International Fuel Prices 2012/2013

Transcription

1 International Fuel Prices 212/213 8 th Edition Published by

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3 International Fuel Prices 212/213 8 th Edition Disclaimer Findings, interpretation and conclusions expressed in this document are based on the information gained by the author and from the contributors. GIZ does not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of information in this document and cannot be held responsible for any errors, omissions or losses which emerge from its use. The linked sites are not under the control of GIZ and GIZ is not responsible for the contents of any linked site or any link contained in a linked site. Copyright This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, whenever acknowledgement of the source is made. The GIZ would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this GIZ publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever. i

4 CONTENTS 1 Executive summary 1 2 GIZ International Fuel Prices 3 About our work 3 Our fact sheets International Fuel Prices Observatory 3 Reading List Fuel Price Policies GIZ fuel price newsgroup 3 3 Fuel prices by continent Fuel prices in Africa Fuel prices in America Fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific Fuel prices in Europe Retail fuel prices of 174 countries 59 4 Annex 62 5 About us 63 ii

5 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 1 Executive summary The 212/213 International Fuel Prices report provides an overview of the retail prices of Gasoline and in over 17 countries based on our survey in November 212. As depicted in the Figure 1 at a global scale, crude oil prices were relatively steady and less volatile in 211 and USD / Barrel Nov 21 Jan 211 Jul 211 Jan 212 Jul 212 Nov 212 Price data reflects crude oil price (Brent) of USD 11 per barrel (69 US-cents per litre) as of mid-november 212. On the reference day of the survey the crude oil price had increased by 35% compared to 21. Converted, a price increase of USD.18 per litre was registered. Between November 21 and November 212 the lowest price per barrel of Brent crude was USD (22 November 21). At its highest, the price briefly touched USD 128. (13 March 212). There was a slight increase (6 %) in the dollar-euro exchange rate between November 21 (USD 1 = EUR.73) and November 212 (USD 1 = EUR.78). Figure 1: Europe Brent Spot Price FOB (dollars per barrel) Source: ashx?n=pet&s=rbrte&f=d, 8 August 214 In the United States Gasoline prices were 97 US-cents per litre (: 15 US-cents) in mid-november 212. In November 212, Gasoline and prices in Luxembourg were the lowest in EU-27. 1

6 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Our survey at a glance Survey conducted in mid-november 212. and prices in over 17 countries. Price data reflect crude oil price (Brent) of USD 11 per barrel. Fuel price data are mainly based on the global network of regional GIZ offices. Further data sources include German embassies/consulates worldwide and the German Automobile Association (ADAC) amongst others. Crude oil prices and exchange rates: Brent crude oil price trend Exchange rate USD/barrel US-cents/litre USD 1 = Mid-November EUR November EUR November EUR November EUR November EUR.78 On the reference day of the survey the crude oil price had increased by 35 % compared to November 21. There was an increase in the dollar-euro exchange rate between November 21 (USD 1 = EUR.73) and November 212 (USD 1 = EUR.78). 4 country categories were introduced to benchmark transport and energy policies: High Subsidies (below red benchmark line) Fuel Subsidies (below green benchmark line) Fuel Taxation (below grey benchmark line) High Taxation (above grey benchmark line) The retail price of Gasoline and is below the price for crude oil on the world market (Brent). The retail price of Gasoline and is at least as high as the price for crude oil on the world market and below the price level of the United States. Note: The fuel prices of the United States are average cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. 1 US-cents for the 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy; though not yet covering external costs for health and environmental damages. The retail price of Gasoline and is at least as high as the price of the United States and below the price level of Luxembourg. Note: In November 212, Gasoline prices and prices in Luxembourg were the lowest in EU-27. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties The EU sets minimum taxation rates for fossil fuels. The retail price of Gasoline and is at least as high as the price level of Luxembourg. Note: At these levels, countries are effectively using taxes to generate revenues and to encourage energy efficiency in the transport sector. More information and all previous surveys are available online: 2

