German Green City Index

Transcription

1 Assessing the environmental performance of major German cities A research project conducted by the Economist Intelligence Unit, sponsored by Siemens

2 Hamburg Bremen Berlin Hanover Essen Leipzig Contents Cologne Frankfurt Introduction: The challenges of urbanization in Germany City portraits 0 Berlin Bremen Mannheim Nuremberg Cologne 6 Results Essen 6 Frankfurt Stuttgart 9 Overall key findings 0 Hamburg Hanover Key findings from the categories Leipzig Mannheim Munich Methodology 6 Munich 60 Nuremberg 6 Stuttgart

3 The challenges of urbanization in Germany By 00, more than two-thirds of the world s population will live in cities, up from about half today, according to United Nations forecasts. The global trend is already advanced in Europe, where about % of people live in cities, and in Germany, where % are urban dwellers. The figures for both Europe as a whole and Germany are expected to rise by 0% within the next 0 years. Increasing urbanization leads to major challenges for the environment and for infrastructure, for example, in the form of increasing energy demand. The European Environment Agency (EEA) estimates that almost 0% of Europe s energy is consumed in cities. Globally this is even more apparent urban areas account for 0% of global CO emissions today. It is clear that the choices cities make, both globally and in Germany, will be key in facing global environmental challenges such as climate change. Some challenges, such as improving air quality, reducing waste through recycling or containing urban sprawl, will be more localized but no less important to residents. Against that background, the German Green City Index considers the sustainability of ma - jor German cities, examining their use of re - sources and their commitment to environmental protection. To allow a comparison with other cities in Europe, the results of the German cities are presented in the context of the European Green City Index, which was published in 009. This creates an Index containing a total of European and German cities. The purpose of the study is to provide information about the environmental performance and initiatives of the various cities to stakeholders, to support them in making choices about additional activities in the area of climate and environmental protection and to stimulate a dialog about the best solutions. The study is divided into four sections. The first section summarizes the overall key findings of the study. The second section presents key findings in the eight categories: CO emissions, energy, buildings, transport, water, waste and land use, air quality, and environmental governance. The third section discusses in detail the methodology, data collection and the construction of the Index. The fourth section presents portraits of the German cities which illustrate their particular strengths and weaknesses and highlight selected green initiatives. The city portraits offer an opportunity to discuss the actions taken by the cities and pass along valuable experience that has been gained. How the study was done: The German Green City Index is part of the international Green City Index research series conducted by the Economist Intelligence Unit as an independent research partner, and sponsored by Siemens. It compares more than 00 of the world s major cities; Indexes have already been published for Europe (009), Latin America (00), and Asia (0). Every German city with a population over one million and all metropolitan regions in Germany are covered in the German Green City Index. The study differs from those done by other institutions because it did not rely on voluntary submissions from city governments, but was conducted independently instead. The methodology (see page ) was developed by the Economist Intelligence Unit in cooperation with Siemens. An independent panel of urban sustainability experts provided important insights on the methodology. Both the number and the breadth of the underlying indicators are noteworthy: The Index scores each city on 0 in - dividual quantitative and qualitative indicators for various aspects related to the environment and infrastructure, such as the city s environmental governance, its water consumption, its recycling rate, or its level of CO emissions. Publicly available data was used whenever possible and was evaluated using a uniform, transparent scoring process. Each city received points for its performance in the eight individual categories and also for its overall result. On that basis, the German cities were classified in performance bands and compared with the 0 European cities. However, numbers alone do not tell the whole story. So the results were combined into detailed individual profiles. They describe the challenges, strengths, and potential of each city, as well as innovative green ideas and projects. Projects that could inspire other cities were of particular interest.

4 6 CO Well above Above Average Below Well below Oslo Stockholm Amsterdam Berlin Brussels Copenhagen Helsinki London Madrid Nuremberg Paris Rome Vienna Zurich Bremen Cologne Frankfurt Hamburg Hanover Istanbul Leipzig Ljubljana Mannheim Munich Riga Stuttgart Athens Belgrade Bratislava Bucharest Budapest Dublin Essen Lisbon Prague Tallinn Vilnius Warsaw Zagreb Kiev Sofia Well above Above Average Below Well below Copenhagen Oslo Vienna Amsterdam Brussels Leipzig Munich Rome Stockholm Stuttgart Zurich Athens Belgrade Berlin Bratislava Cologne Dublin Essen Frankfurt Hamburg Hanover Helsinki Istanbul Lisbon London Madrid Mannheim Nuremberg Paris Warsaw Zagreb Bremen Bucharest Budapest Prague Riga Vilnius Kiev Ljubljana Sofia Tallinn Results Overall results Well above Above Average Below Well below Amsterdam Berlin Bremen Brussels Copenhagen Frankfurt Hamburg Hanover Helsinki Leipzig Mannheim Munich Nuremberg Oslo Stockholm Stuttgart Vienna Zurich Cologne Essen London Madrid Paris Riga Rome Vilnius Warsaw Athens Bratislava Budapest Dublin Istanbul Lisbon Ljubljana Prague Tallinn Belgrade Bucharest Kiev Sofia Zagreb Well above Above Average Below Well below Amsterdam Berlin Bremen Copenhagen Essen Frankfurt Hamburg Hanover Helsinki Leipzig Mannheim Munich Nuremberg Oslo Paris Stockholm Stuttgart Vienna Zurich Brussels Cologne Lisbon London Madrid Rome Sofia Vilnius Warsaw Athens Belgrad Bratislava Bucharest Budapest Dublin Ljubljana Prague Riga Zagreb Istanbul Kiev Tallinn Well above Above Average Below Well below Stockholm Amsterdam Berlin Bremen Brussels Cologne Copenhagen Essen Frankfurt Hamburg Hanover Mannheim Munich Nuremberg Oslo Stuttgart Vienna Zurich Bratislava Budapest Helsinki Leipzig Ljubljana Madrid Riga Tallinn Athens Bucharest Istanbul Kiev Lisbon London Paris Prague Rome Sofia Vilnius Warsaw Zagreb Belgrad Dublin

5 Results Waste and land use Well above Well above Above Amsterdam Berlin Bremen Brussels Cologne Copenhagen Essen Frankfurt Hamburg Hanover Leipzig London Madrid Mannheim Munich Nuremberg Paris Stuttgart Vienna Zurich Above Amsterdam Berlin Bremen Copenhagen Essen Frankfurt Hamburg Hanover Helsinki Leipzig Munich Nuremberg Oslo Stockholm Stuttgart Vienna Zürich Average Athens Bratislava Budapest Dublin Helsinki Oslo Prague Rome Stockholm Tallinn Vilnius Average Brussels Budapest Cologne Dublin Ljubljana London Mannheim Paris Prague Rome Tallinn Vilnius Below Istanbul Kiev Lisbon Riga Warsaw Below Athens Belgrad Bratislava Istanbul Lisbon Madrid Riga Warsaw Zagreb Well below Well above Belgrad Bucharest Ljubljana Sofia Zagreb Stockholm Vilnius Well below Well above Bucharest Kiev Sofia Environmental governance Overall key findings Above Average Below Well below Berlin Bremen Copenhagen Dublin Hamburg Amsterdam Brussels Cologne Essen Frankfurt Bratislava Budapest Istanbul Lisbon Athens Belgrad Bucharest Kiev Sofia Hanover Helsinki Leipzig Mannheim Riga Ljubljana London Madrid Munich Nuremberg Zagreb Stuttgart Tallinn Oslo Paris Prague Rome Warsaw Vienna Zurich Above Average Below Well below Amsterdam Bremen Brussels Copenhagen Essen Berlin Budapest Cologne Frankfurt Hanover Athens Belgrad Bratislava Dublin Kiev Bucharest Istanbul Prague Sofia Hamburg Helsinki Mannheim Oslo Paris Leipzig Lisbon Ljubljana London Madrid Rome Zagreb Stockholm Stuttgart Warsaw Vienna Zurich Munich Nuremberg Riga Tallinn Vilnius To deepen the understanding of the environmental strengths and weaknesses of the German cities, their results are analyzed in the context of the European Green City Index, which was published in 009. Examining a few general features shows that the German cities tend to be much smaller but also more affluent than the other European cities. The city has less than one million inhabitants, while the population in the European Green City Index is about. million. Compared with the other cities in Europe, the gross domestic product (GDP) of the German cities puts them in the top income group, although per capita GDP varies widely between,00 in Berlin and 6,900 in Frankfurt. ) In contrast, industry s contribution to gross value creation is much higher in Germany than in the European cities. Three German cities, Mannheim, Essen and Stuttgart, have a higher percentage of industry (from 6% to 9%) than Istanbul, the most industrialized city in the European Green City Index, at %. These factors were taken into account when comparing and contrasting the environmental performance of German cities with the rest of Europe. The German cities Index results are very similar to each other, reflecting the federal government s efforts to simplify environmental policies in Germany, as well as the highly developed environmental awareness of the citizens. Overall, and in six out of the eight categories, German cities rank across just one or two of the five performance bands (mainly and above ) when the results are compared with all cities in the Index (see graphic on pages /). The range of results for the other European cities is much wider, regularly stretching across four, and even all five, performance bands. It can clearly be seen that German cities often do well or poorly at the same things. All German cities score well for low water consumption, for example. Regarding policies, the performance is even more consistent. For 6 out of 0 qualitative criteria in the Index, every German city had the same score (usually full marks), and for a further five criteria there were only one or two differences. Even when cities scored less well on some qualitative issues, they did so together. For example, no German city has water recycling. This homogeneity reflects, in part, the important role of the German federal government in ) In real GDP per person, based on 000 prices. 9

6 tal performance doesn't have to be only a luxury good and is something to which every city can aspire. When compared with European cities of similar wealth, German cities fall short of the top tier. Eastern bloc trying to overcome the legacy of poor infrastructure and pent-up demand for western conveniences, such as automobiles. The found no indications of a gap between east and west, but it evaluated only two former East German cities Leipzig and (East) Berlin. It is notable that, in these two cities at least, the differences compared with western Germany do not show up both rank above overall. Both Berlin and Leipzig are particularly strong on infrastructure indicators, suggesting that substantial investments in recent years have overcome potential divides. In addition, there was no correlation between overall environmental performance and levels of industrialization in German cities or in the European Green City Index. Generally, these results of the German cities imply that, no matter the level of income, historical development or levels of industrialization, environmendirecting and implementing urban sustainability policies. The Ministry of, Building and Urban Affairs, for example, develops standardized, nationwide regulations for building codes and grants financial aid for groundbreaking urban development projects. It also has one of the largest budgets of any federal ministry. This is also intended to address climate-related problems for example making mobility more environmentally friendly or promoting the development of city centers. Federal influence, already strong, has generally been growing. Since 006, the federal government has begun to develop regulations on a wider range of urban environmental issues and increased its efforts to bring uniformity to environmental legislation. Another factor is Germany s history of environmental awareness. Prussia had a nature conservation department before World War I. Environmental movements developed in both the Federal Republic of Germany and the former German Democratic Republic in the 90 s and 90 s. In the east, the movement was one of the country s few independent voices, while in the west it led to the creation of Green parties. More recently, green issues have been pivotal in German local elections, putting the Green party in charge of a state government, Baden-Württemberg, for the first time. Environmental protection is not a luxury: In contrast to other European cities, neither income nor historical development was shown to affect the environmental performance of German cities. While the European Green City Index showed a strong correlation between income (as measured by GDP per person) and environmental performance, this relationship was absent in the. This is even more surprising given the wide range in income among the German cities, from GDP of,00 per person in Berlin to 6,900 in Frankfurt. ) This suggests that uniform German policies set by the federal government have helped smooth out the effects of any income differences on environmental performance. For example, lowincome European cities had far less ambitious environmental policies, while in Germany even lower-income cities do well. Indeed, the European Green City Index cited Berlin as a leading example of how cities with lower incomes can still benefit from ambitious environmental targets and policies. Another finding of the 009 European Green City Index: There was also a noticeable divide in environmental performance between eastern and western Europe, with cities in the former German cities compare very well with other European cities on environmental performance, especially regarding policies. When the overall results of the German Green City Index are compared with the 009 European Green City Index, 0 of the German cities are above, the highest ranking achieved by any European city. German cities are particularly strong on environmental strategies and policies such as energy efficiency standards for buildings or the promotion of public transport which make up about half of the indicators that were measured. If those indicators alone are measured, of the German cities are above overall. This strength is consistent across most individual categories, and no city s qualitative scores ever fell below (see graphic at the bottom of page ). The quantitative scores, which evaluate current infrastructure and consumption levels, tell a slightly different story. Here the German cities turn in less consistent performances. As shown by the graphic at the top of page, the cities have strong performances in the buildings and water categories and weaker performances in CO emissions, transport, energy, and air quality. Because environmental policies are an indication of potential future improvements, the Index suggests that, over time, the environment in these cities should get better as more advanced policies have an impact. As mentioned above, German cities perform well when compared with the 9 cities in the European Green City Index. However, the pattern is somewhat different when the comparison is limited to the German cities and the other European cities with a similar range of income, i.e., over,00 real GDP per person ) (see graphic at the bottom of page ). Most of the German cities now fall into the band, and only Berlin is above. With that rating, most of the German cities outperform European cities such as London, Madrid, Dublin and Rome, but they fall behind the greenest European leaders such as the Scandinavian capital cities, Amsterdam and Zurich. This could suggest that the strong influence of the German federal government and the environmental awareness of the citizens raise the performance of cities with lower per capita GDP but may not provide sufficient incentives for richer cities to develop and adopt more ground-breaking approaches. ) In real GDP per person, based on 000 prices. ) In real GDP per person, based on 000 prices 0

7 How the cities scored Overall results of all cities Well below Below Average Above Well above ) Quantitative indicators Well below Below Average Above Well above 6 quantitative and qualitative indicators CO quantitative indicators Such as CO emissions, energy and water consumption, recycling rate CO Waste and land use Waste and land use 9 6 German cities 9 European cities Environmental governance Overall result Upshot: German cities show some weaknesses in actual consumption levels and infrastructure Environmental governance Overall result No quantitative indicators measured Number of German cities Number of European cities Number of German cities Number of European cities 0 Scores of cities with comparable income Well below Below Average Above Well above ) Qualitative indicators Well below Below Average Above Well above German and European cities with >,00 GDP per capita CO qualitative indicators Such as promotion of clean energies, waste reduction efforts, public participation in green policies CO Berlin Bremen Cologne Essen Frankfurt Hamburg Hanover Leipzig Mannheim Munich Nuremberg Stuttgart Amsterdam Athens Brussels Copenhagen Dublin Helsinki London Madrid Oslo Paris Rome Stockholm Vienna Zurich Waste and land use Environmental governance Overall result Upshot: Environmental policies make a decisive contribution to the good results of German cities Number of German cities Number of European cities Number of German cities Number of European cities Waste and land use Environmental governance Overall result

8 Accordingly, all German cities are above in promoting energy efficiency for buildings compared with Europe. Germany s strict policies are having a positive effect on the energy consumed by residential buildings: It is far lower in the German cities, at an of 0 megajoules per square meter, compared with 9 megajoules per square meter for the other European cities. : German cities are actively pursuing sustainable transport policies but are having difficulty getting people out of their cars. Key findings from the categories In detail: Ten of the German cities have adopted all seven sustainable transport policies covered in the European Green City Index, including using bio-fuels or electricity in public transport, environmental zones, reducing the use of automobiles and promoting public awareness of green transport. Eleven of the German cities are in the above band for transport policies. Yet when it comes to quantitative indicators, including the density of the public transport system or the modal split, three are below and only one is above. This is not because of a lack of public transport. German cities offer on.6 km of public transport per square kilometer, compared with. km for the other European cities. They also have more cycling lanes per square kilometer than in Europe, at.9 km per square kilometer, compared with an of. km in the other European cities. Despite these options, almost half of the German residents drive to work, against about % in the other European cities. Even in European cities with a comparable income, the figure is still higher than in the German cities, at %. Given Germany s famously entrenched car culture, it is likely to be difficult to reduce the share of people taking their car to work. CO emissions: Compared with European cities, German cities see their poorest performance in this category, largely from the relatively high share of coal used in energy production. Proactive policies, however, could lead to future improvements. In detail: German cities emit an of 9. metric tons of CO per person annually, nearly twice as much as other European cities, ) at. metric tons. German cities do better on CO intensity (the amount of CO emissions per Euro of GDP), at 0 grams, compared with grams in other European cities. But they do worse when compared with the European cities with a similar income, at 0 grams. All of the German cities measure emissions and have set their own reduction targets separate from federal targets. The city targets are ambitious, aiming on for a % reduction by 00, twice the of the goals of the other European cities, at %. : The German cities do slightly better than other European cities on energy efficiency, although the policies of the city governments are weaker in this area. This suggests that cities may be relying on federal policy instruments, such as feed-in tariffs for renewable energy sources, rather than local initiatives. In detail: German cities consume 9 gigajoules per capita each year. Although this is higher than the of the other European cities, at gigajoules, it is comparable to the level for the European cities of similar wealth, at 9 gigajoules. Regarding energy intensity, the German cities do better than the other European cities, at. megajoules per Euro of GDP, compared with. megajoules. Although all German cities have developed green energy projects within their borders, only half fully promote the use of green energy, and none scores full marks for expanding decentralized power generation. The biggest energy challenge for the German cities is the very low proportion of renewable energy, at % of overall energy consumption. This is less than half of the overall of the other European cities, at about %. The European cities in the same income range cover % of their overall energy demand with renewable energy sources. : The German cities in this study do very well compared with the rest of Europe in this category. Advanced policies, including federally mandated building codes and other regulations at city level, are reducing energy consumption by buildings. In detail: Every city has introduced energy efficiency standards for new buildings and requires regular maintenance of heating and air conditioning systems. An energy passport must be shown when a building is rented or sold, and the cities also inform their residents about opportunities to improve energy efficiency. Eight out of cities also provide financial incentives for retrofitting to save energy. : All German cities perform extremely well in this category, given their low levels of water consumption per capita and leakages in the water supply system. In detail: Residents of the German cities consume on 9 cubic meters per inhabitant every year, which is substantially lower than the of the other European cities, at 0 cubic meters. One reason for the low consumption rate is an impressively low level of leakage in pipelines, at only %. Even the highest individual water leakage rate among the German cities, at ) A note about methodology: When evaluating category results, the s of the quantitative figures for the German cities were compared with the s of the 9 other European cities from the 009 European Green City Index (excluding Berlin). This was to better distinguish differences and similarities between German cities as a whole and cities in the rest of Europe as a whole.

