances et du Plan, Niamey, Niger, and Macro International Inc., Columbia, Maryland, USA, September [NG] "Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2008," National Population Commission, Federal Republic of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria, and ICF Macro, Calverton, Maryland, USA, November [NG03] "Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2003," National Population Commission, Federal Republic of Nigeria, and ORC Macro, Calverton, Maryland, USA, April [NG99] "Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 1999," National Population Commission, Federal Republic of Nigeria, and ORC Macro, Calverton, Maryland, USA, December [NG90] "Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 1990," Federal Office of Statistics, Lagos, Nigeria, and IRD/Macro International Inc., Columbia, Maryland, USA, April [NI] "VIII Censo de Población y IV de Vivienda, Resumen Censal, Censos Nacionales, 2005", Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos (INEC), Nicaragua, October [NL] "Nearly one million Muslims in the Netherlands," Web Magazine, Statistics Netherlands, September 20, [NL03] "Nearly as many Muslims as Calvinists in the Netherlands," Web Magazine, Statistics Netherlands, October 13, [NL02] "Nearly 900 thousand Muslims in the Netherlands," Web Magazine, Statistics Netherlands, November 18, [NO] "Religious and life stance communities," Statistics Norway, December [NR] "2002 Nauru Census Main Report & Demographic Profile of the Republic of Nauru, ," Nauru Bureau of Statistics, Department of Finance and the Secretariat of the Pacific Community, Noumea, New Caledonia, [NZ] "QuickStats about Culture and Identity Census," Statistics New Zealand, April [NZH] W. 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