7 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 2 GIZ International Fuel Prices About our work Since 1998, GIZ has been providing comprehensive data on fuel taxation in developing countries, thus making a valuable contribution to the discussion of the issue. Decision-makers in partner countries benefit from access to essential information on pricing, potential income from fuel taxes and reform processes that have been carried out in other countries. The International Fuel Prices report provides an overview of the retail prices of Gasoline and in over 17 countries. It further explores recent trends and case studies on fuel prices and fuel pricing policies in developing countries. More here: Our fact sheets International Fuel Prices Observatory Our International Fuel Prices Observatory fact sheets offer concise information on: Price in USD and local currency (some since 1991); Price composition (production costs, taxes, fees, margins, etc.); Pricing policy; Transparency-index on price composition and pricing policy; Related Links. More than 12 fact sheets on: International_Fuel_Prices. Reading List Fuel Price Policies Appropriate fuel price levels are major prerequisite for effectiveness of sustainable transport policies. Getting fuel prices right, involving stakeholders adequately and using revenues properly are challenging tasks. In this context, our new reading list on fuel price policies covers publications, articles etc from 1 to 214 on fuel price policies, Fuel Price Policies Reading List taxation and subsidies. It provides a good starting point to reflect on what Published by has already been done in this field and how the debate has evolved. Please don t hesitate to alert us to additional sources and material for subsequent inclusion in this list. Download: sutp.org/images/articles/fuel_price_policies_readinglist_ GIZ_214.pdf GIZ Fuel Price Newsgroup Our GIZ Fuel Price Newsgroup aims to facilitate the exchange and dissemination of information on recent developments and trends related to that issue. GIZ fuel price news keeps you updated with selected articles related to fuel prices and taxation, subsidies and energy demand from all over the world. Subscription/Unsubscription/Contact: [email protected] 3

8 4 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ

9 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3 Fuel prices by continent 3.1 Fuel prices in Africa ÂÂRetail fuel prices in Africa     Comparison of retail fuel prices in Africa  Time series of retail fuel prices in Africa  Detailed time series of fuel prices in Africa 5

10 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Retail fuel prices in Africa as of November 212 (in US-cents/litre) 6 [Western Sahara] Morocco Algeria Tunisia Libya Cape Verde Mauritania Mali Niger Senegal Eritrea Sudan Burkina Chad Djibouti Faso Guinea-Bissau Guinea Gambia Côte Benin Nigeria South Sudan Somaliland Sierra Leone d Ivoire Togo Ethiopia Central Ghana African Republic Liberia Cameroon Somalia Sao Tomé & Principé Uganda Congo Kenya Equat. Guinea Rwanda Gabon D.R.Congo Burundi Reading Example: Retail Price US-Cents per Litre Tanzania Seychelles Comoros High Fuel Subsidies Angola Fuel Subsidies Malawi Zambia Fuel Taxation Madagascar High Fuel Taxation Zimbabwe Mozambique Namibia (Shaded areas represent different price categories for Gasoline and in individual countries.) Botswana Fuel Taxation Category 1: High Subsidies The retail price of Gasoline and is below the price for crude oil on the world market. Fuel Taxation Category 2: Fuel Subsidies The retail price of Gasoline and is at least as high as the price for crude oil on the world market and below the price level of the United States. South Africa Egypt Swaziland Lesotho Mauritius Note: The fuel prices of the United States are average cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. 1 US-cents for the 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy; though not yet covering external costs for health and environmental damages. Fuel Taxation Category 3: Fuel Taxation Retail price of Gasoline and is at least as high as the price of the United States and below the price level of Luxembourg. Note: In November 212, Gasoline prices and prices in Luxembourg were the lowest in EU-27. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties The EU sets minimum taxation rates for fossil fuels. Fuel Taxation Category 4: High Taxation The retail price of Gasoline and is at least as high as the price level of Luxembourg. Note: At these levels, countries are effectively using taxes to generate revenues and to encourage energy efficiency in the transport sector.

11 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Comparison of retail fuel prices in Africa as of November 212 (in US-cents/litre) US Eritrea Cape Verde Sudan, South Malawi Djibouti Rwanda Senegal Central African Republic Mauritius Mozambique Zimbabwe Ivory Coast Madagascar Congo, D.R. (Kinshasa) Zambia Burundi Burkina Faso Mauritania Morocco Mali South Africa Kenya Guinea Tanzania Swaziland Benin Lesotho Namibia Botswana Liberia Togo Congo, R. (Brazzaville) Niger Cameroon Ethiopia Sierra Leone Gabon Chad Tunisia Ghana Libya 1 Sudan Angola Nigeria Egypt Algeria Gasoline Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 7

12 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Time Series of retail fuel prices in Africa in US-cents/litre (last survey November 212) [US-cents/litre] [US-cents/litre] Country Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Centr. African Rep Chad Congo, D.R. (Kin.) Congo, R. (Brazzav.) Djibouti Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Guinea Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Senegal Sierra Leone South Africa Sudan Sudan, South Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda n.n. Zambia Zimbabwe

13 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Detailed time series of fuel prices in Africa, (from Algeria to Burkina Faso) Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 9