9 industrialization and overall air pollution. Nor is there a correlation between the percentage of commuters who drive to work and levels of nitrogen dioxide, which is closely associated with automobile exhaust. Although German cities have ozone concentrations that are approximately equal to those of the European cities, they have measurably lower concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and particulate matter. %, is still substantially lower than the of the other European cities, at %. Policy choices have also had an effect: Metering is widespread and residents pay a relatively high price for water. In addition, all German cities monitor water usage and quality, promote conservation, and treat 00% of their wastewater. None of the German cities reuses water, for example for street cleaning, before treatment. Nine out of 9 cities outside of Germany have some type of reuse, including six of the that are in the same income bracket as the German cities. It is reasonable to question, though, how necessary this is in Germany given its low usage and leakage rates. Waste and land use: The German cities generate more waste than the other European cities on, but comprehensive waste reduction policies and high recycling rates improve their overall performance in this category. On land use, however, they tend to fall behind other European cities at the same level of wealth. In detail: The German cities generate on kg of waste per inhabitant each year, which is slightly above the of the European cities, at kg, but nearly the same as the for the European cities in the same income range, at kg. Waste separation and recycling are deeply entrenched in German culture, as shown by the recycling rates of the German cities: On % of the waste generated in the cities is recycled, compared to % for the European cities with the same wealth and % for all of the other European cities. Every German city gained full marks for policies on sustainable waste management and promoting waste separation and reduction. On land use, though, while every German city protects its green spaces, two have incomplete green space policies and only seven fully promote reuse of brownfield sites for development. For the European Index cities of the same wealth, all have comprehensive green space policies and all but one gain full marks for brownfield redevelopment. : The cities in the German Green City Index have comprehensive air quality plans, and this has helped keep down the levels of several key air pollutants. In detail: All German cities have air quality targets and plans. Only of the 9 other European cities have both. These policies seem to be successful at limiting the effects of air pollution across Germany, even in cities with more industry and automobiles. This is demonstrated by the lack of a correlation in the Index between each city s level of Environmental governance: German cities are generally strong on standards and environmental policies across categories, but their performance in the environmental governance category is relatively modest. This surprising result again suggests that federal involvement, while driving advanced environmental policies overall, may be superseding autonomy at the municipal level. In detail: The structures of environmental governance are uniform in the German cities. These include an integrated strategy endorsed by the city administration and the mayor, a dedicated environmental authority, support for international environmental protection initiatives, and public awareness campaigns. However, the German cities will need to improve in some areas compared with the best European cities. Only two of the German cities have defined specific targets for each environmental category, while the others are limited to selected categories. Only two German cities issue annual or biannual environmental reports on the progress of their work. The vast majority of German cities issue a report of this kind only every three to ten years. A lack of citizen involvement is another obvious weakness. Only five of cities fully involve citizens in environmental decision-making or have a central contact point for complaints. The European Green City Index shows a correlation between higher levels of citizen engagement and better environmental performance. This suggests that citizens who act responsibly and are environmentally aware make a decisive contribution to improving the environmental balance of cities. Methodology The evaluates ma jor German cities with regard to their sustainability in using resources and their commitment to environmental protection. The study covers the four German cities with populations over one million as well as a city from all metropolitan regions. To provide insights on how the German cities are doing compared with other cities in Europe, their results are presented in the context of the European Green City Index. This study investigated the environmental sustainability of 0 major European cities from 0 European countries and was published in December 009. The methodology used in the German Green City Index was developed by the Economist Intelligence Unit in cooperation with Siemens. It is identical to the methodology used in the European Green City Index to ensure the comparability of cities. An independent panel of urban sustainability experts provided important insights and feedback. Because data was collected at different times for Europe and Germany, it is not completely comparable. For that reason, the results are presented in performance bands and not as detailed rankings. This helped to smooth out minor differences. The scores cities across eight categories CO, energy, buildings, transport, water, waste and land use, air quality, and environmental governance based on 0 individual indicators. Sixteen of the 0 indicators are derived from quantitative data and aim to measure how a city is currently performing for example, its level of CO emissions, the amount of energy it consumes, how much waste it produces or levels of air pollution. The remaining indicators are qualitative assessments of cities environmental policies, aspirations or ambitions to reduce their environmental footprint. This could include their commitment to consuming more renewable energy, improving the energy efficiency of buildings, reducing congestion, or recycling and reusing waste. Data sources: A team of independent analysts at the Economic Intelligence Unit collected and evaluated data for the German Green City Index over the period from May to November 00. Publicly available data from official sources, such as European, national, or regional statistics offices, local city authorities, and city and national environmental agencies, was used whenever possible. Care was taken to use data for 00 whenever possible or, failing that, data for previous years or for 009 in order to ensure that the pool of data was as similar as possible to the European Green City Index. In the few cases where gaps in the data existed, the Economist Intelligence Unit produced estimates based on regional figures. Comparison with the European Green City Index: To better classify the results of the and place them in a broader context, the German cities were compared with the cities of the European Green City Index. This required normalizing the German results on the basis of the European Green City Index (see description of the normalization method under Indicators ) and generating a new theoretical Index of cities. Berlin, which is included in both the European and the, is shown only on the basis of the results of the German Green City Index. The final results for the German cities are shown in performance bands instead of in a detailed ranking (see Index construction on page ). Indicators: To be able to compare data points across cities, as well as to construct aggre gate scores for each city, the project team first had to make the data gathered from different sources comparable. To do so, the quantitative indicators were normalized on a scale of 0 to 0, where 0 points were assigned to the best scoring city and 0 points were assigned to the worst scoring city. In some cases, an upper benchmark or a lower benchmark was inserted to prevent outliers from skewing the distribution of points. The Economist Intelligence Unit used the same normalization for the as for the European Index. Qualitative indicators were scored by Economist Intelligence Unit analysts, who defined objective criteria to evaluate the environmental targets, strategies, and en - vironmental policies of a city. The qualitative 6

10 List of categories, indicators and their weightings Category Indicator Type Weighting Description Normalisation technique CO CO emissions Quantitative % Total CO emissions, in tonnes per head. Min-max. CO intensity Quantitative % Total CO emissions, in grams per unit of real GDP Min-max; lower benchmark of,000 grams (000 base year). inserted to prevent outliers. CO reduction Qualitative % An assessment of the ambitiousness Scored by Economist Intelligence Unit analysts strategy of CO emissions reduction strategy. on a scale of 0 to 0. consumption Quantitative % Total final energy consumption, in gigajoules per head. Min-max. intensity Quantitative % Total final energy consumption, in megajoules per unit Min-max; lower benchmark of MJ/ GDP of real GDP (in euros, base year 000). inserted to prevent outliers. Renewable energy Quantitative % The percentage of total energy derived from renewable Scored against an upper benchmark of 0% (EU target). consumption sources, as a share of the city's total energy consumption, in terajoules. Clean and efficient Qualitative % An assessment of the extensiveness of policies promoting Scored by Economist Intelligence Unit analysts energy policies the use of clean and efficient energy. on a scale of 0 to 0. consumption Quantitative % Total final energy consumption in the residential sector, Min-max. of residential buildings per square meter of residential floor space. -efficient Qualitative % An assessment of the extensiveness of cities energy Scored by Economist Intelligence Unit analysts buildings standards efficiency standards for buildings. on a scale of 0 to 0. -efficient Qualitative % An assessment of the extensiveness of efforts to promote Scored by Economist Intelligence Unit analysts buildings initiatives efficiency of buildings. on a scale of 0 to 0. Use of non-car Quantitative 9% The total percentage of the working population travelling Converted to a scale of 0 to 0. transport to work on public transport, by bicycle and by foot. Size of non-car Quantitative % Length of cycling lanes and the public transport network, Min-max. Upper benchmarks of km/km and transport network in km per square meter of city area. km/km inserted to prevent outliers. Green transport Qualitative 9% An assessment of the extensiveness of efforts to increase Scored by Economist Intelligence Unit analysts promotion the use of cleaner transport. on a scale of 0 to 0. Congestion Qualitative 9% An assessment of efforts to reduce vehicle traffic Scored by Economist Intelligence Unit analysts reduction policies within the city. on a scale of 0 to 0. consumption Quantitative % Total annual water consumption, in cubic meters per head. Min-max. system leakages Quantitative % Percentage of water lost in the water distribution system. Scored against an upper target of %. Wastewater Quantitative % Percentage of dwellings connected to the sewage system. Scored against an upper benchmark of 00% treatment and a lower benchmark of 0%. efficiency Qualitative % An assessment of the comprehensiveness of measures Scored by Economist Intelligence Unit analysts and treatment to improve the efficiency of water usage and the on a scale of 0 to 0. policies treatment of wastewater. Municipal waste Quantitative % Total annual municipal waste collected, in kg per head. Scored against an upper benchmark of 00 kg (EU target). production A lower benchmark of,000 kg inserted to prevent outliers. indicators were again scored on a scale of 0 to 0, with 0 points assigned to cities that met or exceeded the check-list of criteria. In the case of the CO reduction strategy indicator, for example, cities were assessed according to whether they actively and regularly monitor CO emissions, what CO reduction targets have been set and how ambitious they are, given the time period within which they are supposed to be met. Index construction: To compose the Index, a score was first calculated for each city on a scale of 0 to 0 in the eight categories. This evaluation included all quantitative and qualitative data for each infrastructure category. In general, all indicators received the same weighting. To create the overall scores, the scores of the eight categories were then aggregated according to their assigned weighting. To avoid that any category is lent greater importance than another, the Economist Intelligence Unit assigned equal weightings on each category score. This also reflects feedback from the independent experts who were involved in developing the methodology. During the final step, the cities were grouped into performance bands according to their scores. Those bands were based on (mean) scores and defined using the standard deviation, a statistical term for the area around the mean which covers 66% of all values. Definition of performance bands: Well above : Scores are more than. times the standard deviation above the mean. Above : Scores are between 0. and. times the standard deviation above the mean. Average : Scores are between 0. times the standard deviation above and 0. times the standard deviation below the mean. Below : Scores are between 0. and. times the standard deviation below the mean. Well below : Scores are more than. times the standard deviation below the mean. Cluster To analyze the effect of income, population, industrialization, and temperature on a city s score, the cities were also divided into a series of clusters, which were defined as follows: Income: Low income, with per capita GDP of less than,000; middle income of,000 to,000 and high income of more than,000 Size: Small, with a population of less than million; mid-sized, with a population of between million and million and large with a population of more than million Industrialization: Industrial, with a % or greater share of industry; service-oriented, with a share of less than % industry Temperature: Cold, with an temperature of 6- degree Celsius; temperate, with an temperature of 9- degrees Celsius and hot, with an temperature of more than degrees Celsius Waste and land use Environmental governance Waste recycling Quantitative % Percentage of municipal waste recycled. Scored against an upper benchmark of 0% (EU target). Waste reduction Qualitative % An assessment of the extensiveness of measures Scored by Economist Intelligence Unit analysts and policies to reduce the overall production of waste, on a scale of 0 to 0. and to recycle and reuse waste. Green land use Qualitative % An assessment of the comprehensiveness of Scored by Economist Intelligence Unit analysts policies policies to contain the urban sprawl and promote on a scale of 0 to 0. the availability of green spaces. Nitrogen dioxide Quantitative 0% Annual daily mean of NO emissions. Scored against a lower benchmark of 0 ug/m (EU target). Ozone Quantitative 0% Annual daily mean of O emissions. Scored against a lower benchmark of 0 ug/m (EU target). Particulate matter Quantitative 0% Annual daily mean of PM 0 emissions. Scored against a lower benchmark of 0 ug/m (EU target). Sulfur dioxide Quantitative 0% Annual daily mean of SO emissions. Scored against a lower benchmark of 0 ug/m (EU target). Clean air policies Qualitative 0% An assessment of the extensiveness of policies Scored by Economist Intelligence Unit analysts to improve air quality. on a scale of 0 to 0. Green action plan Qualitative % An assessment of the ambitiousness and Scored by Economist Intelligence Unit analysts comprehensiveness of strategies to improve and on a scale of 0 to 0. monitor environmental performance. Green management Qualitative % An assessment of the management of environmental Scored by Economist Intelligence Unit analysts issues and commitment to achieving international on a scale of 0 to 0. environmental standards. Public participation Qualitative % An assessment of the extent to which citizens may Scored by Economist Intelligence Unit analysts in green policy participate in environmental decision-making. on a scale of 0 to 0. 9

11 Berlin Background indicators Population. million GDP per person (PPP) in,00 Administrative area in km 9 Share of industry / gross value added in % Average temperature in C 9 Berlin is not just the capital with a population of about. million, it s also the most heavily populated city in Germany. The city was divided by the famous Wall until 99. Quite apart from the political split, this meant that the city developed differently in East and West Berlin. Reunification in 990 had a vast effect on Berlin s ecological footprint, because the shutdown of most of East Berlin s industrial operations and the modernization of a large proportion of buildings since then has cut CO and other pollutant emissions substantially. Today, Berlin s economy is profoundly shaped by the service sector, particularly media companies, creative professions, and biosciences. The metals and electronics industry also plays an important role. Berlin is a popular travel destination, and has made a name for itself as a conference city. Compared to other German cities, however, Berlin must contend with relatively high unemployment, and must manage on a relatively low gross domestic product (GDP) of,00 per capita. Overall, the results for the German capital rank above. Specifically, its performance is above in six of the eight categories CO, buildings, transport, water, waste and land use, and air quality. What is remarkable is the genuinely low CO emissions of.6 metric tons per capita. These put Berlin in the lead for Germany, and make it one of only two German cities (along with Nuremberg) that scored above compared to the rest of Europe. Also noteworthy is the low energy consumption of residential buildings compared to the 0 other European cities. In the energy and environmental governance categories, however, Berlin is. The energy score is affected by the relatively low share of renewable energy sources as part of the overall energy consumption. But as the city increasingly turns to solar and biomass energy, the score may well im - prove in this area. CO emissions: Berlin scores above in this category, and along with Nuremberg is one of only two German cities to score at this level in comparison to the other European cities. With CO emissions of.6 metric tons per capita per year, Berlin leads the German pack, and is below the European of 6. metric tons. The good score in this category is also attributable to the city s ambitious CO reduction goals: by 00 it plans to cut emissions a total of 0% from the 990 figure. Berlin has already achieved its interim goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption % by 00. This has been the result of a variety of programs, such as energy efficiency retrofits of the building stock (especially in the former East Berlin), a changeover from coal-fired to gas-fired power plants, and a sharp reduction in coal furnaces, from 00,000 in 990 to fewer than 60,000 in 00. In addition, after the Wall came down, many unprofitable industrial operations were shut down, some of which had especially high CO emissions. The city also achieves good results for CO emissions per unit of GDP, with grams compared to the European of 6 grams. Green initiatives: To achieve its CO reduction goal, the city is trying to sign up businesses to join the Berlin Climate Alliance. The Alliance is a group of Berlin businesses and associations who are making a contribution to protect the climate. The partners support the City of Berlin in implementing the goals of the state s energy program. Numerous major Berlin industrial, utility and construction companies have al - ready joined the Alliance. : Berlin scores in the energy category. It made points with relatively low energy consumption: 6 gigajoules per capita, or.0 megajoules per euro of GDP. Both figures are below the of gigajoules and. megajoules for the European cities. Berlin benefits from Western Europe s largest district heating network,00 km, with a capacity of some,00 megawatts and serving more than 600,000 of the city s nearly two million households. According to 006 figures, however, % of the city s heating energy is still generated from coal. The relatively low proportion of re new able energy sources in the energy mix is another disadvantage. So far only.6% of the city s energy consumption comes from renewable sources, while the European is 6.%. The expansion of solar energy, however, has now been assigned a higher priority in the city, so that the share of renewable sources should rise in the future. Green initiatives: In December 009, the city s energy utility and a solar specialist inaugurated a pilot solar power plant at the site of the former Mariendorf gas works, with an initial capacity of 00 kilowatts. The partners are currently studying whether the plant can be expanded into Berlin s largest solar power station, with a capacity of as much as mega - watts. Performance CO Waste and land use Environmental governance well below below Overall results The order of the dots within the performance bands has no bearing on the cities results. -saving partnerships The Berlin -Saving Partnership was founded in 996 as a joint initiative by the city and the Berlin Agency. The - Saving Partnership guarantees enhanced energy efficiency in public buildings and energy savings averaging % per year, while the partners provide both expertise and financing. Over 6% of these savings go directly to the city budget, while the rest is used to modernize and optimize buildings. In return, the partners receive all savings in excess of the guaranteed amount. The newly installed systems remain the city s property. When the individual contracts expire after about twelve years, the city alone reaps the energy savings. The retrofitting of schools, child care centers, universities, administrative buildings and swimming pools has already saved the city million in energy costs. The initiative has made Berlin a prime example of energy-saving programs in public buildings. : In the buildings category, Berlin scores above. The city stands out especially for one of the lowest energy consumptions in residential buildings: 0 megajoules per square meter. That is the second-lowest figure in both Germany and all of Europe (only Stuttgart does better). By comparison, the European was megajoules. Berlin has invested massively in modernizing buildings since 990, especially in the former East Berlin, where there was a serious need to catch up in terms of building standards and energy efficiency. Over the past 0 years, energy consumption has de creased very substantially. Better insulation, the conversion from coal fur - naces to central heating and gas furnaces, and easier access to information about energy efficiency made it possible. For example, energy efficiency retrofits reduced energy consumption by Berlin industrialized apartment blocks from 0 kwh to 0 kwh per square meter per year. Green initiatives: To lend new momentum to energy efficiency and energy saving in the building stock, Climate Protection Partners, an Berlin Other German cities Other European cities above well above 0

12 alliance of ten Berlin business chambers and institutions, has awarded the Climate Protection Partner of the Year prize for outstanding climate protection projects every year since 00. From among the candidates in 00, the winners included a complete retrofit of the 00-year-old tropical plant house at the Botanical Garden. consumption was reduced more than 0% with technical measures like renovating the façades and adding insulation a real challenge for materials and technology given the necessary high humidity of 0%. : Berlin scored above in the transport category. As early as 00, the capital s mobil 00 urban development plan which is currently being updated had stated the goal of making the transportation system more environmentally friendly. This includes, for example, encouraging alternative means of Biogas for the city s truck fleet The Berliner Stadtreininigung waste disposal office is currently building a fermentation plant at the Ruhleben site with a capacity of 60,000 metric tons, to be operated with waste from the composting bins. The biogas system will produce about,000 metric tons of natural gas a year. After appropriate processing, the product will be used as a diesel replacement in the office s 0 garbage trucks. That will save about. million liters of diesel fuel. The number of vehicles is gradually to be more than doubled. transportation like buses, rail and bicycles, and reducing traffic jams. The local public transport network, at.0 km per square kilometer, may not be as well developed yet as in other European cities (. km), but gaps in the road and rail network between the eastern and western parts of the city have now been filled in. Today about % of Berliners take public transportation to work; compared to the nationwide of %, this is the secondbest score, after Munich. The bike path network measures.6 km per square kilometer of city territory, and is thus already a little longer than the European (. km). According to the city s latest estimates, % of the population walk or bike to work, roughly equal to the for all European cities studied. Green initiatives: To prevent traffic jams and keep street traffic moving even during rush hours, the up-to-date traffic control center monitors traffic over more than,00 km of streets, and coordinates traffic lights at roughly,000 intersections. It also monitors warning and notice signs called traffic management systems and they are switched manually from here as needed. In the local public transportation system, the Berliner Verkehrsbetriebe transportation agency supports the use of hydrogen as a fuel and has started applying this technology to its bus fleet to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Fourteen buses with hydrogen combustion engines have been in use in Charlottenburg and Spandau since 006. : Berlin is above in the water category. losses due to leakage in the pipeline network are just % the lowest value in Europe, and far below the European Index of 9%. Annual water consumption in Berlin is also quite low, at 6 cubic meters; the for the European cities is 9 cubic meters. The installation of water meters and the encouragement of water-conserving household appliances are something to be taken for granted in Berlin. These measures have had a demonstrably positive effect. Since 99, drinking water supplied and consumed has decreased significantly. Green initiatives: In 00 the Berliner Was - ser betriebe water company built a solar plant at the Tegel Works. With a collector area of about,00 square meters, this is Berlin s largest contiguous solar plant. The electricity is enough to pump drinking water for more than 6,000 Berliners out of the ground, purify it, and carry it to homes through the pipelines. Although the electricity from Tegel is fed into the general power grid, it serves primarily to cover the plant s own water delivery needs. Currently, the water company is tapping additional alternative energy sources. For example, it plans to make the Schönerlinde sewage treatment plant the first energy self-sufficient water treatment plant, starting in 0, by building three windmills with a total combined capacity of 6 mega watts. Waste and land use: Berlin scores above in waste and land use. It earned points with its recycling level, which at about 0% is well above the European of 6%. It is also remarkable that this level increased % from 00 to 00 because of a variety of measures. For example, the city provides a 0 liter composting bin, emptied weekly, for all large apartment buildings. There is a charge for emptying the bins, and their use is mandatory. The city also scores well in waste generated: at kg of waste per resident per year, the city is below the European of kg, and earned the third best score in Germany. Waste generation has decreased significantly in recent years, from. million metric tons in 99 to barely 900,000 tons in 00. In land use, Ber lin s Agenda specifies, among other requirements, that the amount of green space in heavily populated areas should be increased by at least 0% by 0. The program additionally provides that the waiting time for an allotment garden plot must be no more than one year, and that the city s own larger areas of land must be connected together with green corridors. Green initiatives: According to the 009 Berlin Area Use Plan of the Urban Development Office of the Senate Administration, strengthening the inner city as a residential and living center, with homes, jobs, culture and recreation on an equal par, is a strategic goal. The Tempelhof Field, measuring nearly 00 hectares, will become a new district with attractive apartments and many jobs, together with a park landscape that will round out the downtown range of open space and assist the city s climate for the long term. : In air quality, Berlin scores above the European. The city s air quality is carefully monitored and has greatly improved, especially because of the structural change away from industry and toward a service economy. Apart from ozone concentration, all figures included in this Index are below the European Quantitative indicators Eur. avg. = Average of a total of European and German cities studied; Ger. avg. = Average for only the German cities. * If a variety of data sources were consulted, the year indicated here refers only to the most important source; e = EIU estimate. The nitrogen dioxide concentration, for example, is micrograms per cubic meter in Berlin, compared to micrograms in the other European cities. The daily of annual particulate matter concentration, at micrograms, is also below the European, micrograms. But although annual particulate matter figures for 009 were within the allowable range, the tolerance limit, at days, was not maintained. Only days are allowed. As in many other cities, traffic is the main source of emissions in Berlin. It accounts for 0% of particulate matter emissions and 0% of nitrogen dioxide emissions. Green initiatives: Berlin has taken a number of steps to reduce emissions from transportation, including establishing an environmental zone in 00, intended to reduce vehicle emissions in the inner city. It has also outfitted city buses with particulate filters, and the Berlin Senate has encouraged the use of natural-gaspowered utility vehicles. Apart from reducing emissions with improved vehicle technologies, however, the city is also concentrating on traffic planning measures, such as optimizing traffic lights to ensure a more efficient traffic flow. Eur. avg. Ger. avg. Berlin Year* Source Environmental governance: Berlin scores for environmental governance. A positive factor is that the Berlin House of Delegates adopted the Local Agenda Berlin in 006, with the participation of politicians, citizens and business, thus approving an action program for sustainable urban development with the active involvement of the population. As a continuation of this program, twelve sustainability indicators were proposed in 00, on which a biennial data report reviewing the city s sustainable development is to be based on. But a negative factor is that the city has set and communicated clear goals for only a few environmental aspects. Green initiatives: Berlin is the only German city that is a member of the C0 Group. C0 is an association of 0 metropolises that have agreed to support climate protection. Through a partnership with the Clinton Climate Initiative, the C0 Group works to reduce emissions through greater energy efficiency. Additionally, since 00 Berlin has been a member of the Covenant of Mayors, a European Union initiative. This group has committed to outperform EU goals, and reduce greenhouse gases by more than the targeted 0% from 990 values by 00. Berlin plans to reduce its CO emissions 0% by 00. CO CO emissions per capita (metric tons/head) Berlin-Brandenburg Statistics Office CO emissions per unit of real GDP (g/ ) Berlin-Brandenburg Statistics Office CO reduction target by Environment Office of the Senate Administration consumption per capita (GJ/head) Berlin-Brandenburg Statistics Office consumption per unit of real GDP (MJ/ GDP) Berlin-Brandenburg Statistics Office Share of renewable energies in total energy consumption (%) Berlin-Brandenburg Statistics Office consumption of residential buildings (MJ/m ) Berlin-Brandenburg Statistics Office Share of population that walks or bikes to work (%) City of Berlin Share of population that takes public transportation to work (%) City of Berlin Length of bike path network (km/km ) Berlin Cycling Office; Berlin-Brandenburg Statistics Office Length of public transport network (km/km ) City of Berlin; Berlin-Brandenburg Statistics Office Annual water consumption per capita (m /head) Berlin-Brandenburg Statistics Office system leakages (%) Berlin-Brandenburg Statistics Office Dwellings connected to the sewage system (%) Berlin-Brandenburg Statistics Office Waste and Annual municipal waste generated per capita (kg/head) State of Berlin Waste Balance Sheet; Berlin-Brandenburg land use Statistics Office Recycling rate (%) State of Berlin Waste Balance Sheet Daily mean for annual nitrogen dioxide concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Daily mean for annual ozone concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Daily mean for annual particulate matter concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Daily mean for annual sulfur dioxide concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase

13 Bremen Background indicators Population,000 GDP per person (PPP) in 6,00 Administrative area in km Share of industry / gross value added in % Average temperature in C 9 Bremen is located in northwestern Germany, about 60 km south of the mouth of the Weser River. The city has a population of some 0,000, and like many other northern European cities, was a member of the historical trading Hansa League. Even today, this port city s economy remains traditionally dominated by trade, and a variety of logistics and transportation services are domiciled here. But science and industry also play a significant role; the latter contributes % of the city s gross value added. The largest local industries include aerospace, automobiles and steel. The city is also home to major breweries and coffee roasters. With an estimated gross domestic product (GDP) of 6,00 per capita, Bremen is in the medium range of the twelve German cities studied. Bremen scores above overall in the German Green City Index. It scores above in buildings, transport, water, waste and land use, air quality and environmental governance, but is in CO emissions and below aver- age in energy very largely a consequence of industry s large CO emissions and heavy energy consumption, especially in the steelmaking industry. But the city can point to a very low per capita water consumption compared to the eleven other German cities, and the thirdlongest network of bike paths. Bremen also scored well in waste, with one of the country s lowest levels of waste generated per person and the second-highest level of recycling. CO emissions: Bremen scores for CO emissions, most significantly because the city s CO emissions come to.9 metric tons per capita the highest of any of the European cities, and well above the European of 6. metric tons. CO figures per unit of GDP, at 9 grams per euro generated, are also well above the European of 6 grams. According to city government, 9% of the CO emissions come from industry (9% from the steel industry alone), % from homes, and % from transportation. On the other hand, Bremen scored points for its ambitious CO reduction goal (see green initiatives ). Green initiatives: In December 009, the Bremen city government approved the fourth version of its 00 Climate Protection and Plan, which prescribes the goals for the next few years. The primary goal is to reduce CO emissions 0% by 00 from the 990 figure. The city has adopted a number of measures to achieve the goal: promoting clean energy (especially wind power), expanding district heating, saving energy in existing residential buildings, municipal buildings and businesses, and monitoring CO emissions better. Bremen residents are also to get better information and be better advised about energy-saving and climate-protection programs. Moreover, the city has founded the Bremen Consensus climate protection agency, which is supposed to point out how to use energy more efficiently and thus cut CO emissions and energy consumption. For example, the agency promotes model projects, coordinates publicity campaigns, and provides information to specialists and consumers. : Bremen scores below in energy. One reason is its high energy consumption of gigajoules per capita per year, the highest in Europe. By comparison, the for the European cities studied was gigajoules. However, % of this energy consumption is attributable to the steel industry. If that consumption is subtracted, the energy consumption is around 9 gigajoules. If energy consumption (including the steel industry) is set relative to economic output, at.6 megajoules per unit of GDP Bremen is only slightly above the European of. megajoules. Renewables share of the energy mix is only 0.%, well below the other European cities ( 6.%). A positive factor, however, is that Bremen is actively promoting clean forms of energy, for example by increasing the use of renewable sources like wind and water power. Green initiatives: In April 00, Bremen was the first German city to sign up for the LED City Program, with the aim of expanding the use of LED lamps in the city s infrastructure. LED lamps save energy, reduce maintenance costs and offer better-quality light than conventional light sources for urban lighting. The city also recently launched a pilot project to replace compact fluorescent lamps with LED lamps. By converting to LED lamps, the city hopes to cut its lighting costs by about one-third. In its 00 action plan to reduce CO emissions, the city acknowledges the potential of district heating, and has now developed its first specific plans. The district heating network is first to be expanded further on the basis of coal-fired power plants. Then the heat collected in waste recycling will be used more extensively to generate electricity and heating energy. Further goals include better use of waste heat from the local steel industry, and a more extensive use of combined heating and power plants in industry and in large housing projects. Bremen is already looking at several possible projects that could save about 0,000 metric tons of CO a year. : Bremen comes out above in the buildings category. consumption in residential buildings, at megajoules per square meter, is below the of megajoules for the European cities. As part of its climate policy, the city offers financial incentives to improve heat insulation in existing Performance CO Waste and land use Environmental governance well below below Overall results The order of the dots within the performance bands has no bearing on the cities results. Efficient pumps at the steel mill Bremen Steelworks, in cooperation with the German Agency (DENA) and three pump manufacturers, has swapped out large numbers of electric pumps at its steel mill for energy-efficient versions. The change was made as part of the DENA s initiative to install more energy efficient pumping systems in industry and commerce, which is intended to show how energy-efficiency programs can be carried out relatively quickly and easily in businesses. While the steelworks electric power consumption is low relative to its demand for heat, the electricity savings are substantial: by using energy-efficient pumps, the steelworks saves. million kilowatt-hours a year, equivalent to the energy demand from about 60 four-person households. buildings. Since 99 it has financed more than,000 projects, and made million available (see below). The city also supports the Modernize Bremen initiative, which provides citizens with information about improving building efficiency. Green initiatives: Bremen has recognized that buildings have great energy-saving potential. For that reason, the fourth version of the Bremen Other German cities Other European cities above well above

14 Climate Protection and Program for 00 calls for improving the energy efficiency of existing buildings. In 00 the city s Senate approved a program for energy-efficient building rehabilitation in public facilities and made. million available for the purpose. New public buildings are normally to be built to the passive house standard. Even more, to encourage energy-awareness, the city set up the voluntary /plus program for schools, with the aim of influencing user habits and reducing energy and water consumption in buildings. Caretakers ensure that building systems are operating at their best, and teachers teach students energy-aware behavior within and in cooperation with their school. The program has been a success: a total of 00 schools in Bremen and nearby Bremerhaven are in - volved in the project, and their substantial cuts in energy and water consumption reduced CO emissions from more than 6,000 metric tons in 9 to about,00 tons in 009. A massive expansion of wind power Bremen is planning on assuming a leading position in promoting renewable energy sources in Northern Germany. One emphasis is on wind power. The city current operates eight wind farms, and plans to add six more by 00. Since 009, Bremen has supported the new Fraunhofer Institute for Wind and Systems Technology in Bremerhaven to advance wind power research. Another emphasis is generating energy from water power. By the end of 0 Bremen plans to complete a 0 million, 0 megawatt hydroelectric plant on the Weser River, which is expected to generate million kilowatt-hours of ecologically sound electricity per year, and to supply,000 homes. : Bremen scores above on transport. The city is making an effort to make biking and local public transport more attractive in various ways. The network of bike paths, at. km per square kilometer, is already significantly more extensive than the -city European (. km). However, the local public transport network, at. km per square kilometer, is a bit shorter than in many other European cities studied (. km). Onequarter of the Bremen population walks or bikes to work, and another % use public transportation. For comparison, the European is % pe destrians or bikers and % users of the bus or rail. Bremen is also making an effort to reduce traffic congestion, and has installed an electronic traffic monitoring system that allows it to control traffic flexibly. Depending on the level of traffic, different speed limits are signaled to drivers by way of electronic switchboards. In other places, signal boards in the parking control system steer drivers toward available parking spaces. Green initiatives: To relieve downtown traffic congestion, Bremen has set up what it calls mobile point stations. Short-term rental cars are available at these stations, which are near bus and streetcar stops or taxi stands. Customers of this car-sharing initiative can park their rental car there and board other forms of transportation directly. The city reports that the initiative is a great success. A study of the first two mobile point stations showed that 0 new car sharing customers were enlisted for the ten car sharing cars at the two stations, at the same time eliminating 90 private cars. By now the initiative has recruited some,00 private and business customers. Another innovative car sharing initiative, e-carall, is currently being tested in Bremen by the Personal Mobility Center, the project center for the Bremen-Oldenburg Electromobility Model Region. Private individuals can apply to be the caretaker or user of an electric car. The cars are distributed among residential areas, charged up by the caretakers, and made available to users for short trips. : In the water category, Bremen scores above. The annual per capita water consumption of cubic meters, as for the eleven other German cities, is well below the European of about 9 cubic meters. The share of water lost to system leakage is % in Bremen, likewise well below the for the European cities studied (9%). Green initiatives: Since January 0, Bremen has had separate sewage fees for household sewage and rainwater. This makes it possible for the city to encourage handling precipitation water ecologically, letting it percolate into the ground naturally instead of channeling it into the sewer system. Additionally, the city encourages rainwater collection, and provides grants of up to,000 per household to install rainwater collection tanks. The only requirement is that the water must be used for flushing toilets and at least one other application, such as watering gardens. Waste and land use: Bremen scores above in waste and land use, and is one of the best German and European cities, with a relatively low waste accumulation and one of the highest recycling rates. The city produces 0 kg of waste per capita less than the for European cities ( kg). This is also the second-lowest waste generation of the eleven other German cities, following Leipzig. The recycling rate, at %, is the second highest in Germany and the third highest in Europe. The European here is only 6%. Green initiatives: The Bremen city government encourages infill on unbuilt land in areas that have already been built up a significantly more environmentally-friendly alternative to building in green space, and also a brake on urban sprawl. Another advantage: unlike newly built areas, where entirely new infrastructures must be installed, infill buildings can tie into existing infrastructure. More than,000 apart - ments have been built in this way since the initiative was launched in 990 about half the new apartments built in the city since that date. Some,000 infill spaces are still available inside and outside town. : Bremen scores above in the air quality category. Except for ozone, the figures for all air pollutants that the study looked at are below the Index. Bremen s nitrogen dioxide concentration is micrograms per cubic meter; the for the European cities is micrograms. Particulate values, at 0 micrograms per cubic meter, are likewise below the European of micrograms. The figures for sulfur dioxide are similar: at an of. micrograms per cubic meter per year, they too are below the European of 6. micrograms. Ozone, however, at mi cro grams, is slightly higher in Bremen than in the other European cities (0 micrograms ). Quantitative indicators Eur. avg. = Average of a total of European and German cities studied; Ger. avg. = Average for only the German cities. * If a variety of data sources were consulted, the year indicated here refers only to the most important source; e = EIU estimate Green initiatives: As in many other German cities, street traffic makes a significant contribution to air pollution in Bremen. For that reason, the city is concentrating its air quality improvement efforts on this area. In 009 Bremen introduced an environmental zone that can be entered only by cars and trucks that comply with a certain exhaust standard. Vehicles that emit high levels of pollutants are prohibited. This mainly applies to diesel vehicles and gasoline-engine cars without an adjusted catalytic converter. Bremen also encourages buying natural-gas-powered vehicles, which emit 0% less nitrogen dioxide than vehicles under the Euro IV standard. Bremen residents receive up to 00 to retrofit a conventional car for natural gas. Environmental governance: Bremen scores above in environmental governance. The city published an up-to-date environmental status report in 0 that includes a comprehensive stocktaking of the environmental situation. It will be updated every four years. A drawback is that apart from CO reduction, no clear goals for other areas of the environment have been defined. But a positive factor is an innovative city service online as a place for citizens to consult on environmental matters. Current ideas or complaints are published on the Eur. avg. Ger. avg. Bremen Year* Source city s website, and citizens can track the status of their complaints using a traffic-light system. Green initiatives: The Hansa city s Office for the Environment, Construction, Traffic and Europe has been implementing the European Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) since 00. EMAS is subdivided into several phases: adopting an environmental guideline, performing an eco-audit, and determining an effective environmental management system. The Office has not only established the EMAS system s principles within its own sphere, but also encourages the introduction of EMAS and other environmental management systems at local companies and organizations. CO CO emissions per capita (metric tons/head) Bremen State Statistics Office CO emissions per unit of real GDP (g/ ) Bremen State Statistics Office CO reduction target by City of Bremen consumption per capita (GJ/head) Bremen State Statistics Office consumption per unit of real GDP (MJ/ GDP) Bremen State Statistics Office Share of renewable energies in total energy consumption (%) Bremen State Statistics Office consumption of residential buildings (MJ/m ) e 006 EIU Estimate, based on the following data: Bremen State Statistics Office; Eurostat Urban Audit; Berlin-Brandenburg Statistics Office; Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein Statistics Office Share of population that walks or bikes to work (%) Eurostat Urban Audit Share of population that takes public transportation to work (%) Eurostat Urban Audit Length of bike path network (km/km ) Senator for Environment, Construction, Traffic and Europe; Bremen State Statistics Office Length of public transport network (km/km ) Bremer Strassenbahn AG; Bremen State Statistics Office Annual water consumption per capita (m /head) Bremen State Statistics Office system leakages (%) SWB (utility company) Dwellings connected to the sewage system (%) Bremen State Statistics Office Waste and Annual municipal waste generated per capita (kg/head) Senator for Environment, Construction, Traffic and Europe land use Waste Balance Sheet; Bremen State Statistics Office Recycling rate (%) Senator for Environment, Construction, Traffic and Europe Waste Balance Sheet Daily mean for annual nitrogen dioxide concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Daily mean for annual ozone concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Daily mean for annual particulate matter concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Daily mean for annual sulfur dioxide concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase 6

15 Cologne Background indicators Population.0 million GDP per person (PPP) in,00 Administrative area in km 0 Share of industry / gross value added in % Average temperature in C 0 With a population of just over one million, Cologne is Germany s fourth-largest city and the largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia. Cologne s five Rhine harbors make it Germany s second-largest river port as well as an important trade center and transshipment point for rail and barge traffic. The local economy is dominated by the service sector above all banking and insurance, research and development, trade fairs, tourism, and media enterprises. Industry, on the other hand primarily the food, chemical, and automotive industries contribute only % to Cologne s gross value added, the lowest percentage among all the German cities studied. Cologne s per capita gross domestic product (GDP) of,00 puts it in the middle of the pack among the German cities. Cologne s overall ranking in the German Green City Index is. The city earns a mark of above in the categories of transport and water, posting for example the second-highest share of the population that commutes to work using environmentally friendly modes of transport on foot or by bicycle. Cologne ranks in the other categories. Cologne lagged behind other German cities in embracing cli- mate protection. It wasn t until February 00 that Cologne presented a Sustainable Action Plan to meet the climate protection commitments of the Climate Alliance and the European Union s Covenant of Mayors. CO emissions: Cologne ranks in the category of CO emissions. The city emits 0.0 metric tons of CO per capita each year, well above the of 6. metric tons among the European cities. To turn this situation around, Cologne has committed to the CO reduction targets put forward by the Climate Alliance and the European Union s Covenant of Mayors. Cities in the Climate Alliance seek to lower their CO emissions by 0% every five years. The Sustainable Action Plan reports CO reductions of nearly 0% in the period from 990 to 00, achieved primarily by replacing the energy sources of coal and fuel oil with natural gas. Cologne scores relatively well when CO emissions are examined relative to economic output: at 6 grams per euro of GDP, it lies below the of 6 grams in the European cities. Green initiatives: The local utility company has a pilot project underway to examine the potential of using wood chips for energy production. In its very own energy forest, the company is planting fast-growing poplars that can be cut down and processed into wood chips after just three years. These wood chips are then used as fuel. The process is regarded as carbon-neutral, since the volume of carbon dioxide emitted during combustion is equal to the volume absorbed by the trees during their growth. : Cologne scores in the category of energy. At gigajoules per capita, the city consumes much more energy than the in the European cities ( gigajoules). But Cologne has acknowledged the need for action, and in 00, it presented its Sustainable Action Plan to reduce energy consumption. The plan begins by presenting a rough comparison of energy consumption and CO emissions in 990 and 00. A concrete plan of action will then be developed over the next two years. Cologne s energy consumption relative to its economic output at. megajoules per euro of GDP is far below the European of. megajoules. Green initiatives: The local utility company has allocated 0 million to expand district heating capacity by another 0 megawatts a year until 00 as part of the & Climate 00 environmental initiative. This is equivalent to heating some,000 single-family homes or,000 households. Currently, some 0,000 house holds in Cologne get district heating through a 0-kilometer network. : Cologne ranks in the buildings category. The energy consumption of Cologne s residential building stock is relatively high at,6 megajoules per square meter. The residential building in the European cities uses just megajoules. Cologne s figure is actually the highest in Germany. The city of Cologne tightened its energy guidelines in 00 after the latest energy report found a consistent upward trend in the overall energy costs of municipal institutions since 00. The resolution calls for the application of the energy-saving passive house standard to all new municipal construction projects. Although the city does not subsidize climate protection measures in new construction and renovation projects, it does provide information on funding options from the federal and state government and other sources. Green initiatives: Cologne s largest municipal housing association completely renovated units in Cologne-Ossendorf as part of a modernization project. A total of million was invested in the houses, which were built in 96. The units have now been completely heat-insulated to meet low-energy standards. Photovoltaic systems installed on the roofs generate energy that is fed into the grid. The old electrical heating system has been replaced by wood pellet heating supported by a solar installation to provide heat. The energy overhaul reduced the heating costs from nearly per square meter of living space to some 0.0. Performance CO Waste and land use Environmental governance well below below Overall results The order of the dots within the performance bands has no bearing on the cities results. Climate model In October 009, Cologne joined the envi - ronmental agency of North Rhine-Westphalia and the German Weather Service in launching a project to develop a new mathematical climate model for the city. The idea was to simulate the consequences of climate change for Cologne. Experts predict that the city will experience both higher tem - peratures and higher levels of precipitation in the future, for example. The computer model is designed to give policymakers a basis for taking action against the effects of climate change such as an increased risk of flooding and its consequences for the drainage and sewer system. : Cologne ranks above in the transport category. The city has an expansive network of bike paths with.0 km per square kilometer, much longer than the in the European cities (. km). And it is heavily used: % of the population of Cologne walks or bicycles to work the second-highest figure in Germany and much higher than the European of %. The share of residents who commute using public transport is relatively low at %, however, compared to the European of %. But the public transport network of.9 km per square kilometer is also shorter than the European (. km). Cologne scores points for its efforts to Cologne Other German cities Other European cities above well above 9