14 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Detailed time series of fuel prices in Africa, (from Burundi to Chad) 2 2 Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 1

15 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Detailed time series of fuel prices in Africa, (from DR Congo to Eritrea) Congo, D.R. (Kinshasa) Congo, R. (Brazzaville) Djibouti Egypt Eritrea Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 11

16 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Detailed time series of fuel prices in Africa, (from Ethiopia to Ivory Coast) 2 2 Ethiopia Gabon Ghana Guinea Ivory Coast Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 12

17 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Detailed time series of fuel prices in Africa, (from Kenya to Madagascar) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 13

18 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Detailed time series of fuel prices in Africa, (from Malawi to Morocco) Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 14

19 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Detailed time series of fuel prices in Africa, (from Mozambique to Rwanda) Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 15

20 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Detailed time series of fuel prices in Africa, (from Senegal to South Sudan) 2 2 Senegal Sierra Leone South Africa Sudan Sudan, South Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 16

21 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Detailed time series of fuel prices in Africa, (from Swaziland to Uganda) Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 17

22 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Detailed time series of fuel prices in Africa, (from Zambia to Zimbabwe) 2 2 Zambia Zimbabwe Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 18

23 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.2 Fuel prices in America ÂÂRetail fuel prices in America     Comparison of retail fuel prices in America  Time series of retail fuel prices in America  Detailed time series of fuel prices in America 19

24 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Retail fuel prices in Ameria as of November 212 (in US-cents/litre) Canada United States of America Reading Example: Retail Price US-Cents per Litre High Fuel Subsidies Fuel Subsidies Fuel Taxation High Fuel Taxation (Shaded areas represent different price categories for Gasoline and in individual countries.) Mexico Cuba Haïti Dominican Republic Antigua & Barbuda Belize Jamaica Puerto Guadeloupe Honduras Guatemala Rico El Salvador Barbados Nicaragua Grenada Costa Rica B.R. Trinidad & Tobago Venezuela Panama Suriname Colombia French Guiana Guyana Ecuador Fuel Taxation Category 1: High Subsidies The retail price of Gasoline and is below the price for crude oil on the world market. Fuel Taxation Category 2: Fuel Subsidies The retail price of Gasoline and is at least as high as the price for crude oil on the world market and below the price level of the United States. Note: The fuel prices of the United States are average cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. 1 US-cents for the 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised Peru road transport policy; though not yet covering external costs for health and environmental damages. Fuel Taxation Category 3: Fuel Taxation Retail price of Gasoline and is at least as high as the price of the United States and below the price level of Luxembourg. Note: In November 212, Gasoline prices and prices in Luxembourg were the lowest in EU-27. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties The EU sets minimum taxation rates for fossil fuels. Fuel Taxation Category 4: High Taxation The retail price of Gasoline and is at least as high as the price level of Luxembourg. Note: At these levels, countries are effectively using taxes to generate revenues and to encourage energy efficiency in the transport sector. Chile Brazil Bolivia 54 7 Paraguay Uruguay Argentina

25 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Comparison of retail fuel prices in America as of November 212 (in US-cents/litre) US Uruguay Paraguay Peru Dominican Republic Costa Rica Suriname Chile Argentina Belize Cuba Grenada Brazil Canada Colombia El Salvador Haiti Honduras Nicaragua Jamaica Guatemala Guyana Panama United States Mexico 54 Bolivia 29 Ecuador Venezuela Gasoline Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 21

26 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Time Series of retail fuel prices in America in US-cents/litre (last survey November 212) [US-cents/litre] [US-cents/litre] Country Argentina Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Rep Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Suriname United States Uruguay Venezuela

27 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Detailed time series of fuel prices in America, (from Argentina to Canada) Argentina Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 23

28 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Detailed time series of fuel prices in America, (from Chile to Dominican Republic) 2 2 Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 24

29 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Detailed time series of fuel prices in America, (from Ecuador to Guyana) Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 25

30 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Detailed time series of fuel prices in America, (from Haiti to Nicaragua) 2 2 Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 26

31 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Detailed time series of fuel prices in America, (from Panama to USA) Panama Paraguay Peru Suriname United States of America Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 27

32 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Detailed time series of fuel prices in America, (from Uruguay to Venezuela) Uruguay Venezuela Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 28

33 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.3 Fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific ÂÂRetail fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific     Comparison of retail fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific  Time series of retail fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific  Detailed time series of fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific 29

34 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Retail fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific as of November 212 (in US-cents/litre) Russian Federation Lebanon Palestine Jordan Israel Georgia Azerbaijan Turkey Armenia Syria Iraq Kuwait U.A.E. Saudi Arabia 7 16 Yemen Turkmenistan 2 22 Iran Bahrain Qatar Oman Fuel Taxation Category 1: High Subsidies The retail price of Gasoline and is below the price for crude oil on the world market. Fuel Taxation Category 2: Fuel Subsidies The retail price of Gasoline and is at least as high as the price for crude oil on the world market and below the price level of the United States. Note: The fuel prices of the United States are average costcovering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales Kazakhstan Uzbekistan Afghanistan Tadjikistan Pakistan Maldives Kyrgyzstan India Nepal Sri Lanka Bhutan Bangladesh Mongolia People s Republic of China Myanmar Lao PDR Thailande Cambodia Vietnam Reading Example: Retail Price US-Cents per Litre M High Fuel Subsidies Fuel Subsidies Fuel Taxation High Fuel Taxation (Shaded areas represent different price categories for Gasoline and in individual countries.) a l a Singapor I n Macao y s i a Brunei d o South Korea Taiwan North Korea 131 PRC Hong Kong n Philippines e s Timor Leste Australia Japan i a Papua New Guinea Fiji New Zealand tax and incl. approx. 1 US-cents for the 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy; though not yet covering external costs for health and environmental damages. Fuel Taxation Category 3: Fuel Taxation Retail price of Gasoline and is at least as high as the price of the United States and below the price level of Luxembourg. Note: In November 212, Gasoline prices and prices in Luxembourg were the lowest in EU-27. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties The EU sets minimum taxation rates for fossil fuels. Fuel Taxation Category 4: High Taxation The retail price of Gasoline and is at least as high as the price level of Luxembourg. Note: At these levels, countries are effectively using taxes to generate revenues and to encourage energy efficiency in the transport sector. 3

35 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Comparison of retail fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific as of November 212 (in US-cents/litre) US Turkey China, Hong Kong Israel Japan Palestine (West Bank and Gaza) Korea, South (R.) New Zealand Singapore Timor-Leste Thailand Jordan Nepal Fiji Australia China, P. R. Cambodia Georgia Lao PDR Mongolia Sri Lanka Afghanistan Armenia India Philippines Bhutan Taiwan (PR China) Bangladesh Vietnam Pakistan Lebanon Maldives Uzbekistan Kazakhstan Turkmenistan 2 Saudi Arabia 6.7 Russian Federation Syria Azerbaijan Malaysia Yemen Indonesia United Arab Emirates Brunei Iran Oman Bahrain Qatar Kuwait Gasoline Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 31

36 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Time Series of retail fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific, in US-cents/litre (last survey Nov. 212) [US-cents/litre] [US-cents/litre] Country Afghanistan Armenia Australia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China, Hong Kong China, P. R Fiji Georgia India Indonesia Iran Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Korea, North (D.R.) n.n. Korea, South (R.) Kuwait Kyrgyzstan n.n Lao PDR Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar (Burma) n.n Nepal New Zealand Oman Pakistan Palestine (WB + Gaza) Philippines Qatar Russian Federation Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan (R. China) Tajikistan n.n Thailand Timor-Leste Turkey Turkmenistan Utd. Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen

37 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Detailed time series of fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific, (from Afghanistan to Bahrain) Afghanistan Armenia Australia Azerbaijan Bahrain Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 33

38 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Detailed time series of fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific, (from Bangladesh to China HK) 2 2 Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China, Hong Kong Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 34

39 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Detailed time series of fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific, (from PR China PR to Indonesia) China, P. R Fiji Georgia India Indonesia Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 35

40 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Detailed time series of fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific, (from Iran to Kazakhstan) 2 2 Iran Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 36

41 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Detailed time series of fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific, (from D.R. North Korea to Lao PDR) Korea, North (D. R.) Korea, South (R.) Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao PDR Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 37

42 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Detailed time series of fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific, (from Lebanon to Myanmar) 2 2 Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar (Burma) Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 38

43 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Detailed time series of fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific, (from Nepal to Palestine WB/G) Nepal New Zealand Oman Pakistan Palestine (WB + Gaza) Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 39

44 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Detailed time series of fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific, (from Philippines to Singapore) 2 2 Philippines Qatar Russian Federation Saudi Arabia Singapore Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 4

45 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Detailed time series of fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific, (from Sri Lanka to Thailand) Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan (R. China) Tajikistan Thailand Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 41

46 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Detailed time series of fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific, (from Timor-Leste to Uzbekistan) 2 2 Timor-Leste Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 42