16 0 Ecoprofit Cologne The Ecoprofit Cologne initiative seeks to motivate local businesses to adopt resourceand energy-saving programs. A total of businesses took part in the first round of the initiative in 00, which focused on saving water and energy and reducing waste and emissions. Businesses received advice and support from the city and academic experts. The city hopes that the initiative will lead to more efficient business workflows and a closer relationship between the city and local businesses when it comes to promoting sustainable energies. reduce traffic congestion for its city park & ride system, for example, or the widespread use of traffic control systems. The latter is particularly important, since several federal highways in and around Cologne produce high traffic volumes. Green initiatives: Some 0,000 people commute into the city each day, while about 90,000 commute out of the city. To deal with the commuter volume more efficiently, the city of Cologne joined the Commuter Network in 00. Commuters go to the Commuter Network portal to look for other commuters or join existing carpools. Essen is also making use of this online service. The city is also receiving support from the Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment, and in developing further programs designed to make transportation more climate-friendly. As with the Sustainable Action Plan, the first step is to draw up an energy and CO balance sheet for transportation. : Cologne scores above in the water category. Cologne s per capita annual water consumption of 66 cubic meters is much lower than the of the European cities (9 cubic meters). The water loss of % from leakage in the supply system is also below the European of 9%. In Germany, however, Cologne had the second-highest rate of loss only Leipzig was higher. Cologne intends to upgrade old pipelines to further reduce losses and improve the water supply system. Green initiatives: The local utility company is installing smart meters in 00 to 00 households in four Cologne neighborhoods. Smart meters measure electricity, gas, and water usage in the households and show the total costs of the resources on a digital display. The hope is that this real-time data will motivate consumers to curb their usage. The pilot project is supposed to help determine whether it makes sense to install the smart meters throughout the city starting this year. Waste and land use: Cologne scores aver age in the waste and land use category. The city produces some 6 kg of waste per capita each year; the in the European cities is kg. The recycling rate of % is higher than the European of 6% but below the of % among the twelve German cities studied. The city s ambitions regarding land use and above all green space are noteworthy. Cologne has abundant natural areas some 0 square kilometers covering % of the ur - ban area. Much of this is in the form of a greenbelt surrounding the city. Cologne is working to protect this greenbelt through measures such as building restrictions on the city s perimeter. Green initiatives: The city partnered with local businesses to launch the Forest Laboratory reforestation project in March 00. The purpose of the lab is to study which trees can best withstand the effects of climate change. The partners seek insight into what tomorrow s forests will look like and how they can best be maintained and managed. : Cologne ranks in the air quality category. The measured levels of air pollutants are all moderate. This can be attributed primarily to Cologne s economic structure, which is based largely on the service sector. The city needs to pay close attention to its levels of nitrogen dioxide, however: measurements in 00 showed a concentration that regularly exceeded the thresholds allowed in Germany and the EU. Cologne s daily of annual nitrogen dioxide is micrograms per cubic meter, above the of micrograms in the European cities. The sulfur dioxide concentrations of. micrograms per cubic meter per day are also slightly above the European of 6. micrograms. Annual particulate matter levels of micrograms per cubic meter, on the other hand, remain below the European of micrograms. The same is true of ozone concentrations, which at micrograms are below the European Index of 0 micrograms. Green initiatives: The city s comprehensive clean air plan is currently focused on automobile traffic for two reasons: First, traffic is regarded as the largest source of air pollution. And second, it is the easiest source to fight. Measures include a ban on high-emission vehicles in the city center ( environmental zone ) and a smart traffic control system that manages traffic lights to reduce congestion and gridlock. There are also plans to redirect vehicles onto less-traveled Quantitative indicators transit corridors. The current measures ran through the end of 00. If the findings show no definitive improvement in air quality, other measures will follow. Residents are also encouraged to use public transportation more often or carpool. Other plans include expanding the park & ride program, shifting heavy transport loads to rail, and improving traffic flow. Environmental governance: Cologne ranks in the environmental governance category. Many aspects of the city s environmental governance leave room for improvement. Cologne is the only city in the German Index, for example, that does not publish an environmental report with a comprehensive assessment of the environmental situation. Eur. avg. Ger. avg. Cologne Year* Source CO CO emissions per capita (metric tons/resident) City of Cologne CO emissions per unit of real GDP (g/ ) City of Cologne CO reduction target by City of Cologne Eur. avg. = Average of a total of European and German cities studied; Ger. avg. = Average for only the German cities. * If a variety of data sources were consulted, the year indicated here refers only to the most important source; e = EIU estimate. ) Current CO reduction target is 0% by 00. ) Estimate based on energy consumption of City of Cologne. ) Figure for the state of North Rhine Westphalia. ) Figure represents the of one measurement station in a central urban location close to traffic and two measurement stations in non-central urban locations. ) Figure is the of two measurement stations in non-central urban locations. Moreover, there was no evidence of a comprehensive strategy covering all key aspects of environmental policy. At the beginning of 00, however, the city did announce plans to develop an integrated climate protection plan over a period of two years. Green initiatives: For over 0 years, the city of Cologne has regularly offered an environmental protection award to encourage citizens to share their creative ideas for the environment. The objective is to sensitize the population to environmental concerns. The award honors achievements in various areas of environmental protection: projects to preserve the countryside, ideas to reduce waste, or new environmental technologies. consumption per capita (GJ/resident) e 00 EIU estimate based on Rheinergie data consumption per unit of real GDP (MJ/ GDP)...9 e 00 EIU estimate based on Rheinergie data Share of renewable energies in total energy consumption (%) e 00 ITNRW consumption by residential buildings (MJ/m ) ,66. e 00 ITNRW Share of population that walks or bikes to work (%) City of Cologne Share of population that takes public transport to work (%) City of Cologne Length of bike path network (km/km ) Eurostat Urban Audit Length public transport network (km/km ) KVB; Cologne Statistical Almanac Annual water consumption per capita (m /resident) Cologne Wastewater Office; Cologne Statistical Almanac system leakages(%)..6.9 e 00 NRW Information and Technology Dwellings connected to the sewage system (%) Cologne Wastewater Office Waste and Annual municipal waste generated per capita (kg/head) NRW State Office of the Environment land use Recycling rate (%) NRW State Office of the Environment Daily mean for annual nitrogen dioxide concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Daily mean for annual ozone concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Daily mean for annual particulate matter concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Daily mean for annual sulfur dioxide concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase

17 Green initiatives: The 60-Point Plan that Essen introduced in 009 includes a wider use of renewable energy sources in municipal buildings, and an improvement of energy efficiency at businesses. The city government has also begun taking climate protection factors into account when it invests in goods or equipment. One example is the replacement of conventional traffic lights with LED systems. Private households are also being encouraged to adopt more environmentally friendly habits: in 00 alone, conversions of households from coal, oil or electric heating to natural gas saved more than,000 metric tons of CO. : Essen scores in energy. consumption per capita, at 0 gigajoules, is above the gigajoule for the European metropolises. In terms of energy consumption, at. megajoules consumed per euro of GDP, Essen is well below the European of. megajoules, but above the Ger- space to interested citizens who wish to invest in building solar installations. They can pay into a fund that finances the installation of solar collectors, for example on school roofs. According to the city, over a 0-year term, investors can expect a yield of to % per year. The first three solar projects were implemented in 009, and solar collectors were built on the roofs of more schools in 00. : Essen scores above in buildings. consumption in residential buildings (6 megajoules per square meter) is a bit higher than the European ( megajoules). But the energy efficiency standards, similarly to the eleven other German cities, are relatively high compared to the other European metropolises, with a positive impact on the overall result. However, the city offers few financial incentives to improve the energy efficiency of existing buildings. Yet it is making efforts to raise residents awareness of conserving energy in buildings. Prize for ecological improvements The city has announced a prize of 0,000 for the best citizen environmental initiative. The award will go to the concept that makes an especially sustainable contribution toward protecting the environment in Essen. The prize money is provided by the Essen Disposal Companies, which are responsible for the city s waste disposal. Small businesses, organizations and private individuals are eligible to participate. There are no limits on the suggestions all ideas are welcome, from reducing energy consumption, to reducing waste, to making use of rainwater. Essen Background indicators Population 0,000 GDP per person (PPP) in,00 Administrative area in km 0 Share of industry / gross value added in % Average temperature in C 0 The city of Essen has a population of about 0,000 and is located in what is probably Germany s most important industrial region, the Ruhr area. This metropolitan region of cities and other municipalities and a population of about. million is the most densely populated conurbation in Europe. The largest cities in Essen s immediate vicinity include Mülheim, Oberhausen, Duisburg and Dortmund, with a total population of about two million. Coal was first mined in Essen in 0; the city later developed into an important center of the steel industry. In, the Krupp family founded Germany s first steel casting mill here. Structural change has greatly decreased the importance of coal and steel, but industry still ac counts for % of gross value added the second highest of any of the twelve German cities in the study. Service companies, the healthcare industry, and major utility companies, with their administrative centers, are other important employers. With a per capita gross domestic product (GDP) of,00, Essen is below the of 0,900 for German cities. Industry has a significant influence on the environmental performance of Essen and its region. Essen ranks overall in the Index; it is below in CO emissions, and above in buildings, transport, water, waste and land use, and environmental governance. Essen also has the second highest share of renewable energy among German cities, and has the country s third longest public transport network. CO emissions: In CO emissions, Essen ranks below, particularly because of the high level of emissions from industry. Per capita CO emissions are 0. metric tons, above the of 9. tons for the twelve German cities, and far above the 6. tons per capita for the European cities. The city emits grams of CO per euro generated, and is thus slightly above the European of 6 grams. Essen s accession to the European Climate Alliance, Europe s largest network of cities for climate protection, is praiseworthy. As a member, the city has set ambitious CO reduction goals. Emissions are to be cut 0% every five years, per capita emissions are to be cut in half from 990 levels by 00, and over the long term, emissions are to be reduced to. metric tons per resident. This is all to be possible through extensive energy efficiency measures and a wider use of renewable energy sources. A first step in this direction is a 60-Point Plan, which Essen presented in 009 as part of the Integrated and Climate Concept, and intends to implement by 0. man of. megajoules. The city is making an effort to promote clean, efficient energy sources. And it s working: the share of renewable energy sources is.%, above the European (6.%). In fact, this is the second highest figure among the twelve German cities. Combined heating and power generation is also being encouraged. For example, at the waste incineration facility in Essen-Karnap, the city uses waste to generate energy. The plant generates heat and power simultaneously, which is significantly more efficient. The generated heat is then fed into the Ruhr district heating system. Green initiatives: To increase the share of renewable energies, the city offers its own roof Green initiatives: In the special Thermography campaign in the winter of 006/00, the city of Essen offered residents a chance to get low-cost thermographic snapshots of their buildings exteriors, made with a thermal camera. Several hundred residents took up the offer to get a better idea of their houses weak points a first step toward an energy rehabilitation of the buildings. In addition, since 00 the Environmental Office of the City of Essen has been working with the North Rhine-Westphalian Ministry of the Economy to acknowledge buildings that conserve energy especially well. Owners receive a plaque that can be applied conspicuously to the façade to point up the building s especially good energy quality. By Performance CO Waste and land use Environmental governance well below below Overall results The order of the dots within the performance bands has no bearing on the cities results. now, dozens of buildings in several categories have won awards, for example for especially low heating energy demand (a passive house, three liter house, rehabilitated building), or for using renewable energy sources (photovoltaic, solar collectors, heat pumps, biomass). : Essen scores above in the transport category. The city encourages the use of bicycles, buses and rail with a well-developed network of local public transportation and bike paths. With. km per square kilometer, Essen has substantially more bike paths than the for all European cities (. km). The bus and rail network, at. km, is likewise longer than in most of the other European cities Essen Other German cities Other European cities above well above

18 studied (. km). In fact, it is the third best among the German cities. Nevertheless, 69% of the population drives to work a high figure compared to the rest of Europe. Here, however, it must also be taken into account that as a traffic node in the Ruhr region, Essen has one of the densest networks of freeways and other highways in Germany, which encourages car use. Another % of the population walks or bikes to work (European %), and 0% of the residents use public transport (European %). For these reasons, the city intends to make using local public transportation, as well as walking and biking, more attractive (see green initiatives ). Green initiatives: As a part of its integrated energy and climate concept, the city is paying special attention to expanding more environmentally-friendly means of transportation. It has decided that encouraging biking is especially important: by improving the bicycle infrastructure, and with public relations work, the city intends to create an incentive for residents to use cars less. One Essen city initiative along this line is expanding walking and biking paths on former railroad right-of-ways. Only recently it opened a new km bike path from the university to the city limits. This is part of a regional bike path that is expected to extend as far as Duisburg and elsewhere. Another initiative to reduce commuter vehicles is the free Commuter Network Web portal ( which is run by a private company. Drivers in work traffic especially tend to drive alone or with very few passengers. To change that, anyone interested can Heat Vision 00 Essen is currently working out its Heat Vision 00. The document is first intended to record the current energy consumption and current CO emissions from buildings, and then to prepare projections for the year 00. The Vision will help support city government in deciding on the right measures to improve energy efficiency and conserve energy. Examples include optimized heat insulation or a variety of technical innovations. Essen is developing Heat Vision 00 jointly with power utilities, consumers and environmental groups. look on the portal for rides or passengers to share the commute. : Essen scores above in water. Similarly to the other German cities, per capita water consumption, at 6 cubic meters per year, is a third lower than the of 9 cu bic meters for the European cities studied. lost to leakage in the distribution system, at %, is also well below the European of 9%. Green initiatives: Allbau AG, located in Essen, owns more than,000 residential buildings all around the city. It s now planning to install rainwater cisterns in its buildings. The collected rainwater will be used to flush toilets and for washing machines. If precipitation is heavy, the water will be diverted to surrounding gardens, not into the city s sewer system. That not only saves fresh water, but lowers energy consumption for water purification. Tenants in turn benefit from lower water charges thanks to the use of rainwater. Waste and land use: Essen scores above in waste and land use. Although the city generates more waste, at kg per capita, than the -city European of kg, it recycles % of its total and has extensive measures to reduce waste. By comparison, the European recycling rate is only 6%. The city s green land use policies are also exemplary, including both improvements of existing green space and opening up new areas. For example, Essen is planning a network of green spaces and waterways. Green initiatives: The 0-hectare Krupp Belt near Essen s center was closed off to the public for 00 years. The center of town and the Altendorf district were separated by an industrial zone. Now the site is open to everyone. The city government and ThyssenKrupp Real Estate have created a new neighborhood out of the formerly idle land. Extensive green spaces have also been installed in the area, including a park measuring 0,000 square meters, landscaped hills, and a 9,00-square-meter lake fed by rainwater. Additional offices and a hotel are planned as the next construction projects. : Essen scores in air quality. Mean ozone and nitrogen dioxide concentrations are slightly above the s for all the German and European cities in the study, particularly because of two factors. First, the economy of Essen and its environs is heavily influenced by industry. And second, there is heavy traffic be cause of the dense network of freeways and other highways. Essen has an especially high sulfur dioxide concentration the highest German value, at.0 micrograms per cubic meter, and far above the European of 6. micrograms per cubic meter. Green initiatives: To improve air quality, the city government has launched a More Green, More Climate initiative. It has the goal of protecting green space in and around Essen by making residents more aware of the importance of such areas. The campaign especially promotes the attractions and ecological importance of forests, fields and water bodies, which according to Essen government make up about half of the city s territory. Quantitative indicators Environmental governance: Essen comes in above in environmental governance. An especially positive factor is that the city fully involves its residents in political decisions on the environment. For example, public opinion was extensively consulted in the redesign of the Krupp Belt. Also in 009, the Our City, Our Climate campaign was launched to raise environmental awareness among the population. However, the city does less well in green city management. It gathers only some statistical data on its environmental performance. There are also no regular publications on the extent to which environmental programs have been implemented. Green initiatives: To make clear the importance of programs to combat climate change, Essen is training interested residents as climate ambassadors. Their job is to raise their fellow residents awareness of environmental issues, for example by informing them about rehabilitating buildings, using more renewable forms of energy, or saving energy and protecting the environment at work. Some climate ambassadors were specially trained at the Essen People s University to explain the importance of climate protection to school children. They or - ganize small environmental projects at schools, for example, where children can become actively involved and learn to think and act with an awareness of the environment. Like other cities, Essen has also introduced an Ecological Project for Integrated Environmental Technology (known as Ecoprofit for short) a cooperative project among environmental agencies and groups and local private businesses. The project finances workshops and encourages the exchange of specialized knowledge about matters of the environment and costs. The 0 participating businesses have identified and assessed about 0 specific measures to im prove protection of the environment. Eur. avg. Ger. avg. Essen Year* Source CO CO emissions per capita (metric tons/head) e 00 Unsere Stadt. Unser Klima.de (Our City, Our Climate); NRW State Database CO emissions per unit of real GDP (g/ ) e 00 Unsere Stadt. Unser Klima.de (Our City, Our Climate); Bremen Statistics; EIU CO reduction target by Unsere Stadt. Unser Klima.de (Our City, Our Climate) consumption per capita (GJ/head) City of Essen CO Balance Sheet; NRW State Database consumption per unit of real GDP (MJ/ GDP) City of Essen CO Balance Sheet; Bremen Statistics Share of renewable energies in total energy consumption (%) City of Essen CO Balance Sheet consumption of residential buildings (MJ/m ) City of Essen CO Balance Sheet; NRW State Database Share of population that walks or bikes to work (%) Eurostat Urban Audit Share of population that takes public transportation to work (%) Eurostat Urban Audit Length of bike path network (km/km ) City of Essen, Office of Urban Planning and Construction Code; NRW State Database Length of public transport network (km/km ) Eurostat Urban Audit; NRW State Database Annual water consumption per capita (m /head) Office of Elections, Statistics and Urban Research of the City of Essen; NRW State Database system leakages (%)..6.9 e 00 Information und Technik NRW Dwellings connected to the sewage system (%) NRW State Database Waste and Annual municipal waste generated per capita (kg/head) City of Essen, Environmental Office land use Recycling rate (%) City of Essen, Environmental Office Daily mean for annual nitrogen dioxide concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Daily mean for annual ozone concentration (µg/m ) NRW State Office for Nature, the Environment and Consumer Protection Daily mean for annual particulate matter concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Daily mean for annual sulfur dioxide concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Eur. avg. = Average of a total of European and German cities studied; Ger. avg. = Average for only the German cities. * If a variety of data sources were consulted, the year indicated here refers only to the most important source; e = EIU estimate, ) Calculation of CO emissions is based on the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach. This approach is more extensive than the measurement method for other cities, and includes all emissions from the upstream chains of energy production. ) Current CO reduction target is 0% every years. ) Estimate for the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. ) Measurement station is located in the urban background.