47 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Detailed time series of fuel prices in Asia, Australia and Pacific, (from Vietnam to Yemen) Vietnam Yemen Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 43

48 44 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ

49 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.4 Fuel prices in Europe ÂÂRetail fuel prices in Europe     Comparison of retail fuel prices in Europe  Time series of retail fuel prices in Europe  Detailed time series of fuel prices in Europe 45

50 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Retail fuel prices in Europe as of November 212 (in US-cents/litre) Iceland Reading Example: Retail Price US-Cents per Litre High Fuel Subsidies Fuel Subsidies Fuel Taxation High Fuel Taxation (Shaded areas represent different price categories for Gasoline and in individual countries.) Norway Denmark Sweden Kaliningrad Oblast Finland Estonia Latvia Lithuania Russian Federation 99 Ireland Portugal Belarus United Netherlands Poland 9 88 Kingdom Germany Belgium Czech Rep. Luxembourg Ukraine Slovakia Austria Liechtenst Hungary Switzerland France Slovenia Romania Croatia Moldova Italy Serbia Bosnia-H Bulgaria Monte Monaco Kosovonegro Spain Macedonia Albania Andorra Turkey Greece Malta Cyprus Fuel Taxation Category 1: High Subsidies The retail price of Gasoline and is below the price for crude oil on the world market. Fuel Taxation Category 2: Fuel Subsidies The retail price of Gasoline and is at least as high as the price for crude oil on the world market and below the price level of the United States. Note: The fuel prices of the United States are average cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. 1 US-cents for the 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy; though not yet covering external costs for health and environmental damages. Fuel Taxation Category 3: Fuel Taxation Retail price of Gasoline and is at least as high as the price of the United States and below the price level of Luxembourg. Note: In November 212, Gasoline prices and prices in Luxembourg were the lowest in EU-27. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties The EU sets minimum taxation rates for fossil fuels. Fuel Taxation Category 4: High Taxation The retail price of Gasoline and is at least as high as the price level of Luxembourg. Note: At these levels, countries are effectively using taxes to generate revenues and to encourage energy efficiency in the transport sector. 46

51 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Comparison of retail fuel prices in Europe as of November 212 (in US-cents/litre) US Turkey Norway Netherlands Italy Monaco United Kingdom Portugal Sweden Belgium Finland Greece Denmark Ireland Iceland Slovakia Germany Czech Republic Malta France Liechtenstein Switzerland Slovenia Hungary Lithuania Montenegro Albania Austria Latvia Serbia Croatia Cyprus, South Estonia Macedonia Spain Poland Romania Bulgaria Andorra Kosovo Luxembourg Bosnia and Herzegovina Moldova Ukraine Russian Federation Belarus Gasoline Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 47

52 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Time Series of retail fuel prices in Europe in US-cents/litre (last survey November 212) [US-cents/litre] [US-cents/litre] Country Albania Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia + Herzegov Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus, South Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russian Federation Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom

53 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Detailed time series of fuel prices in Europe (from Albania to Belgium) Albania Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 49

54 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Detailed time series of fuel prices in Europe (from Bosnia and Herzegovina to Czech Republic) 2 2 Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus, South Czech Republic Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel

55 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Detailed time series of fuel prices in Europe (from Denmark to Germany) Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 51

56 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Detailed time series of fuel prices in Europe (from Greece to Italy) Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 52

57 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Detailed time series of fuel prices in Europe (from Kosovo to Luxembourg) Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 53

58 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Detailed time series of fuel prices in Europe (from Macedonia to Montnegro) 2 2 Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 54

59 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Detailed time series of fuel prices in Europe (from Netherlands to Romania) Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 55

60 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Detailed time series of fuel prices in Europe (from Russian Federation to Spain) 2 2 Russian Federation Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 56

61 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Detailed time series of fuel prices in Europe (from Sweden to United Kingdom) Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Grey Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and of Luxembourg. In November 212, Gasoline () prices in Luxembourg Green Benchmark Line: Retail price of Gasoline and in the United States. Cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. approx. US 1 cents for 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price being without other specific fuel 57

62 58 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ

63 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 3.5 Retail fuel prices of 174 countries ÂÂWorld ranking of prices   World ranking of Gasoline prices 59