19 Frankfurt Background indicators Population 6,000 GDP per person (PPP) in 66,00 Administrative area in km Share of industry / gross value added in % 6 Average temperature in C 0 Statistically, Frankfurt ranks fifth in population among all German cities. Its roughly 60,000 residents generate a real per capita gross domestic product of about 66,00 the highest of any German city in the German Green City Index. Frankfurt is an economic agglomeration with more than,000 businesses and almost 90,000 jobs. About 0,000 additional workers commute into town daily, far more than in any other German city. Because of its location in the center of Central Europe, Frankfurt has become a transportation and logistics hub for Germany and the entire continent. Air, rail and highway traffic come together here overall, ideal conditions for a highly international economy in industry, commerce and services. For example, Frankfurt is the headquarters of the European Central Bank, and is now considered one of Europe s most important financial centers. In the overall rating and four of the eight individual categories buildings, transport, water, and waste and land use Frankfurt scores above. It scores in CO, energy, air quality and environmental governance. What is especially noteworthy is the extensive use of alternative forms of transportation: there is no other city in Germany where so many residents (6%) do without cars to get to work, and rely instead on public transport, bicycle or just walking. Frankfurt is also the German leader in using renewable forms of energy. Yet the city s CO emissions are still well above the European also a consequence of its lively economic activity and the associated heavy traffic. CO emissions: Frankfurt scores on CO emissions. The main reason is that at. metric tons per resident, the city s CO emissions are almost twice as high as the -city European (6. tons). But when CO is referred to gross domestic product, the city comes off comparatively well. A 00 measurement found emissions of grams (CO and CO -equivalent) per euro of GDP the third-best showing nationwide. In its latest climate report, the city has stated the goal of reducing CO emissions 0% by 00, by cutting them back 0% every five years between 00 and 00. Green initiatives: In the early 990s, Frankfurt helped found the Climate Alliance, and at the time set higher climate protection goals for 00 than other cities. The city government plans to achieve the goals with what it calls a balanced package of measures: reducing heat and electricity demands in residential, office and industrial buildings, stricter standards for energy-efficient construction, and a heavier use of combined heat and power generation and renewable sources of energy, especially biomass. The projects can also be studied graphically: outstanding climate protection projects in Frankfurt such as a combined heat and power generating plant, biomass plant, or passive buildings can be located on an interactive Climate Protection Town Map, and anyone interested can find out about individual projects and their estimated CO prevention. : In energy, Frankfurt scores. The city s energy consumption is relatively high gigajoules per capita. The European cities consume an of gigajoules. But relative to economic output, the figure is. megajoules per real unit of GDP, well below the European of. megajoules. The extensive use of combined heating and power plants was a positive factor. Since the waste heat from power generation is also used for heating, these power plants make a key contribution toward saving energy. Moreover, Frankfurt is the German leader in using renewable energy sources. Their share is.9%, and thus also above the of 6.% for the European cities. Green initiatives: Since 99, the city has supported construction of combined heating and power plants and local power generation in new construction areas. Today it has a closemeshed network of these efficient power plants. Frankfurt has three rather large combined heating and power plants, as well as about 0 smaller and medium-sized ones, providing a total of,000 kw of energy for large areas of the city, including for office buildings, schools, hospitals and fire stations. To make the population more familiar with the topic of combined heat and power generation, the city has also set up a no-charge consulting and information service for owners of commercial and residential buildings. In some newly constructed zones, using combined heat and power plants or district heating has actually been made obligatory. : Frankfurt scores above in the buildings category. consumption in residential buildings, at 69 megajoules per square meter, is well below the European of megajoules not least of all a consequence of buildings high energy efficiency standards. But Frankfurt does not explicitly promote the energy rehabilitation of buildings. According to the city, the economic advantages have been well enough communicated, and energy efficiency factors have now been taken into account anyway in many construction projects. Such projects usually pay for themselves by way of the energy costs they save. The city will perform the cost-effectiveness calculations on request. Green initiatives: Frankfurt has Europe s largest count of buildings built to the passive house standard, including,000 residences, schools, child care centers, gymnasiums and office buildings. A city resolution requires the passive house approach for the construction of all new municipal facilities. In terms of sustainability, Frankfurt can point to a remarkable construction: the Sophienhof residential and office complex, completed in 006, is currently Germany s largest passive-building residential settlement. It has 9 apartments, as well as shops and commercial space. A successor project has already been launched: this year, construction will start on Europe s first passivebuilding clinic, in the Höchst district of town. : Frankfurt also scores above in transport. In spite of the large numbers of commuters, there is no other city in Germany Performance CO Waste and land use Environmental governance well below below Overall results The order of the dots within the performance bands has no bearing on the cities results. The Green Building Frankfurt architecture prize Every two years, the city of Frankfurt honors owners and planners with the Green Building Frankfurt architectural prize for especially innovative, sustainable residential and nonresidential buildings. The prize assesses rehabilitation projects and new construction. In 009, eight buildings ranging from residential buildings to an office high-rise received the award. Among them was the Tevesstrasse project for the successful rehabilitation of state-subsidized apartment housing to the passive building standard. Another winner was the new building for the Reconstruction Loan Corporation (KfW), which was recognized as an especially energysaving design for its annual primary energy demand of less than 00 kwh/m and the potential for covering the remaining energy demand with renewable forms of energy. where more residents (6%) do without cars to get to work, and rely instead on public transport, bicycles or just walking. Thirty-two percent of all Frankfurt residents take public transportation to work. A well-developed local public transport network of buses, streetcars, subways, commuter trains and regional trains makes it possible. The Frankfurt local public transport network covers. km per square kilometer; the for all European cities is Frankfurt Other German cities Other European cities above well above 6

20 only. km. Another % of Frankfurt residents bike or walk to work the third-highest figure in Germany, even though the bike path network, at.0 km per square kilometer of city territory, is actually somewhat shorter than the European (. km). On the other hand, the number of residents who drive to work is still relatively high; more than one-third prefer their car. Green initiatives: In March 0, a new integrated general traffic control center was opened in Frankfurt. Now employees at the Biking in Frankfurt and Bike+Business Frankfurt is working on a number of programs to wean its residents away from cars and onto bicycles. In 00 the City Council resolved to increase the share of bike traffic from only 6% in 99 to % by 0. At %, they ve already come very close to the target. The city has built bike paths, remedied gaps and dangerous intersections, redesigned traffic light circuits and right-of-way rules with a clearer eye to bike traffic, and provided a number of bike parking opportunities. Just a year before the resolution, the Hesse General German Bicycle Club and the Frankfurt/Rhine- Main Urban Regional Planning Association had established the Bike+Business project with the goal of strengthening the image of the bicycle as a means of transportation with equal rights, and thus encouraging the population to change over. Sixteen major-name employers and eleven cooperating cities in the Frankfurt/Rhine-Main region have joined Bike+Business. The Corporation for Technical Cooperation (GTZ), for example, has been a part of the project since 00, and by now about % of its staff bikes to work. city s traffic office can watch and control all the city s traffic control systems from a -squaremeter monitor including the parking guidance system, information boards, the control system for the Frankfurt Messe fairgrounds, and traffic monitoring cameras. By modernizing traffic management, the city plans to enhance the performance of the transport network, and to get drivers faster and more smoothly to where they re going. : Frankfurt also scores above in water. consumption in Frankfurt, at 6 cubic meters per resident, is significantly lower than the of 9 cubic meters for the European cities. Another welcome finding is that relatively little water is lost to pipeline leaks in Frankfurt. With only %, Frankfurt is well below the for the studied European cities (9%). Green initiatives: The Frankfurt Messe has announced a number of programs to reduce water consumption. To take just two among many examples: rainwater or reprocessed wa - ter will be used to flush toilets, to water plants and to fill ornamental fountains. All toilets in the restaurants and exhibition halls have now been outfitted with water-saving flush mechanisms. The effects of these steps will be especially evident during major exhibitions like the Frankfurt Book Fair, which draws more than 00,000 visitors and more than,000 exhibi - tors each year. Waste and land use: Frankfurt scores above in waste and land use. Its low waste generation is the main contributor to the good score. The city generates 6 kg of waste per capita, less than the European of kg. According to the city, the volume of household waste steadily declined by a total of 6.% between 00 and 00. Frankfurt also recycles % of its waste, substantially more than the European cities (6%). The city also comes out quite well in its green land use policies, which aim both to preserve green space and contain urban sprawl. Green initiatives: A new green route is to be set up between Ostpark and Mainufer in the eastern part of town. Today the route is still rather wearisome on foot or by bike, because a wide major traffic artery separates the two areas. But the new green connection is expected to close up this gap in the landscape within the next few years. A disused rail right-of-way will also be tied in. : Frankfurt s air quality rates as. An important reason is the high nitrogen dioxide concentration: at 6 micrograms per cubic meter, it is above the European of micrograms. The main culprit is truck traffic, but industry and air traffic also make a significant contribution. Ozone values, on the other hand, at 9 micrograms per cubic meter, are slightly below the European of 0 micrograms. Particulate matter concentration in Frankfurt, at an of 0 micrograms per cubic meter, is actually well below the European cities of micrograms. The situation with sulfur dioxide is similar. Green initiatives: In 00, the state of Hesse adopted an air purification plan. As the state s largest city, Frankfurt adopted long-term measures to implement the plan and improve air quality in areas with especially severe air pollution. The first action plan took effect in October 00, and was replaced by a new one in 00. The result: an environmental zone in the center of Frankfurt, where the city s particulate matter concentration is to be reduced. As of January, 00, only vehicles with a yellow or green sticker can enter the zone, and a green sticker will become mandatory as of 0. Environmental governance: Frankfurt comes out in environmental governance. The city s most recent environmental report was published in 00. But the city lost points because the goals in the various environmental areas were worded vaguely, except for the reduction of CO emissions. A positive factor is that the city is actively encouraging its residents to change their habits for example with the Frankfurt Saves Electricity initiative to lower private households power consumption still further. Residents have also been involved in policy decisions about environmental matters (see initiatives). Green initiatives: A current example of residents involvement in planning decisions is the reconfiguration of the Heinrich-Lübke-Siedlung, a public-housing hot spot in the northwestern part of town. A package of measures is to transform the housing project into a very livable, sustainable residential area that residents Quantitative indicators Eur. avg. Ger. avg. Frankfurt Year* Source Eur. avg. = Average of a total of European and German cities studied; Ger. avg. = Average for only the German cities. * If a variety of data sources were consulted, the year indicated here refers only to the most important source; e = EIU estimate. ) Also includes CO-equivalents. ) Estimate by the City of Frankfurt am Main. ) Estimate by the Frankfurt Street Traffic Office and Environmental Office. can identify with. The residents desires will be listened to in a number of neighborhood meetings. One goal is to set up a curb-free network of walkways, bike paths and traffic-calmed streets, as well as attractive green areas. Existing buildings will be rehabilitated under the current Savings Regulation; new buildings will be built to the passive house standard. So that environmental problems can be approached communally, the city is also informing residents about necessary changes in habits. There are examples for this too: the Frankfurt Saves Electricity program encourages private households to change over to energy-saving light bulbs, and the Cariteam Saving Service founded by Caritas Frankfurt is training recipients of one category of un - employment benefits to be electricity-savings assistants. Low-income households receive a no-cost electricity-saving consultation from Cariteam, and a package of energy-saving items. By now the project has expanded to 60 German cities. CO CO emissions per capita (metric tons/head) e 00 ifeu and Climate Protection Concept 00; Current Frankfurt Statistics CO emissions per unit of real GDP (g/ ) e 00 ifeu and Climate Protection Concept 00; Frankfurt am Main Statistics Annual CO reduction target by City of Frankfurt am Main, Environmental Office consumption per capita (GJ/head) ifeu and Climate Protection Concept 00; Current Frankfurt Statistics consumption per unit of real GDP (MJ/ GDP) ifeu and Climate Protection Concept 00; Frankfurt am Main Statistics Annual Share of renewable energies in total energy consumption (%) e 00 City of Frankfurt am Main; ifeu and Climate Protection Concept 00 consumption of residential buildings (MJ/m ) ifeu and Climate Protection Concept 00; Eurostat Urban Audit Share of population that walks or bikes to work (%) Frankfurt am Main Dept. of Mobility and Traffic Planning Share of population that takes public transportation to work (%) Frankfurt am Main Dept. of Mobility and Traffic Planning Length of bike path network (km/km ) e 00 Frankfurt Street Traffic Office and Environmental Office; Current Frankfurt Statistics Length of public transport network (km/km ) Frankfurt am Main Dept. of Mobility and Traffic Planning; Current Frankfurt Statistics Annual water consumption per capita (m /head) Frankfurt am Main Statistics Annual; Current Frankfurt Statistics system leakages (%) Frankfurt am Main Statistics Annual Dwellings connected to the sewage system (%) Frankfurt am Main Statistics Annual Waste and Annual municipal waste generated per capita (kg/head) City of Frankfurt am Main, Environmental Office; land use Current Frankfurt Statistics Recycling rate (%) City of Frankfurt am Main, Environmental Office Daily mean for annual nitrogen dioxide concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Daily mean for annual ozone concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Daily mean for annual particulate matter concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Daily mean for annual sulfur dioxide concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase 9

21 Hamburg Background indicators Population. million GDP per person (PPP) in,00 Administrative area in km Share of industry / gross value added in % 6 Average temperature in C With a population of some. million, Hamburg, in the north of the country, is Germany s second largest city. The port city is a major industrial and commercial location, and generates a gross domestic product (GDP) of,00 per capita. The port of Hamburg is the second largest in Europe, after Rotterdam, and is of key significance for the German economy. It makes the city a major international trading and transshipment site, as well as an attractive location for shipbuilders. Other important industrial sectors in Hamburg include civil aviation, food processing, and steel- and metalworking heavy industry. But industry contributes only a total of 6% of total gross value added. The service sector is dominated mainly by transportation and commerce, tourism, information technology, and media. In the, Hamburg scores above on the whole. The city sets a high priority on environmental protection, with positive effects on the score. Hamburg is above in six categories. In two CO emissions and energy it scores. Major environmental protection measures include promoting alternative means of transportation, such as bicycles, buses and rail, and developing new green space. In this, the city is making an effort to counteract the adverse influence of heavy road traffic and the port s operations. A noteworthy factor is that none of the other German cities studied has as many residents who walk or bike to work as in Hamburg. The city also holds a lead in environmental governance, and was chosen the European Green Capital for 0. CO emissions: Hamburg rates in the CO category. At 9. metric tons, the city s CO emissions are slightly below the of 9. tons for the twelve German cities, but well above the of 6. tons for the European cities. is the biggest polluter, and here the port also plays a major role. But CO emissions per euro generated, at 0 grams, are well below the European aver- age of 6 grams. A positive factor is that the city intends to reduce CO emissions 0% from 990 levels by 00. That would represent a % reduction from the latest figures, which date from 00. Green initiatives: The Hamburg Climate Protection Concept for 00-0 was developed as a central instrument to cut CO emissions 0% by 00, equivalent to reducing these emissions by two million metric tons a year. For that purpose the city is implementing some 0 projects especially in building rehabilitation, mobility, equipment systems and innovative energy concepts. Hamburg remains the project sponsor and coordinator of the international EUCO 0/0 project, in which European metropolises are engaged. The program has the ambitious goal of reducing CO emissions 0% by 00. In 009 the cities prepared detailed CO balance sheets. In the second phase of the project, representatives of interest groups from government and business from all of the partner cities will meet to agree on long-term strategies for reaching the CO goal. Then the best practices initiatives from the project will also be made available to other cities in the EU. : Hamburg scores on energy. consumption, at 99 gigajoules per resident, is above the of gigajoules from the European cities. But relative to economic output, Hamburg s energy consumption is relatively low. At. megajoules per euro of GDP, Hamburg consumes only about half as much as the European of. megajoules. On top of that, the city is making an effort to increase the share of renewable energy sources. This figure, at.%, is still relatively low; the European is 6.%. But a part of the Hamburg climate protection concept is to increase investments in local wind energy, and to more than double wind energy capacity within the medium term. Green initiatives: In March 00, the Hamburger EnergieAgentur was founded to help support the city s climate protection measures. This new agency is intended to help private households reduce their energy consumption the source of % of the total energy consumption for the whole city. The EnergieAgentur is also a partner for businesses, which it assists in activities to improve their energy efficiency. : Hamburg rates above in buildings. The key factor for this result is the low energy consumption of residential buildings, at 600 megajoules per square meter, which is below the of megajoules for the European cities. Hamburg also does well in energy efficiency standards and initiatives for buildings, thanks to a number of construction and energy-efficiency regulations for municipal buildings. Some % of Hamburg s housing stock is more than years old. It was built at a time when building codes still paid no attention to extensive building insulation. So a part of the city s strategy for buildings is to encourage retrofitting existing buildings with good insulation, so as to reduce heat losses. Green initiatives: There are now a considerable number of programs nationwide in Germany to encourage heat insulation in buildings, but Hamburg offers additional financial assistance. The city has introduced the Passport, for example, which determines energy consumption and heating loss in residential buildings. The analysis also provides suggestions about updates and calculates potential Performance CO Waste and land use Environmental governance well below below Overall results The order of the dots within the performance bands has no bearing on the cities results. Zemships Zemships zero emission ships are the result of a pioneering program conducted under the leadership of the City of Hamburg. With financial support from the EU s LIFE program, which offers funding for environmental projects, the city has put together a team of experts from business and science that has developed the world s first fuel-cell-powered, low-emission passenger ship. The first ship of this type went into service on Hamburg s waterways in 00. A hydrogen refueling station with docking facilities is located right on the waterfront. savings. If the owner wants to apply for support funds from the city, he or she must present an Passport. The amount of the financial aid from the city depends on the savings that the owner achieves by optimizing the building. : Hamburg comes in above on transport. The city s bicycle path network, at. km per square kilometer, is very well developed longer than the European of. km and is also extensively used. Thirty-eight percent of the population bikes or walks to work each day, the highest figure for any of the twelve German cities. On the other hand, the share of the population that takes public transport to work, at 9%, is considerably lower than in the other European metropolises ( %), and the lowest Hamburg Other German cities Other European cities above well above 0

22 figure in Germany. However, the local public transport network, at.9 km per square kilometer, is also shorter than the European of. km. The city is actively making an effort to keep car traffic out of the center of town by encouraging public transportation and bicycling. Green initiatives: By 0, suitable strategies are expected to make bicycling so attractive that it becomes a real alternative to other forms of transportation. Plans include expanding bike paths and bicycle parking lots, improving the combined use of bicycles and public transportation, and raising awareness of bicycling among the public. Ten million euros a year have been set aside for the purpose. Under the HH = more title ( Hamburg electromobility model region ), the city is planning a pilot run with electric cars. In the first phase, 0 vehicles and 00 charging stations will be in use. Plans for the new light rail system are also to be included in the project. Hamburg shut down its last streetcar route in 9. There have been plans for some time to reestablish a city rail system that would supplement the commuter train and subway system. A final decision is still pending. Renewable energy in Hamburg efficiency is another of the main themes in Hamburg s climate protection concept. One of its goals is to increase investment in local wind energy. In the medium term, wind energy capacity in Hamburg is to be more than doubled. Moreover, a financing program for using geothermal energy is under examination. Encouraging the use of renewable energy sources is also the goal of the Hamburg Renewable Cluster, which is currently being set up by representatives of business, science and the city s office for urban development and the environment. The initiative aims to strengthen the fast-growing renewable energy industry in the Hamburg metropolitan region. The focus is on marketing Hamburg more vigorously as an attractive international headquarters location for sales and administration in the renewable energy business. : Hamburg likewise ranks above in water. The annual per capita water consumption of 9 cubic meters, as in other German cities, is well below the European city of about 9 cubic meters. Although Hamburg loses more water through leakage from the pipeline network, at %, than the other German cities, the figure is still well below the for the full set of European cities studied (9%). Green initiatives: Hamburg has set up a project to study the consequences of larger volumes of rainwater. These appear more and more likely first of all because of climate change, but also because of the further hardscaping of the city as urban development continues. In the RISA rain infrastructure adjustment project, the city and the local water utility, Hamburg Wasser, are developing possible solutions to be applied in urban development and planning. The paramount goals of the RISA project include protection from flooding and protection of water bodies. In the Aqua Agents project, Hamburg Wasser also plans to teach children in the third and fourth grades about dealing with water in an aware way. It offers experimentation kits for classes and field trips to various water locations in Hamburg, where the children can expand their understanding of water. Waste and land use: In the waste and land use category, Hamburg scores above. Waste generated in Hamburg, at kg per capita per year, is below the of kg for the European cities. A large share of this waste is incinerated; the city stopped using landfills for waste more than ten years ago. It recycles % of its waste, thus ranking slightly below the European of 6% and trailing behind all the other German cities studied. The city earns good marks for its plans for using green space, for example in finding new uses for inner-city wasteland like the HafenCity area. In this significant urban development project, a -hectare parcel of unused land in the area of the harbor was repurposed with offices and apartments, retail shops, leisure facilities, restaurants and cultural facilities. Green initiatives: Jointly with Stadtreinigung Hamburg, the city s largest waste removal and street cleaning service, the Office for Urban Development and the Environment has begun a recycling campaign to increase the amount of recyclables collected and to make the recycling process itself more efficient. Still more construction and demolition work in Hamburg generates about million metric tons of waste each year. To improve reuse and recycling, the environment office has set up an online exchange, the ALOIS waste online information system. Construction owners, planners and contractors can use the portal at no charge to place offers or inquiries about soil material or used building parts (such as windows and doors). At the beginning of 00, the city also founded the Lebensraum Elbe foundation to improve the ecological condition of the Elbe River, one of the city s most important recreational areas. One of the foundation s goals is to set aside new shallow-water areas and maintain tidal zones. It also plans to reconnect old channels and backwaters to the main stream of the Elbe, and to limit further shoreline construction with new regulations. : Hamburg also comes out above in air quality. Except for ozone, the city s figures for all the analyzed air pollutants are below the for the European cities. This result is partly the consequence of low industrial activity, which accounts for only 6% of the city s total gross value added. The sulfur dioxide concentration, for example, at. micrograms per cubic meter per year, is well below the European of 6. micrograms. In general, the primary sources of air pollution are transport, especially shipping goods to and from the harbor, ship traffic, and car traffic. Nevertheless, the ozone figure for Hamburg, at micrograms, is only slightly higher than the for the other European cities (0 micrograms). Green initiatives: Hamburg is making an effort to improve air quality with an all-inclusive air purification plan. Introduced in 00, the plan concentrates primarily on reducing emissions caused by vehicle traffic. It includes several projects to improve traffic flow. The city also provides further air purification requirements for local industry. Hamburg is looking as well into the feasibility of an environmental zone in the inner city, by which vehicles with heavy exhaust emissions would be kept out of the city center. Many German cities already have such environmental zones. Environmental governance: Hamburg is above in environmental governance. In fact the city on the Elbe leads Germany in this category. It was designated European Green Capital 0 by the European Quantitative indicators Eur. avg. = Average of a total of European and German cities studied; Ger. avg. = Average for only the German cities. * If a variety of data sources were consulted, the year indicated here refers only to the most important source; e = EIU estimate Commission. The title highlights the leadership role that Hamburg plays not only within Germany, but in the entire EU, in matters of climate and environmental protection. Hamburg is the second city to hold the title, after Stockholm in 00. It has adopted numerous measures in every aspect of the environment to improve its environmental record. Here the city is taking its orientation primarily from its climate protection concept, updated in 009, which includes more than 00 projects to reduce CO emissions and energy consumption. Green initiatives: As part of its year as 0 European Green Capital, Hamburg launched the Environmental Partnership: Project 0 initiative. This project is intended to encourage businesses to act voluntarily to protect the environment, for example by participating in an Eur. avg. Ger. avg. Hamburg Year* Source environmental management system like EMAS or Ecoprofit, or by implementing energy-saving and resource-conserving measures like using renewable energies. Companies can apply to be named Environmental Partners, and use the name in their advertising. The initiative also offers companies advice and subsidy funding for environmental governance, energy effi ciency and renewable energy sources. Some 0 companies are already Environmental Partners. CO CO emissions per capita (metric tons/head) Statistics Office for Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein CO emissions per unit of real GDP (g/ ) Statistics Office for Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein CO reduction target by Klima Hamburg consumption per capita (GJ/head) Statistics Office for Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein consumption per unit of real GDP (MJ/ GDP) Statistics Office for Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein Share of renewable energies in total energy consumption (%) Statistics Office for Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein consumption of residential buildings (MJ/m ) Statistics Office for Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein Share of population that walks or bikes to work (%) HVV Share of population that takes public transportation to work (%) HVV Length of bike path network (km/km ) Eurostat Urban Audit; Federal Statistical Office, Germany Length of public transport network (km/km ) Eurostat Urban Audit; Federal Statistical Office, Germany Annual water consumption per capita (m /head) Statistics Office for Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein system leakages (%) e 00 EIU estimate on the basis of data from the Statistics Office for Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein Dwellings connected to the sewage system (%) Statistics Office for Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein Waste and Annual municipal waste generated per capita (kg/head) Statistics Office for Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein land use Recycling rate (%) Statistics Office for Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein Daily mean for annual nitrogen dioxide concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Daily mean for annual ozone concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Daily mean for annual particulate matter concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Daily mean for annual sulfur dioxide concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase

23 Hanover Background indicators Population,000 GDP per person (PPP) in 6,00 Administrative area in km 0 Share of industry / gross value added in % Average temperature in C Hanover, the capital of the state of Lower Saxony, is one of the world s largest trade fair sites, with more than 60 domestic and international trade fairs and exhibitions each year. The city of,000 is also an important university center. Leibniz University and the Medical University, among others, enjoy a prestigious reputation. Its most important employers in - clude automotive manufacturers and suppliers, but several major companies in the service sector are headquartered here as well. Hanover generates a gross domestic product (GDP) of 6,00 per resident, and is thus slightly above the for the twelve German Cities studied. The city calls itself the Business Location in Nature. Hanover is known for its expansive green spaces, including the Eilenriede urban forest, the Maschsee lake, the Royal Gardens in Herrenhausen, extensive landscaped grounds, and many small gardens. Hanover rates above in its overall assessment. Specifically, it scores above in five of the eight individual categories buildings, transport, water, waste and land use, and air quality. One remarkable feature is the very low energy consumption of its residential buildings, about one-third lower than the for the European cities, and the third best in Germany. Hanover also scores especially well in the transport category, in comparison with both all of Europe and the rest of Germany. It has Germany s densest network of alternative means of transportation bike paths, bus routes and rail lines taken all together. In the categories for CO emissions, energy and environmental governance, the city scores, in part because of its relatively high CO emissions per capita and relatively high per capita energy consumption. CO emissions: Hanover ranks in CO emissions, particularly because of its relatively high per capita CO emissions of. metric tons. The for the European cities is 6. tons. But the figure looks rather different when referred to the city s economic output: Hanover emits 6 grams per euro of GDP, while the group of European cities s 6 grams. The city is taking considerable steps to reduce its CO emissions. It has joined forces with the municipal utility company and about 0 partners from numerous companies and organizations to found the Hanover Climate Alliance. This campaign to protect the climate aims to attract as many players as possible, including trade businesses, chambers of architects, commercial property owners and homeowners. For CO emissions, Hanover has set itself the ambitious goal of reducing its emissions 0% from 990 levels by 00. Green initiatives: The Hanover 00 Climate Alliance is an all-inclusive climate-protection program for the years 00 through 00. The city government is setting a good example, and hopes to save significant amounts of CO by renovating all municipal buildings and heating systems to make them more energy-efficient. A further emphasis is in commercial areas with especially energy-intensive businesses. Yet another contributor toward saving CO is the expansion and modernization of combined gas and steam turbine systems at the Hanover-Linden heating and power plant, which will be completed by the end of 0. The combined generation of heat and electricity makes more efficient use of natural gas as a fuel. Two more components of the climate protection program: an electricity-saving campaign with numerous new advice services for private households, and a campaign to expand the use of combined heat and power, which advises businesses, hotels and government agencies in using new district heating connections and combined heat and power stations. : Hanover scores in the energy category. One reason is its relatively high energy consumption of 0 gigajoules per capita, well above the of gigajoules for the European cities. Moreover, the use of renewable energy sources, at.%, is lower than in the studied European cities, which derive an of 6.% of their energy demand from renewable sources. But this may change soon, because Hanover has set an example in promoting clean energy. Some of the most significant measures in this area are financial aid for the use of renewable energy sources in homes, and plans for the construction of new wind turbines. When Hanover s energy consumption is referred to the city s economic output, the picture is already positive today: At. megajoules per euro of GDP, the city s ener- gy consumption is only about half the European of. megajoules. Green initiatives: Hanover has a variety of programs to improve the energy supply, including the expansion of combined heat and power generation and district heating. The goal is to increase the share of electricity from combined heat and power plants and renewable sources to a total of 0% by 00. Hanover is also planning to modernize its coal-fired power plants and to invest extensively in wind power systems. For example, 60 more wind turbines will be added in the Hanover region, and 00 existing turbines will be replaced with larger models. The city decided to stop using nuclear power some years ago. Since the city s utility companies generate more electricity than Hanover itself consumes, the city is nuclear power-free on balance. The construction of the gas-fired power plant in Hanover-Linden made a particular contribution here. : In the buildings category, Hanover comes out above in comparison to the other cities in the study. The crucial factor for this result is the low energy consumption of the city s residential buildings. Hanover consumes only 60 megajoules per square meter more than one-third less energy than the used by residential buildings in all the European cities ( megajoules). In fact, this is the fourth best figure in Europe, after Stuttgart, Berlin and Copenhagen. Another positive factor here is that the proklima climate protection fund makes financial grants available for implementing climate protection measures in the construction and modernization of buildings (see the box on the proklima exemplary project). Performance CO Waste and land use Environmental governance well below below Overall results The order of the dots within the performance bands has no bearing on the cities results. ProKlima The proklima enercity fund was founded by the municipal utility company Stadtwerke Hannover in 99 as Europe s first climate protection fund. ProKlima offers advice and financial grants for implementing climate protection projects, such as energy-efficient construction and modernization, energysavings consultations, or installing solar heating systems and combined heat and power plants. The fund approved assistance funding of some million between 99 and 009. The grants are awarded on the basis of specific criteria like CO efficiency and reduction, or the project s level of innovation. Green initiatives: In keeping with the Climate Alliance s requirements, the Hanover city government intends to complete energy upgrades in all municipal buildings by 00. It has set aside 60 million for the period from 00 to 0 alone. Additionally, all new municipal facilities are to be built to the passive house standard. A passive house includes such features as efficient building insulation and heating technology, triple-glazed windows with superinsulated frames, and mechanical ventilation systems with heat recovery. When combined with other features, a passive house design can cut a household s energy consumption by about 90%. The passive house standard has Hanover Other German cities Other European cities above well above

24 already been applied in Hanover in the construction of two new childcare centers and a new fire station. : In transport, Hanover comes in above. The city has extensively developed both its local public transport network and its network of bike paths. The bus and rail network measures.6 km per square kilometer, compared with the of only. km for the other European cities. And the bike path network, at.6 km per square kilometer, is almost twice as long as in the other European cities (. km). If the lengths of the bike paths and local public transportation routes are added together, Hanover has Germany s densest network of alternative means of transportation. Yet although both networks are comparatively well developed, the number of residents who do without cars for the commute to work is relatively low: only 9% walk or bike to work, compared to the European of %. The difference is even sharper with local public transportation: only % of the population takes the bus or train Environmental education for business Ecoprofit In 999, Hanover was one of the first German cities to introduce an Ecoprofit program. Ecoprofit stands for Ecological Project for Integrated Environmental Technology, and is a cooperative project that brings environmental agencies and groups together with local private enterprise. The project also finances workshops, and encourages exchanges of professional expertise about matters of the environment and costs. More than 00 major-name companies have become involved in Ecoprofit in Hanover over the past ten years. to work, compared to an of % for the other European cities. Green initiatives: At the end of 00, Hanover adopted the Mobility Master Plan for 0, laying a conceptual basis for transportation development. By promoting local public transportation, biking and walking, the program intends to make it easier for residents to switch from cars to alternative modes of transportation. Biking is a particular emphasis in the concept: by expanding the network of bike paths and the biking infrastructure, and with special public relations work, the city hopes to increase the proportion of bike traffic to % by 0. It s also working on public transport: to lower buses and trains CO emissions even further, hybrid vehicles and other measures are being introduced, with financial support from the Federal Ministry of the Environment. Ten new hybrid buses are to go into operation within the city by mid-0. : Hanover scores above in water. The Lower Saxony capital s per capita water consumption, at cubic meters, is well below the European of 9 cubic meters. The picture with water loss due to leaks in the distribution system is similar: nearly 9% of the water leaks out in the European cities studied, but in Hanover the figure is just %. This is the second best showing in Germany, after Berlin, and the third best in Europe, after Berlin and Amsterdam. Green initiatives: Hanover has had a program in place since 99 to reduce water consumption in municipal properties. Since then, a variety of municipal departments and the Hanover waste processing facility have implemented some 0 projects for efficient water use and wastewater treatment. According to the city, this has saved % over the water consumption figure from 990. Stadtentwässerung Hanover, the city s sewer and drainage utility, is also particularly committed to environmental education, to make children more aware of how to handle water responsibly. The programs include guided tours of sewage treatment plants, a kids page on the website, and extensive age-appropriate informational material that is made available to schools at no charge. Waste and land use: Hanover is also above in the waste and land use category. Waste generated, at kg per capita, is less than in the other studied European cities ( kg). Fifty percent of the waste is recycled almost twice the European (6%). Similarly to the city of Leipzig, Hanover has now expanded its waste separation program to include household and commercial electric appliances. A further positive factor for the overall results was that the city has set up incentives for the recovery of empty lots, expanding and maintaining green space, and the containment of urban sprawl. Green initiatives: Since new construction projects constantly cut down green space, the city government has pledged to reactivate and use unused business and industrial areas, rail yards, military installations and other idle space. According to the city government, some 6 idle lots, with a total area of 0 hectares, are available for restructuring, many of them suitable for residential or business buildings. In the Limmer district, for example, the 0-hectare site of a former automotive parts factory will be transformed into a residential neighborhood. The city is also working to expand green space in its existing districts: Stöcken, with,900 residents, is one of Hanover s most densely populated areas, and is being renovated as a district with a special need for development. The urban renewal goals for the area, with its large industrial facilities, include expanding and upgrading green space and open space that can particularly be used as play areas for children. : Hanover scores above in air quality. Except for the ozone concentration, the city can point the lowest or second lowest figures in Germany for all air pollutants. For example, Hanover s annual sulfur dioxide concentration, at.0 micrograms per cubic meter, is not even half the for the European cities (6. micrograms). Ozone, however, at micrograms per cubic meter, is slightly above the European of 0 micrograms. But these figures come from Hanover s only ozone measuring station, which was installed in an inner-city area with heavy traffic. Consequently there is no way to compensate for peak values with comparable measurements from less polluted areas, as is often the case in other cities. Quantitative indicators Eur. avg. = Average of a total of European and German cities studied; Ger. avg. = Average for only the German cities. * If a variety of data sources were consulted, the year indicated here refers only to the most important source; e = EIU estimate ) This value includes consumption of renewable energy in transportation. ) Figure for the Region of Hanover. Green initiatives: Hanover has had an air purification plan since 00, with an emphasis on road traffic. The plan includes a whole package of projects such as introducing a 0 kmph speed limit on selected routes, prohibiting through-traffic for trucks with a gross weight of more than twelve metric tons, and optimizing traffic flow. Speeds are also to be limited with optical narrowing of lanes. This applies both for planning new streets and reconditioning old ones. Like many other German cities, Hanover has set up an environmental zone in the city center, where only vehicles that meet especially stringent exhaust standards are allowed. Eur. avg. Ger. avg. Hanover Year* Source Environmental governance: Hanover rates in environmental governance. The city publishes an environmental report every three years. The emphasis in the 00 report was on assessing the environmental situation on the basis of an environmental barometer that represents change in terms of sustainability indicators in various aspects of the environment. Aside from its clear goals for CO reduction, however, the report is sometimes vague in setting targets for other environmental factors. On the other hand, Hanover gained points for its membership in the Covenant of Mayors, and for signing the Aalborg Charter in 99 and the Aalborg Commitments in 00. Green initiatives: Hanover has a number of projects to encourage residents to help configure their residential and living space. For example, in the Hannover City 00 pilot project, the city has been in dialogue with the population for two years about future developments in the city center. It intends to attract input from every conceivable interest group, including residents, architects, planning experts, businesses, public-sector entities, and nongovernmental organizations. The project includes a number of public forums, workshops and other events, as well as an international competition seeking ideas for the design of the inner city. CO CO emissions per capita (metric tons/resident) City of Hanover, Department of Environment and City Greenery CO emissions per unit of real GDP (g/ ) City of Hanover, Department of Environment and City Greenery; Lower Saxony State Statistics Office CO reduction target by Hanover Climate Protection Region consumption per capita (GJ/resident) City of Hanover, Department of Environment and City Greenery consumption per unit of real GDP (MJ/ GDP) City of Hanover, Department of Environment and City Greenery; Lower Saxony State Statistics Office Share of renewable energies in total energy consumption (%) City of Hanover, Department of Environment and City Greenery; City of Hanover CO Balance Sheet consumption by residential buildings (MJ/m ) City of Hanover, Department of Environment and City Greenery; Statistics Office of Capital City of Hanover Share of population that walks or bikes to work (%) Mobility in Germany 00 Share of population that takes public transport to work (%) Mobility in Germany 00 Length of bike path network (km/km ) Capital City of Hanover Length of public transport network (km/km ) Region of Hanover Department of ation Annual water consumption per capita (m /resident) Hanover Statistics Office; City of Hanover, Department of Environment and City Greenery system leakages(%) Stadtwerke Hannover Dwellings connected to the sewage system (%) Stadtentwässerung Hannover Waste and Annual municipal waste generated per capita (kg/head) Region of Hanover Waste Management District; land use Lower Saxony State Statistics Office Recycling rate (%) Region of Hanover Waste Management District Daily mean for annual nitrogen dioxide concentration (µg/m ) Lower Saxony Ministry of the Environment and Climate Protection Daily mean for annual ozone concentration (µg/m ) Lower Saxony Ministry of the Environment and Climate Protection Daily mean for annual particulate matter concentration (µg/m ) Lower Saxony Ministry of the Environment and Climate Protection Daily mean for annual sulfur dioxide concentration (µg/m ) Lower Saxony Ministry of the Environment and Climate Protection 6

25 Leipzig Background indicators Population,000 GDP per person (PPP) in,00 Administrative area in km 9 Share of industry / gross value added in % Average temperature in C 9 Leipzig, with a population of,000 and an important convention center, is one of the largest cities in the former East Germany but the third-smallest in the. With a per capita gross domestic product (GDP) of,00, it is one of the economically weaker German cities in the Index. Only Berlin has a lower GDP. Leipzig played a critical role in East Germany s peaceful revolution in the fall of 99. It was here that the Monday demonstrations took place and citizens sowed the seeds of democracy. The city has changed greatly since then: Most of the open-pit lignite mines around Leipzig, which in East Germany once accounted for ten percent of worldwide lignite production, were closed in 990. Many buildings have been renovated and waterways cleaned. Infrastructure projects have made Leipzig into a transportation and logistics hub. Today, Leipzig is home to various businesses in the service and industrial sectors, including automotive companies. Industry contributes only % to gross value added, however, slightly below the of % in the German Index cities. Leipzig still enjoys an excellent reputation in what have traditionally been its strengths: art, music, education, and research. In the, Leipzig scores an overall grade of above an excellent result given its comparatively low GDP. This shows that good environmental performance is not at all dependent solely on a city s financial resources. A closer look shows that Leipzig scores above in five categories and in three. Worthy of special mention are the very low per capita volume of waste and the highest recycling rate among all the German and European cities. If you compare Leipzig only with those European cities that have a comparable GDP (,000 to,000 per capita per year), the city actually has the highest overall score in the category of waste and land use. Leipzig also distinguishes itself through its markedly low per capita energy consumption, the second-lowest water consumption in Europe, and the densest local transport network of any German city. CO emissions: Leipzig ranks in the category of CO emissions. The city emits some 6. metric tons of CO per capita per year, slightly below the of 6. metric tons among the European cities. The per capita CO emissions right after German reunification in 990 were still. metric tons. The collapse of the industrial and commercial sectors and the closure of power plants, most of which still relied on lignite, brought about a rapid decline in Leipzig s CO emissions to.0 metric tons by 99. This fell further to 6. metric tons by 00, though the rate of decline was slower than in the earlier years. Due to a renewed increase in energy demand for industry, the city expects CO emissions in 00 to be at roughly the same level as at the time of the last CO balance sheet in 00. If you compare the city s emissions to its economic output, Leipzig s grams of CO per GDP unit is still below the European of 6 grams. Green initiatives: To reduce CO emissions in public transport, the Leipzig transportation authorities have committed to gradually replacing its fleet of older vehicles with green buses by 0. Hybrid buses, which have two electric engines and one diesel engine and emit 0% less CO than the older vehicles, have been used on a trial basis since 00. A total of standard buses with the EEV standard (Enhanced Environmentally Friendly Vehicle) had been deployed by 00. The second phase will see 0 articulated buses with hybrid technology introduced by 0. : Leipzig ranks above in the energy category. One reason for this is Leipzig s markedly low per capita energy consumption of 0 gigajoules per year. This is the lowest level of all twelve of the German cities in the Index and much lower than the European of gigajoules. This positive result is attributable in part to the city s low level of industrialization but also to successful efforts to increase the efficiency of the power production and supply grid. The city also scores relatively well in energy consumption relative to economic output: Leipzig uses. megajoules per euro of GDP compared to the European of. megajoules. Green initiatives: The city launched the Leipzig City of network with the objective of bundling common interests and efforts. Business, academic, and political leaders join forces here in search of innovative ideas and solutions for sustainable energy and climate policies. Members include Leipzig-based businesses and leading energy research institutes. Expert roundtables and events are held each year to promote the exchange of ideas. An example of a current project is the -Efficient City, which is developing a sustainable strategy for energyoptimized urban development in East Leipzig. The aim is to reduce energy consumption even while meeting the business, environmental, and social needs of the city. : Leipzig ranks above in the buildings category. At 60 megajoules per square meter, the energy consumption of Leipzig s buildings is significantly below the of megajoules in European cities. Renovation of Leipzig s building stock began after reunification under a federal-state partnership program Urban Renewal East, dedicated to rapid renovation of the older and prefabricated buildings. Funds for the renovation projects came from the state of Saxony and the Bank for Reconstruction. The city had no programs of its own. Performance CO Waste and land use Environmental governance well below below Overall results The order of the dots within the performance bands has no bearing on the cities results. Leipzig Environment Days and Ecofestival Leipzig Environment Days and Ecofestival are events held to coincide with World Environment Day and sponsored by Ökolöwe Umweltbund Leipzig e.v., a non-profit organization for environmental protection and education run by the city of Leipzig. Leipzig Environment Days aims to sensitize the citizens of Leipzig to environmental topics, solutions, and initiatives. The two-week program includes environmental events, discussions, and guided tours in and around Leipzig presented by associations, grass-roots initiatives, the city, research institutions, and businesses. Ecofestival is a springtime event for the entire family that takes place during Leipzig Environment Days and offers some 00 booths and a stage program for a hands-on celebration. With over 0,000 visitors, it is also the largest environmentally themed festival in the city. Green initiatives: The renovation of an elevenstory prefab building on Hans-Marchwitza- Strasse in 00 was funded as a showcase project. To lower the energy needs, the focus was on better heat insulation, thermal-insulated windows, ventilation systems, and a heating system using combined heat and power. Solar collectors in the balcony balustrades also provide hot water for the 6 residential units. With the work complete, the building uses kilowatt hours per square meter, % less than before and nearly 0% less than a comparable new building. This makes it the largest low-energy legacy building in Germany. This showcase project of Leipziger Wohnungs- und Baugesellschaft mbh (LWB) and Deutsche Energie-Agentur GmbH (dena) is in tend ed to blaze the trail for energy-saving housing. Leipzig Other German cities Other European cities above well above 9