64 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Retail prices of in 171 countries as of November 212 (in US-cents/litre) US- per litre Country Category 1 High Subsidies (up to 68 US-Cents) The retail price of is below the price for crude oil on the world market. Country Category 2 Subsidies (69 14 US-Cents) The retail price of is at least as high as the price for crude oil on the world market and below the price level of the United States. Note: The fuel prices of the United States are average cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. appr. 1 US-Cents for the 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy; though not yet covering external costs for health and environmental damages. Red Benchmark Line: Price of Crude Oil on World Market = 69 US-Cents/Litre (= US$ 11/Barrel) Country Category 3 Taxation ( US-Cents) Retail price of is at least as high as the price of the United States and below the price level of Luxembourg. Note: In November 212, prices in Luxembourg were the lowest in EU-27. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties The EU sets minimum taxation rates for fossil fuels. Green Benchmark Line: Retail Price of in the United States = 15 US-Cents/Litre Country Category 4 High Taxation (164 and more US-Cents) The retail price of is at least as high as the price level of Luxembourg. Note: At these levels, countries are effectively using taxes to generate revenues and to encourage energy efficiency in the transport sector. Grey Benchmark Line: Retail Price of in Luxembourg = 164 US-Cents/Litre giz.de/fuelprices Data as of mid-november Venezuela 6.7 Saudi Arabia 1 Libya 12.4/(28.9*) Iran 17 Algeria 18 Egypt Bahrain 17 Kuwait 2 2 Turkmenistan 27 Qatar 36 Syria 42 Angola Indonesia 47/(11**) 47 Yemen Sudan Bolivia Azerbaijan Malaysia 67 Kazakhstan Brunei 26 Ecuador 29 Oman 38 United Arab Emirates 64 Tunisia Bangladesh Mexico Bhutan India 86 Belarus 9 Congo, R. (Brazzaville) 92 Ethiopia 94 Ghana 95 Jordan 97 Russian Federation Philippines 11 Panama 12 Guatemala Uzbekistan 91 Gabon 93 Sri Lanka 94 Lebanon 96 Morocco 97 Thailand 11 Cameroon 12 Brazil 13 Haiti 15 United States 15 Sierra Leone Guyana 15 Vietnam Grenada Nigeria Maldives Nepal Niger Honduras 115 Chad 116 Djibouti 118 Lao PDR 118 Nicaragua 119 Ivory Coast 12 Belize 121 Liberia 122 Togo 122 Mozambique 123 Chile 124 Botswana 125 Ukraine 125 Kenya 126 Mauritania 127 Cambodia 127 China, P. R Armenia 117 El Salvador 118 Colombia 119 Jamaica 119 Taiwan (PR China) 12 Pakistan 121 Afghanistan 122 Madagascar 122 Mongolia 123 Canada 124 New Zealand 125 Mali 126 Benin 126 Singapore 127 Tanzania 128 Burkina Faso 129 Fiji 131 Lesotho 131 Paraguay Cuba 13 Namibia 131 Korea, North (D.R.) 131 Guinea 134 Uganda 135 Costa Rica 136 Mauritius 138 Moldova 14 South Africa 142 Burundi 147 Zambia 148 Suriname Argentina 134 Swaziland 135 Dominican Republic 137 Georgia 14 Zimbabwe 141 Peru 143 Timor-Leste 148 Congo, D.R. (Kinshasa) 148 Andorra 153 Senegal 157 Australia Macedonia 155 China, Hong Kong 157 Kosovo 16 Bosnia and Herzegovina 162 Luxembourg 164 Bulgaria 168 Croatia 17 Eritrea 171 Poland 173 Montenegro 175 Spain 175 Slovenia 177 Cyprus, South 178 Albania Cape Verde 161 Japan 163 Korea, South (R.) 168 Palestine (W. Bank + Gaza) 169 Central African Rep. 17 Lithuania 173 Rwanda 173 Romania 175 Malta 176 Estonia 177 Latvia 178 France 18 Serbia Austria 181 Czech Republic 187 Germany 188 Portugal 189 Hungary 191 Netherlands 195 Belgium 198 Monaco 24 Liechtenstein 26 Greece Slovakia 188 Uruguay 189 Denmark 19 Malawi 195 Finland 197 Sudan, South 198 Ireland 26 Iceland 26 Switzerland 212 Israel Sweden Italy United Kingdom 227 Norway Turkey Cat. 1 Cat. 2 Cat. 3 Cat. 4 *) Price in brackets refers to unsubsidised (3 IRR). Subsidised is available at a price of 1 IRR (12.4 US-Cents/liter). **) Price in brackets refers to unsubsidised (1 Rupiah). Subsidised is available at a price of 4 Rupiah (47 US-Cents). 6

65 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Retail prices of Gasoline in 171 countries as of November 212 (in US-cents/litre) US- per litre Country Category 2 Subsidies (69 96 US-Cents) The retail price of Gasoline is at least as high as the price for crude oil on the world market and below the price level of the United States. Note: The fuel prices of the United States are average cost-covering retail prices incl. industry margin, VAT/sales tax and incl. appr. 1 US-Cents for the 2 road funds (federal and state). This fuel price may be considered as the international minimum benchmark for a non-subsidised road transport policy; though not yet covering external costs for health and environmental damages. Country Category 1 High Subsidies (up to 68 US-Cents) The retail price of Gasoline is below the price for crude oil on the world market. Red Benchmark Line: Price of Crude Oil on World Market = 69 US-Cents/Litre (= US$ 11/Barrel) Country Category 3 Taxation ( US-Cents) Retail price of Gasoline is at least as high as the price of the United States and below the price level of Luxembourg. Note: In November 212, Gasoline prices in Luxembourg were the lowest in EU-27. Prices in EU countries are subject to VAT, specific fuel taxes as well as other country specific duties The EU sets minimum taxation rates for fossil fuels. Green Benchmark Line: Retail Price of Gasoline in the United States = 97 US-Cents/Litre Country Category 4 High Taxation (164 and more US-Cents) The retail price of Gasoline is at least as high as the price level of Luxembourg. Note: At these levels, countries are effectively using taxes to generate revenues and to encourage energy efficiency in the transport sector. Grey Benchmark Line: Retail Price of Gasoline in Luxembourg = 164 US-Cents/Litre Gasoline giz.de/fuelprices Data as of mid-november Venezuela Libya Saudi Arabia Turkmenistan Kuwait Bahrain Qatar Algeria Oman Iran 33/(57.8*) Egypt 45 United Arab Emirates 47 Yemen 58 Nigeria Brunei 47/(15**) Indonesia 58 Ecuador 62 Malaysia 63 Angola Bolivia 7 Azerbaijan Sudan 79 Syria Mexico 86 Kyrgyzstan 89 Tunisia 93 United States 97 Kazakhstan 11 Gabon 14 Ethiopia 15 Sierra Leone Belarus 92 Ghana 95 Chad 99 Russian Federation 12 Uzbekistan 14 Myanmar (Burma) 15 Panama 18 Guyana 11 Maldives Cameroon 11 Lebanon 111 Guatemala 114 Bangladesh 115 Vietnam 115 Liberia 117 Taiwan (PR China) 119 Botswana 123 Benin 124 Namibia 124 Haiti 125 India 125 El Salvador 126 Colombia 128 Sri Lanka 129 Tanzania Niger 114 Pakistan 115 Congo, R. (Brazzaville) 116 Togo 119 Bhutan 12 Jamaica 123 Nicaragua 124 Lesotho 125 Armenia 125 Honduras 125 Philippines 128 Afghanistan 129 Mongolia 13 Swaziland 132 Canada 134 Georgia Lao PDR 133 Guinea 134 Ukraine 135 Kenya 137 Australia139 Cuba 14 Fiji 141 Moldova 142 Burkina Faso 143 Belize 144 Nepal 144 Argentina 146 Congo, D.R. (Kinshasa) 148 Madagascar 149 Zimbabwe 152 Thailand 156 Suriname Cambodia 137 China, P. R. 138 South Africa 139 Brazil 14 Grenada 141 Mali 142 Morocco 143 Mauritania 144 Jordan 145 Tajikistan 147 Burundi 148 Zambia 151 Ivory Coast 156 Chile 157 Costa Rica 158 Dominican Republic 159 Bosnia and Herzegovina Mozambique 158 Peru 163 Kosovo 165 Timor-Leste 165 Singapore 168 Romania 17 Senegal 172 Paraguay 174 Djibouti 175 Spain 175 Croatia 177 New Zealand 177 Korea, South (R.) 18 Albania 181 Montenegro 182 Hungary 184 Palestine (West Bank and Gaza) 187 Switzerland Luxembourg 165 Mauritius 167 Andorra 169 Bulgaria 171 Central African Rep. 173 Rwanda 174 Poland 175 Macedonia 176 Estonia 177 Cyprus, South 178 Serbia 18 Latvia 181 Austria 183 Lithuania 186 Slovenia 188 Liechtenstein 191 France 193 Czech Republic Malta 192 Malawi 193 Sudan, South 197 Slovakia 198 Japan Denmark 22 Greece 26 Belgium 29 Portugal 215 United Kingdom Germany 197 Uruguay 199 Iceland 21 Israel 22 Ireland 28 Finland 21 Sweden 216 China, Hong Kong 223 Monaco Italy Cape Verde Netherlands 233 Eritrea 249 Norway 253 Turkey 254 Cat. 1 Cat. 2 Cat. 3 Cat. 4 *) Price in brackets refers to unsubsidised, free-market regular Gasoline (7 IRR). Subsidised Gasoline is available at a price of 4 IRR for 6 liters/month (33 US-Cents/liter). **) Price in brackets refers to unsubsidised Pertamax (1 Rupiah). Subsidised Gasoline is available at a price of 4 Rupiah (47 US-Cents/liter). 61

66 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 4 Annex Data sources The data for industrialised countries come from various sources, primarily from the German automobile club Allgemeiner Deutscher Automobile Club (ADAC) in Munich, and European Union. Most of the data for developing countries, especially those in Africa and Asia, are based on local price surveys conducted by GIZ s local offices. In some cases, (e.g. Cuba, Eritrea, Myanmar, Sudan, North Korea and several Arabian Gulf countries) the local German embassies/consulates kindly helped with the collection of the relevant data. Method of collection Global fuel prices vary as a function of global oil prices or as a consequence of individual legal frameworks, not only among countries but also within individual countries. For European countries, nationwide average filling station fuel price statistics (pump prices) were utilised in this survey, whereas for all other countries fuel prices as posted at filling stations in the respective capital cities were collected. The latter method collected data&information using a questionnaire circulated to GIZ local offices worldwide. Where several fuel prices for major cities were available, the unweighted average has been used. The German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development commissioned this project. Fuel qualities Throughout this study Gasoline prices refer to and mean unleaded Octan 95. Unit conversion for non-litre countries All fuel prices have been converted into metric litres as the unit of measurement. Region Country Fuel unit Africa America Asia Liberia Sierra Leone Antigua and Barbuda Belize Colombia The Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Nicaragua Panama Peru Puerto Rico The United States Myanmar (Burma) United Arab Emirates Unit conversions 1 US Gallon = Litres 1 Imperial Gallon = Litres 1 Barrel = 159 Litres US Gallon US Gallon Imperial Gallon US Gallon US Gallon US Gallon US Gallon US Gallon US Gallon US Gallon Imperial Gallon US Gallon US Gallon US Gallon US Gallon US Gallon US Gallon US Gallon US Gallon Imperial Gallon Currency conversion The objective was to compare the fuel price situation in various countries worldwide. The USD was used as the reference currency, since all crude oil prices and most countries import statistics are quoted in USD. The USD conversion rates are those applicable as per November 212. In countries with different or double exchange rates, the market rate/parallel rate/black market rate was given preference over the official exchange rate. This was not only because it is the rate consumers mostly rely on, but also because experience shows that the official exchange rate eventually tends to be replaced by the parallel exchange rate. 62

67 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ 5 About us About GIZ GIZ s purpose is to promote international cooperation for sustainable development and education work. As a % federally owned, public-benefit enterprise, we support the German Government in achieving its objectives in the field of international cooperation for sustainable development. GIZ operates throughout Germany and in more than 13 countries worldwide. Our registered offices are in Bonn and Eschborn. We have more than 16 staff across the globe, some 7 % of whom are employed locally as national personnel. There are also 89 development workers working for GIZ. More here: More information Sustainable Urban Transport (SUTP): GIZ Transport and Mobility: Extensive SUTP Photo Database: Capacity Building on Sustainable Urban Transport (CAPSUT): Facebook: sustainableurbantransportproject Follow us on twitter: Quick access to GIZ Transport and Mobility Resources compass_links3.pdf 63

68 64 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ

69 International Fuel Prices 212/213 provided by GIZ Published by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Sector Project Transport Policy Advisory Services Division 44 Water, Energy, Transport Registered offices Bonn and Eschborn, Germany Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 4 Dag-Hammarskjöld-Weg Bonn, Germany 6576 Eschborn, Germany T T F F E [email protected] I Author Armin Wagner Manager Manfred Breithaupt Editing Armin Wagner Team leader Transport Policy Advisory Services E [email protected] I I Copyright: GIZ International Fuel Prices 212/213 Design and Layout Klaus Neumann, SDS Photo credits Klaus Neumann As at: August 214 GIZ is responsible for the content of this publication. On behalf of Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) Division 313 Water, Energy, Urban Development Postal address of BMZ offices Bonn office BMZ Berlin im Europahaus Dahlmannstraße 4 Stresemannstraße Bonn, Germany 1963 Berlin, Germany T T F F E [email protected] I 65

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