26 : Leipzig ranks in the transport category. The city s local public transport network is the densest in any German city with. km per square kilometer of urban area, well above the European of. km. The fares and transfer options also received high marks in a European-wide public transportation survey conducted by the German automobile association ADAC. Public transport is used relatively little, however: only % of Leipzig residents take the bus or light rail to work, compared to % on in the other European cities. Some % of Leipzig residents walk or bicycle to work, which is exactly the European. One reason that more residents don t bicycle may be the relatively underdeveloped bike path network of.0 km per square kilometer in the urban area. The European here is For a leafy city In 996, the city of Leipzig launched the program For a leafy city, which encouraged city residents and those with ties to the city to donate funds to plant trees. Some,0 people have taken part to date, raising more than 00,000 for the program and adopting more than,00 new trees throughout the entire city in parks, recreational areas, and green spaces, and along Leipzig s streets. The trees improve the city s climate and absorb a portion of CO emissions. Everyone who donates receives a certificate, and those who donate more than 0 have their name placed on a plaque on their adopted tree.. km. To make transportation more environmentally friendly in the future, Leipzig has set socalled modal split targets and spearheaded a series of corresponding initiatives: promoting bicycling, building and expanding the local transportation network, and reducing car traffic in the city center (see green initiatives ). Automobile traffic is also managed using a state-of-the-art traffic control system. Green initiatives: In 009, Leipzig launched a low-car city center initiative, part of an overall transportation concept to reduce motorized individual transport and lower the number of cars in the city center. Measures intended to reach this goal include redirecting the flow of traffic, restricting traffic into the city center, changing road markings and signage, introducing retract - able bollards, and increasing parking fees. The city would also like to motivate its citizens to cycle. City administrators have created a multidepartmental bicycle working group that includes consultants from Germany s national bicycle coalition ADFC. Thanks to the efforts of the working group, the bike path network has doubled in size since reunification and the laws have been changed to allow cyclists to ride against traffic on one-way streets. Today, the city has 60 km of designated bike routes, and there are plans to add new bike racks by 0. An environmental zone was also introduced this year in the city center in which only low-emission vehicles are allowed. : Leipzig ranks above in the water category. With per capita annual consumption of cubic meters, the city is well below the European of 9 cubic meters. With this score, Leipzig is not only the leader in Germany but only slightly behind Tallinn, which at 0 cubic meters has the lowest per capita annual water consumption of any city in the European Green City Index. loss of % from leakage in the water pipelines is also below the European of 9%. This is the highest figure among the German cities, however. Green initiatives: In 99, the city s waterworks launched a project to convert the former Podelwitz sludge drying plant into a wetland biotope. The area was heavily contaminated with toxic metals such as lead, cadmium, chromium, and nickel, posing a threat to groundwater. But since rare communities of plants and animals had found a home in this marshland over time, the decision was made to maintain the area while removing the contaminants from the toxic sludge. The level of contaminants has since fallen thanks to special plant cultures that can absorb heavy metals, nitrogen, and phosphorous from the sludge. The area is the site of frequent school projects and guided tours. Waste and land use: Leipzig earns a grade of above in the waste and land use category. The city generates 6 kg of waste per person per year, much less than the European of kg. Leipzig also has a state-of-theart waste recycling system and recycles an astounding % of waste, far above the European of just 6%. This makes Leipzig the leader both in Germany and throughout Europe. Green initiatives: Leipzig s outstanding recycling program is no coincidence. In 00, the city formed a public-private partnership with a Berlin waste management and recycling specialist that helped develop Leipzig s recycling system. A twoyear pilot project launched in 00 under the Recycling Plus initiative expanded the regular recycling system for household waste. The new Recycling Plus bins accepted not only packaging but also small electronics, plastic toys, and metal pots and pans. : Leipzig ranks above in the air quality category. The levels for three of the four air pollutants are well below the for the European cities. Only ozone levels of 6 micrograms per cubic meter exceeded the European of 0 micrograms. Leipzig s sulfur dioxide concentrations of. micrograms per cubic meter are actually much lower than the European (6. micrograms). Sulfur dioxide concentrations have fallen sharply since the decline of industrial and commercial activities in the early 990s. Automobile traffic is now the primary source of air pollutants. But Leipzig s nitrogen dioxide concentrations of 9 micrograms per cubic meter are still below the European of micrograms. The ratio of particulate levels is similar, with 9 mi - cro grams in Leipzig compared to a European of micrograms. Green initiatives: In December 009, Leipzig adopted a new clean air program with measures to reduce air pollution. The program focuses on combating traffic-related pollution and introducing an environmental zone in the city Quantitative indicators center in 0. Since March 0, as in the over 0 other German cities that have already introduced such a concept, Leipzig s environmental zone has been restricted to vehicles that meet strict emission criteria. Environmental governance: Leipzig ranks in the environmental governance category. The city worked very hard to develop an environmental plan, establishing environmental quality targets as far back as 996. Environmental reports were published in 000 and 00, an interval that is less regular than that of the leading cities. Leipzig gets high marks for its annual assessments based on a range of environmental indicators relating to air quality, noise, traffic, water, soil, waste, nature conservation, Eur. avg. = Average of a total of European and German cities studied; Ger. avg. = Average for only the German cities. * If a variety of data sources were consulted, the year indicated here refers only to the most important source; e = EIU estimate. ) Estimate based on the share of renewable energy sources in electrical production. ) Measurement station in a central urban location close to traffic. Eur. avg. Ger. avg. Leipzig Year* Source energy, and climate protection. The public has easy access to information on the subject of environmental protection, but the city could allow its citizens to play a more active role in environmental policy decisions. Green initiatives: The environmental information center, founded in 99 and located in Leipzig City Hall, offers citizens and educational institutions comprehensive information on environmental topics and hosts exhibitions and events. CO CO emissions per capita (metric tons/resident) City of Leipzig Office of Statistics and Elections CO emissions per unit of real GDP (g/ ) City of Leipzig Office of Statistics and Elections CO reduction target by City of Leipzig Office of the Environment consumption per capita (GJ/resident) City of Leipzig Office of Statistics and Elections consumption per unit of real GDP (MJ/ GDP) City of Leipzig Office of Statistics and Elections Share of renewable energies in total energy consumption (%) e 00 Leipzig City Utility Company consumption by residential buildings (MJ/m ) City of Leipzig Office of Statistics and Elections Share of population that walks or bikes to work (%) City of Leipzig Office of Statistics and Elections Share of population that takes public transport to work (%) City of Leipzig Office of Statistics and Elections Length of bike path network (km/km ) City of Leipzig Office of Statistics and Elections Length of public transport network (km/km ) City of Leipzig Office of Statistics and Elections Annual water consumption per capita (m /resident) City of Leipzig Office of Statistics and Elections system leakages(%) Leipzig Municipal works; City of Leipzig Office of Statistics and Elections Dwellings connected to the sewage system (%) City of Leipzig Office of Statistics and Elections Waste and Annual municipal waste generated per capita (kg/head) Leipzig Office of Environmental Services land use Recycling rate (%) Leipzig Office of Environmental Services Daily mean for annual nitrogen dioxide concentration (µg/m ) City of Leipzig Office of Statistics and Elections Daily mean for annual ozone concentration (µg/m ) City of Leipzig Office of Statistics and Elections Daily mean for annual particulate matter concentration (µg/m ) City of Leipzig Office of Statistics and Elections Daily mean for annual sulfur dioxide concentration (µg/m ) City of Leipzig Office of Statistics and Elections 0

27 sions to 0% below 990 levels by 00. The city already managed to reduce CO emissions by % from 990 to 00. Green initiatives: To rein in CO emissions, Mannheim signed three-year alternative energy contracts with its energy suppliers in July 00. The city has since begun drawing on power from renewable energies for many municipal functions such as schools, streetlights, and traffic lights. The city calculates that this changeover will result in savings of 0,000 metric tons of CO by 0. : Mannheim also ranks in the energy category. Per capita energy consumption 00. For now, district heating lines will be extended into two more neighborhoods by 0. In addition, a subsidy program was launched in July 00 that offers customers financial assistance to install combined heat and power (CHP) microplants. The subsidy applies to installations with an output of up to kilowatts in residential or small commercial buildings. The subsidized CHP installations must run on natural gas or biogas. The subsidy varies from,00 to 0,000, depending on the capacity of the plant (estimated from to kilowatts) and annual service time (,00 to,000 hours). In the future, consumers will be able to feed energy from the micro-chp generators back into the local power grid. : Mannheim ranks above in the buildings category. The energy consumption of megajoules per square meter is below the of megajoules in the European cities. High marks are also earned for subsidies for energy efficiency initiatives in buildings. The city grants financial assistance for insulating residential buildings or installing energy-saving windows. The subsidies require a so-called Mannheim heat passport issued by the Mannheim climate protection agency, which assesses the quality of the building s insulation and identifies any energy- or cost-saving opportunities. This allows citizens to obtain financial assistance to improve energy efficiency. Monthly initiatives Mannheim To strengthen environmental awareness among its citizens, Mannheim launched the months climate protection projects initiative in 009. A new project was introduced to the public each month the renovation of the city nursery, free environmental consultations, a trade-in program for old bicycles, etc. The city believes these initiatives helped sensitize the public to environmental issues. After its successful debut in 009, the city extended the program for another twelve months. Projects in 00 include opening a photovoltaic facility on the site of a former dump, retrofitting streetlights with LED bulbs, and another trade-in incentive, this time for old refrigerators. Background indicators Population,000 GDP per person (PPP) in,600 Administrative area in km Share of industry / gross value added in % 9 Average temperature in C 0 With a population of,000, Mannheim is the smallest city in the German Green City Index. Mannheim lies in northwestern Baden- Wuerttemberg and is highly industrialized. Industry here accounts for 9% of gross added value, the highest rate among the German cities in the Index, and this has a profound impact on the city s environmental ranking. Many busi - nesses in the technology, pharmaceutical, chemical, and automotive sectors are head - quartered or operate plants in Mannheim. With a per capita gross domestic product (GDP) of,600, Mannheim is somewhat above among the twelve German cities studied. Mannheim ranks above in five categories and earns an overall ranking in the German Green City Index of above. With a relatively low per capita water consumption of cubic meters, the city is well below the European of 9 cubic meters. Whereas an of nearly 9% of water is lost to pipeline leakage in the European cities studied, the rate of loss in Mannheim is just %. Mannheim also ranks favorably when it comes to renewable energies, with the second-highest share among the industrialized cities of Europe. In the categories of CO emissions, energy, and waste and land use, Mannheim ranks. CO emissions: Mannheim ranks in the category of CO emissions. Industry is a major source of CO emissions. Mannheim emits.0 metric tons of CO per capita per year, well above the of 6. metric tons in the European cities. The city would like to change this and has set a target of reducing CO emis- of 9 gigajoules is a bit higher than the in the European cities ( gigajoules). But the city ranks higher when you compare consumption to economic output: Mannheim consumes. megajoules per euro of GDP, and the in the European cities is nearly twice as high at. megajoules. The share of renewable energies in overall energy consumption is.9%, just below the European of 6.% but still the third-highest among the twelve German cities. Green initiatives: The district heating grid, which currently supplies some,000 households in Mannheim, is set to expand more rapidly in the coming years: the city utility company expects to increase the number of households on the grid from 9% currently to about 0% by Performance CO Waste and land use Environmental governance well below below Overall results The order of the dots within the performance bands has no bearing on the cities results. Mannheim Other German cities Other European cities above well above

28 Green initiatives: City administrators are ag - gressively promoting energy efficiency initiatives in municipal buildings. In the past year, for example, the old natural gas furnace system in the city offices in Mannheim-Friedrichsfeld was replaced by a pellet furnace system. The old 90s-era heating system used 0 megawatts of energy each year. The new system planned, installed, and financed by the city utility company uses only 0 megawatts. It has been up and running since November 009. Similar systems are to be installed in other city administration buildings in the coming years. : Mannheim also ranks above in the transport category. One reason for this is the bike path network, which at. km per Smart grid Mannheim s local utility company recently launched the Mannheim Model City project. At the heart of the project is a field test for the construction of a smart grid. The initiative is designed to give researchers insight into how smart grids and smart meters can help make the energy provider more efficient and reduce CO emissions. Customers can use their online accounts to access detailed information on their energy use, benefit from flexible rate structures and lower their overall energy costs. The smart meters can also automatically switch household appliances on or off. In the future, this will make it possible to have electric vehicles charge when the electricity rate is low and feed back into the grid during peakrate hours. square kilometer is longer than the in the European cities (. km). Nearly onethird of Mannheimers (9%) walk or bicycle to work; the European is %. Another reason for Mannheim s favorable ranking in the transport category is its extensive pedestrian zones and a dynamic parking control system that displays the current capacity of parking garages on the main approach routes leading into the city. The public transport network measures. km per square kilometer, slightly less than the European (. km). The share of the population that commutes to work on public transport is only 0%, however, well below the European of %. Green initiatives: Mannheim s city council developed an incentive program for exchanging old bicycles. It is very similar to the trade-in program for old cars that the federal government adopted in 009: any citizen willing to replace an old bicycle with a new one receives 0. The program is designed to help raise the level of bicycle usage from 6% in 00 to 0% in 0. Unlike the car trade-in program, however, the old bicycles are not scrapped but given to unemployed bike mechanics, who repair them for re-use. Now there are plans to replicate the Mannheim project around the country. : Mannheim earns a grade of above in the water category. The rate of water loss due to leakage in the supply system stands at just % compared to 9% on in Europe. This figure is impressive even in Germany, where the stands at %. Annual water consumption in Mannheim is 9 cubic meters per resident, more or less on a par with the in Germany and well below the European (9 cubic meters). Green initiatives: Like other cities in the German Green City Index, Mannheim also supports the capture of rainwater for use in toilets, yard irrigation, and washing machines. City administrators also promote green roofs by lowering the water fees for their irrigation. The benefits of green roofs are clear: they insulate the building against heat and cold and store rainwater, which alleviates the load on sewer systems, especially during heavy rain. Waste and land use: Mannheim ranks in the waste and land use category. This can be attributed primarily to the relatively high volume of waste of 6 kg per capita per year compared to the of kg in the Euro pean cities. The recycling rate of %, on the other hand, is well above the European (6%). Green initiatives: Mannheim operates a consultation center to help businesses and individuals get all the information they need about recycling and waste prevention. The center has a special program to educate schoolchildren on the topic of waste and recycling. On the subject of land use, the city is unrolling the big urban development project Mannheim from now until 0. Mannheim will transform old industry and railroad property adjacent to the main station into a mixed residential-commercial neighborhood. Plans for the -hectare space include open and green spaces and generously proportioned bike and pedestrian paths. : Mannheim earns a grade of above in the air quality category. Among Germany s six industrial cities in which industry s share of gross added value exceeds %, only Mannheim, Stuttgart, and Bremen score above. Aside from ozone concentrations, which are at the level of the European cities, Mannheim s levels of the measured air pollutants are below the European s. The difference in particulate concentration is especially stark: Mannheim has an concentration of micrograms compared to the European of micrograms. Mannheim s sulfur dioxide concentrations of. micrograms are also relatively low compared to the in the other European cities of 6. micrograms. Green initiatives: The clean air program that Mannheim adopted in 006 calls for 9 different primarily traffic-related measures, including mo - dernized infrastructure to improve traffic flow, an expanded public transport network, and a retrofitted bus fleet. Since 00, the city center has also had an environmental zone in which only low-emission vehicles are allowed. Nontraffic-related measures include reducing dust during construction projects. Quantitative indicators Environmental governance: Mannheim earns a grade of above in the environmental governance category. The city earned points in 00 for joining both the EU Covenant of Mayors and the EUROCITIES network. The public is informed about the city s climate protection and environmental policies through programs such as the Mannheim Environment Forum, an initiative of several environmental protection associations with the support of the city of Mannheim. The forum solicits opinions and viewpoints from various non-governmental organizations on environmental issues and provides citizens with information, including a carbon footprint for 00 and 00. Green initiatives: In 009, Mannheim established the climate protection agency to provide unbiased consulting services on environmental Eur. avg. Ger. avg. Mannheim Year* Source Eur. avg. = Average of a total of European and German cities studied; Ger. avg. = Average for only the German cities. * If a variety of data sources were consulted, the year indicated here refers only to the most important source; e = EIU estimate. ) Figure for Baden-Wuerttemberg. and climate protection issues. The agency is open to citizens, businesses and associations and offers financial assistance for green projects such as the installation of solar collectors. Its aim is to sensitize the population to environmental issues through targeted initiatives, such as the competition Mannheim s oldest heating pump in 0 in which contestants with the oldest heating pumps have the chance to win one of three high-efficiency pumps. The initiative is intended to raise awareness of energy efficiency issues and call attention to available subsidies for energy efficiency upgrades. Those who trade in an old heating pump, for example, are reimbursed for % of the costs by the climate protection agency through a climate fund. CO CO emissions per capita (metric tons/resident) BW State Office of Statistics; Mannheim City Office of Statistics CO emissions per unit of real GDP (g/ ) BW State Office of Statistics CO reduction target by City of Mannheim, Department of Building Code and Environmental Protection consumption per capita (GJ/resident) City of Mannheim; Mannheim City Office of Statistics consumption per unit of real GDP (MJ/ GDP) City of Mannheim; BW State Office of Statistics Share of renewable energies in total energy consumption (%) e 00 Interstate Working Group for Balance Sheets consumption by residential buildings (MJ/m ) BW State Office of Statistics; City of Mannheim Share of population that walks or bikes to work (%) City of Mannheim, Climate Protection Agency Share of population that takes public transport to work (%) City of Mannheim, Climate Protection Agency Length of bike path network (km/km ) City of Mannheim; BW State Office of Statistics Length of public transport network (km/km ) BW State Office of Statistics; City of Mannheim Annual water consumption per capita (m /resident) City of Mannheim, Climate Protection Agency system leakages(%) City of Mannheim, Climate Protection Agency Dwellings connected to the sewage system (%) City of Mannheim, Climate Protection Agency Waste and Annual municipal waste generated per capita (kg/head) BW State Office of Statistics land use Recycling rate (%) BW State Office of Statistics Daily mean for annual nitrogen dioxide concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Daily mean for annual ozone concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Daily mean for annual particulate matter concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Daily mean for annual sulfur dioxide concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase

29 Munich Background indicators Population. million GDP per person (PPP) in 9,00 Administrative area in km 0 Share of industry / gross value added in % Average temperature in C With a population of about. million, Munich is Germany s third-largest city after Berlin and Hamburg. Munich has one of the lowest unemployment rates in the country and is among the wealthier cities in the German Green City Index. The per capita gross domestic product (GDP) of 9,00 is topped only by Frankfurt and Stuttgart. As the economic center of southern Germany, Munich has a mixed economic structure. Several major industrial enterprises are based here from sectors such as machinery, automotive, and technology. Industry alone generates some % of gross value added. The city is also regarded as a center for biotechnology, microelectronics, IT, media, and services. Banks and insurance companies are also headquartered here. Only Frankfurt ranks ahead of Munich as a financial center. Munich ranks above overall in the comparison among the twelve German cities in the Index. In the breakdown, the city ranks above in five of eight individual categories. The city, for example, scores particularly well in CO intensity the ratio of CO emissions to economic output where it takes the top spot in Germany. Munich also scores high in energy intensity energy consumption per unit of real GDP ranking second in Germany behind Stuttgart. The achievements in the transport category are also worth noting: Munich has the most highly developed network of bike paths in Germany and the highest share of the population that commutes to work by bus or light rail. CO emissions: Munich ranks in the category of CO emissions. Annual per capita emissions of. metric tons are above the European (6. metric tons) but still well below the in Germany (9. metric tons). When the city s economic output is taken into account, Munich achieves the best results in Germany: Munich emits just grams of CO per euro of GDP less than half the European of 6 grams. In 00, the city of Munich adopted a plan to gradually reduce its CO emissions. The aim is to cut CO emissions by 0% every five years. This should reduce CO emissions to 0% of 990 levels by 00. Green initiatives: Munich s Climate Protection Program 00 was published in May 00. The program outlines a total of initiatives to be implemented from 00 to 0 with the aim of reducing CO emissions by 0% every five years. The first package of initiatives deals with buildings, urban development, mobility and transportation, energy efficiency in industry, energy production and distribution, and energy use in municipal buildings. The climate protection program is to be updated every two years. : The city earns a grade of above in the energy category. One of the decisive factors here is the relatively low annual energy consumption of 6 gigajoules per resident compared to the European of gigajoules. The results are even better when economic output is taken into consideration: the people of Munich consume. megajoules per euro of GDP. In Germany, only Stuttgart scores better. The European is over three times as high (. megajoules). The share of renewable energies is relatively low at.%, below the European of 6.%. This topic is already on the agenda as a result of the climate protection program, however, and the city has set itself ambitious goals. Green initiatives: Munich s utility company wants to meet all the city s energy needs through renewables by 0. Production of renewable energies has already been ramped up through a series of environmental projects such as the new hydroelectric plant on Prater Island, which has been providing green energy to,000 households since June 00. The utility company plans to begin operations by year s end at a new geothermal plant in the community of Sauerlach south of Munich that will harness geothermal energy to produce heat and electricity for 6,000 households. Beyond the city s borders, Munich s utility company has invested in the construction of an offshore wind farm in the North Sea that will go live in 0. To create further incentives for the use of renewable energies, the Munich city council has long offered financial support to homeowners who wish to move to renewable energy sources. As one of the sunniest spots in Germany, the city is also studying what role solar energy can play. One example is Ackermannbogen, a neighborhood of 9 households that meets 0% of its heating needs through solar energy. Excess solar energy generated in the summer is fed into a storage unit for use at a later time. : Munich also scores above in the buildings category. An residential building in Munich uses some megajoules per square meter, below the European Performance CO Waste and land use Environmental governance well below below Overall results The order of the dots within the performance bands has no bearing on the cities results. Munich Environmental Award Since 99, the Bavarian capital has awarded the Munich Environmental Award to honor exemplary commitment to the environment on the part of businesses, associations, educational institutions, and individuals. The 0,000 prizes are awarded primarily for innovative climate and environmental protection projects such as environmentally friendly production methods or outstanding energy conservation or production programs. The prize money must be reinvested in environmental programs or projects. of megajoules. The city is also recognized for providing energy efficiency incentives: granting financial support and loans for developers that replace windows, insulate their buildings, utilize district heating, install solar collectors, or otherwise make their construction pro ject more environmentally friendly. Green initiatives: As of July, 009, an energy consumption statement with information on energy use must be submitted for all non-residential buildings in Munich. Public agencies must make this information available online. This same requirement has been in effect since January, 009, for all residential buildings built after 96, and since July 00 for residential buildings built before 96. A penalty is charged if no energy consumption statement is available when the building is sold or leased. Munich has teamed up with the non- Munich Other German cities Other European cities above well above 6

30 governmental organization coonline to present Munich Heat Monitor 00, which provides citizens with a free tool for analyzing their energy and heating consumption. Participants need only submit their most recent heating bill, which coonline uses to create a report outlining how the energy efficiency of the building can be improved. Participants also learn how their heating costs measure up to city-wide s. Consumers are then notified of incentive programs for environmentally friendly renovations. : Munich scores above in the transport category. Some % of the population commutes to work with public transportation. This is above the % in the European cities and the best result in Germany. The city has a relatively dense network of bike paths. Its citizens enjoy.9 km of bike paths per square kilometer of the city, more than in Reinventing Riem On Munich s east side, a new community is arising on the site of the old Munich-Riem airport. The project, slated for completion in 0, will realize the concept of combined living and working in the countryside. Plans for the 60-hectare site, situated adjacent to the Munich exhibition and trade fair center, call for combining new office buildings with more than 6,00 residential units and generous amounts of open space. The concept follows the ten guidelines of the Munich Perspective plan for strategic urban development. These guidelines are based on the interplay of three core ideas: compact, urban, and green. Compact means the efficient use of space. any other Germany city and nearly three times the European (. km). Despite this, only % of residents walk or cycle to work, less than the European (%). The public transport network of.0 km per square kilometer is close to the European (. km). Green initiatives: In 00, the city of Munich launched a campaign to promote car-free mobility in certain population groups. The project, entitled Munich Clever Mobility, provides new residents, children and youths, businesses, and seniors with information on alternatives to owning a car. The programs and workshops are designed to reduce automotive traffic in the city by some 0 million kilometers annually. The Mobi-Race project aims to teach children environmental awareness and safety when it comes to mobility. The project is a joint effort by Munich s public transit system operator MVG and the city s regional administration offices. The goal is to teach children how to use Munich s public transport system on their own and generate interest in green transportation options with buses and light rail. Mobi-Race is directed at fourth- and fifth-grade students and has reached,00 children in classes since 00. The children learn to find their way around in an urban environment and eventually get around safely and independently using public transportation while developing the key skills of taking responsibility, making decisions and working with others. The winning teams receive prizes at the end of the project. : In the category of water, Munich again ranks above. use in the Bavarian capital, as in the other cities in Germany, is also well below the levels elsewhere in Europe. The people of Munich consume 6 cubic meters of water per capita per year, compared to 9 cubic meters on in the European cities. loss of % from pipeline leakage is also well below the European (9%). Green initiatives: Munich s public utility company has launched the Eco-Farmers initiative, which offers financial assistance to organic agricultural business on the outskirts of Munich with the aim of protecting the city s water reserves. So far, more than 00 farmers have converted their operations to organic practices. Together, they maintain the largest organic farming zone in Germany, encompassing some,00 hec - tares. Waste and land use: Munich also sco res above in the waste and land use category. One key reason for this is the relatively high recycling rate of %, compared to just 6% on in the other European cities. Munich s waste volume of kg per capita per year is higher than the European, however ( kg). The city s score is hurt by the fact that it does not have any subsidy programs to revitalize unused land. Green initiatives: The city is continuing its efforts to renaturalize the Isar from a canal-like state to a natural-growth river bed. The last section in the city center around the Weideninsel is scheduled for completion this year. The project is a joint effort by Munich s public works office and water management bureau. The costs for renaturalizing the Isar are split between the state of Bavaria and the city. Associations, organizations and private citizens have been in - volved in the planning throughout all phases of the project. Since 00, Munich s office of waste management has operated a dry fermentation plant in Freimann in the north of the city. Some,000 metric tons of kitchen and yard waste from the area are converted there each year into. million cubic meters of biogas, a volume sufficient to power some,600 households in Munich. The facility also produces 9,000 metric tons of compost annually that is used as fertilizer and soil conditioner in agriculture and landscaping. : Munich ranks in the category of air quality. One reason for this is the nitrogen dioxide concentration of micrograms per cubic meter, which is above the of micrograms measured in the European cities. The ozone levels of micrograms are more or less in line with the European (0 micrograms). The particulate matter concentration of micrograms, on the other hand, is below the European of mi - cro grams. Munich s. micrograms of sulfur dioxide also compares favorably with the other European cities (6. micrograms). Green initiatives: In the fight against particulates, Munich introduced a truck-free zone at the beginning of 00 so that through traffic is now redirected onto highway A99 around the city. This closed off the city to most of the trucks that used to drive through Munich. Environmental governance: Munich ranks among European cities in the Quantitative indicators environmental governance category. A negative factor was that only limited information on the city s environmental performance is public: the city s CO balance sheet and end energy consumption, for example, are not published. Citizens are actively involved, however. Public input was a factor in the draft of the Ecological Guideline Climate Change and Climate Protection, published in late 00 by the city of Munich (see under green initiatives ). The city also gets bonus points for joining the Covenant of Mayors and signing the Aalborg Charter. Green initiatives: Under the campaign Working Together for the Climate, the city council decided in 00 to involve the public in further developing and updating the Ecological Guideline Climate Change and Climate Protection. The guideline lays out the challenges, objectives, and strategies for climate change Eur. avg. = Average of a total of European and German cities studied; Ger. avg. = Average for only the German cities. * If a variety of data sources were consulted, the year indicated here refers only to the most important source; e = EIU estimate. ) Current CO reduction target is 0% by 00. ) City data does not include energy consumption for transportation an estimate of 0% has therefore been added. ) City data does not include energy consumption for transportation an estimate of 0% has therefore been added; GDP figure from 00. Eur. avg. Ger. avg. Munich Year* Source CO CO emissions per capita (metric tons/resident) City of Munich CO emissions per unit of real GDP (g/ ) City of Munich CO reduction target by City of Munich and climate protection in five different categories: energy supply; buildings; urban planning and mobility; land use and ecosystem; and user behavior, lifestyles, and health. The aim was to gain new ideas and insights into these fields by tapping into the community. Drawing upon numerous events, the exhibition Munich: Controlling the Climate, and a wealth of infor - mation on the Internet, a draft guideline was finally published in 00 the result of a broadbased consensus, according to the city council. The website served as a forum for soliciting public input in the revision of the guideline. The result was presented to the city council in late 00 for final deliberations. consumption per capita (GJ/resident) e 00 Munich City Utility Company consumption per unit of real GDP (MJ/ GDP)... e 00 Munich City Utility Company Share of renewable energies in total energy consumption (%) Munich City Utility Company consumption by residential buildings (MJ/m ) Munich City Utility Company Share of population that walks or bikes to work (%).9.0,0 00 Eurostat Urban Audit Share of population that takes public transport to work (%) Eurostat Urban Audit Length of bike path network (km/km ) City of Munich; Munich Office of Statistics Length of public transport network (km/km ) Munich Office of Statistics Annual water consumption per capita (m /resident) Bavarian State Office of Statistics and Data Processing; Munich Office of Statistics system leakages(%)..6. e 00 Bavarian State Office of Statistics and Data Processing Dwellings connected to the sewage system (%) Eurostat Urban Audit Waste and Annual municipal waste generated per capita (kg/head) Munich Office of Statistics land use Recycling rate (%) Munich Office of Statistics Daily mean for annual nitrogen dioxide concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Daily mean for annual ozone concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Daily mean for annual particulate matter concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Daily mean for annual sulfur dioxide concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase 9

31 energies is still relatively low, though it is comparable to that of the other German cities. The European is 6.%. Nuremberg has launched a series of initiatives to make its energy supply more environmentally friendly. House - holds that switch to district heating receive cash awards of up to,000, for example. Green initiatives: Nuremberg participates in the so-called Solar National League, a national competition to track the progress made by cities and communities in installing photovoltaic systems. According to city calculations, Nuremberg holds first place in the competition with other cities of 00,000 or more. The environmental office reports that installed capacity in Nuremberg has nearly doubled since 00, from.0 to. megawatts. Overall, Nuremberg now has some,000 square meters of photovoltaic area. One factor at play here is the city s decision to lease the roof space of municipal buildings to private investors. Smart subways As part of its climate protection program 00/00, Nuremberg added a new, automated line to its subway system. The five-kilometer stretch is the first to use centrally controlled, driverless trains. Full automation allows the trains to operate at high energy efficiency, optimizes braking and acceleration, and places less strain on the system. The system was also designed so that the energy accumulated when one train brakes can be used to accelerate the next train. The system operator reports that subway ridership has grown by some 00,000 since the U line opened in 00. Nuremberg Background indicators Population 0,000 GDP per person (PPP) in 9,00 Administrative area in km 6 Share of industry / gross value added in % Average temperature in C With a population of about 00,000, the city of Nuremberg in Franconia is the second smallest city in the. Nuremberg is home to numerous enterprises from the automation and energy sector and the medical technology industry. A total of % of city employees work in the service sector, and industry contributes some % to gross added value. The geographic location and accessibility make the city a logistics hub for trade with Eastern Europe, which is conducted predominantly by road transport. With a per capita gross domestic product (GDP) of 9,00, Nuremberg is just below among the twelve German cities studied. Nuremberg ranks above overall in the, scoring above in five of the eight individual categories as well. Among cities in which industry accounts for % or more, Nuremberg is actually the only city in Germany that ranks above in the category of CO emissions. The results in the transport category are also noteworthy. The percentage of citizens who commute to work using public transportation, for example, is relatively high compared to the other cities in Germany, with Nuremberg showing the third-highest level behind Munich and Berlin. Nuremberg scores in the categories of energy, air quality, and environmental governance. CO emissions: Despite the high volume of traffic in and around Nuremberg and the CO emissions that this brings, the city scores above in the category of CO emissions. The high score can be attributed to a series of initiatives aimed at reducing CO emissions. Although the city s per capita annual emissions of. metric tons of CO are above the of the European cities (6. metric tons), that figure is still well below the German of 9. metric tons. Nuremberg compares very favorably when it comes to CO intensity, with CO emissions of grams per euro of GDP far below the European of 6 grams. In Germany, that is the second-lowest level after Munich. And what s more, by 00 the city had already achieved its goal of reducing CO emissions by % from 990 to 00. Now the city aims to reduce its CO emissions by 0% below 990 levels by 00. This matches the targets of the other German Index cities and the requirements set by the federal government. Green initiatives: Since 996, the local energy company has provided citizens with financial assistance for steps taken to lessen their carbon footprint. A total of 0,000 in program grants for CO reduction have been promised for 00. Residents receive vouchers or cash to purchase an electric vehicle, install solar cells on residential buildings, or receive an energy consultation. The utility company claims that this program has eliminated,600 metric tons of CO in 00. : Nuremberg scores in the category of energy. Per capita energy consumption of 9 gigajoules is a bit higher than the in the European cities ( gigajoules), but relatively low compared to the economic output of the city: at. megajoules per euro of GDP, the city consumes only half as much as the European of. megajoules. Nuremberg also gets points for promoting the use of clean energy. Nuremberg s.% share of renewable : Nuremberg ranks above in the buildings category. At megajoules per square meter, the energy consumption of Nurem berg s residential buildings is slightly be - low the of megajoules in the European cities. The city is trying hard to im - prove the energy efficiency of its buildings. Nuremberg s climate protection program in - cludes an initiative designed to reduce the energy consumption of commercially used buildings by 00, for example. The reason: only 0% of the office buildings in Nuremberg were built in the last ten years. Most are much older and therefore require much more energy for heating and lighting. For this reason, Nuremberg offers an energy conservation consultation for small Performance CO Waste and land use Environmental governance well below below Overall results The order of the dots within the performance bands has no bearing on the cities results. and medium-sized businesses as well as assistance and subsidies to improve energy efficiency. Green initiatives: The local housing industry business group has committed to improving energy efficiency in its buildings through the Innovative Housing modernization program. The group manages some,000 residential buildings, some 0% of the total building stock in Nuremberg. About half are new construction, the rest were built before 960. The group aims to retrofit all its buildings by 0 to the sevenliter standard, meaning seven liters or less of fuel oil per square meter and year. The city Nuremberg Other German cities Other European cities above well above 60 6

32 hopes this will save costs and bring it a bit closer to its environmental targets. : Nuremberg scores above in the transport category. The city has a welldeveloped public transport network with.9 km per square kilometer. One in three residents (%) commutes to work each day using public transportation the third-highest level in Germany. The among the European cities is higher still, however, with % of citizens commuting by bus and light rail. The bike Solar roof exchange Nuremberg set up a so-called solar roof exchange with the objective of increasing the share of renewable energies. This online platform brings together the owners of rooftop surfaces private, public, or commercial-use buildings with potential investors and solar cell manufacturers. The owner leases the roof to an investor and receives a fixed rent or a per - centage of the proceeds from the photovoltaic installation in exchange. The online forum is free to use. The solar roof exchange collects a brokerage fee when a deal is signed between a roof owner and investor. path network of.6 km per square kilometer is longer than the European (. km), but only one in five residents commutes to work on foot or by bicycle more or less on a par with the European. The city s expansive pedestrian zone received favorable marks, as did the Intelligent Mobile program (see green initiatives ) that seeks to encourage citizens to get out of their cars in favor of alternative modes of transportation. The city also emphasizes the importance of the automatic traffic control system introduced in 00 that guides traffic flows toward the stadium and convention center. The traffic control system is intended to minimize the negative effects of special-event traffic on city streets and keep the burden to those living near the event sites as low as possible. Green initiatives: Since April 000, Nuremberg has run the Intelligent Mobile information campaign to induce people to leave their car at home more often. The initiative highlights the value of green alternatives such as public transport, carpooling, cycling, and walking. The campaign emphasizes that doing without a car can actually offer a better quality of life. Cycling and walking, for example, reduce stress and promote good health. At the same time, such choices reduce air pollution and lessen the daily traffic volume. : Nuremberg ranks above in the water category. The annual per capita water con sumption of cubic meters is, as in the other German cities in the Index, well below the approximately 9 cubic meters that is the in the European cities. Nuremberg s rate of water loss from pipeline leakage is, at %, also much lower than the European of 9%. Green initiatives: To teach elementary school students how drinking water makes its way from its source to the water faucet, the regional student radio station school+radio has, with the support of Bavarian State Radio and local energy company NERGIE, produced a water-themed program. Three fictional sisters Mirella, Lara, and Laura explore the key stations of Nuremberg s drinking water supply in a radio play for children. The piece was subsequently posted to the school radio station website. Waste and land use: Nuremberg earns a grade of above in the waste and land use category. The volume of waste is 06 kg per capita per year, below the of kg in the European cities. The recycling rate of 6% is noteworthy, over twice the European of 6% and also above the German of %. Nuremberg has launched various programs to try to make its citizens more acutely aware of household waste and reduce overall waste. The waste management companies provide residents with information on how to avoid waste, including online information and an Infomobile that stops at various locations throughout the city several days a month. Green initiatives: In 00, Nuremberg joined Bremen and Leipzig in founding co-op city, a joint project among the three cities to confront the challenges of future urban development. These challenges are divided into the three categories of economic innovation and creative milieus, urban quality of life, and regional cooperation. In Nuremberg, six neighborhoods with development potential were identified, including the West City, a former industrial area and the site of social tensions. Following the identification and concept phase, selected projects will be implemented in close cooperation among the three cities starting in 0. The aim is to exchange experience and insights in order to learn from one another. : Nuremberg ranks in the category of air quality. One reason for this is the relatively high concentrations of nitrogen dioxide in the city, which at 6 micrograms per cubic meter is slightly above the European of micrograms. This can be attributed at least in part to intense industrial activity. The concentrations of particulates and sulfur dioxide are better: both lie below the in the European cities. Nuremberg actually has the lowest levels of any German city in the Index when it comes to ozone, the indicator most closely linked to (automobile) traffic. Green initiatives: The city of Nuremberg has continued its clean air program. The plan came Quantitative indicators into effect in December 00 and is focused primarily on traffic. The objective is to expand the availability of public transportation and bicycling incentives. In the short term, the plan also seeks to improve traffic flow by optimizing traffic lights, for example, or striping extra bus lanes. The long-term goals include the expansion of the subway network. Environmental governance: Nuremberg ranks in the category of environmental governance. Although the city updated its CO balance sheet from 006 in the latest climate protection plan for 00 and identified areas in need of action, the environmental report does not include a comprehensive assessment of the current situation in each category with detailed targets. Nuremberg does get high marks, however, for providing easy public access, especially online access, to information on the city s environmental performance and initiatives. Green initiatives: The Keep in Mind project gets schoolchildren actively involved in a water and energy conservation project that is designed to raise awareness of the threats posed by climate change and the scarcity of resources. One class designed stickers to put on light switches to remind children to turn off the light when no one is in the room. Eur. avg. = Average of a total of European and German cities studied; Ger. avg. = Average for only the German cities. * If a variety of data sources were consulted, the year indicated here refers only to the most important source; e = EIU estimate. ) GDP figure from 00. ) Measurement station is not away from road traffic and therefore meets the criteria only to a limited extent. Eur. avg. Ger. avg. Nuremberg Year* Source CO CO emissions per capita (metric tons/resident) Nuremberg s application for European Green Capital Award CO emissions per unit of real GDP (g/ ) e 00 Nuremberg s application for European Green Capital Award; Nuremberg Statistical Almanac CO reduction target by City of Nuremberg, Office of the Environment consumption per capita (GJ/resident) Nuremberg s application for European Green Capital Award consumption per unit of real GDP (MJ/ GDP) Nuremberg s application for European Green Capital Award Share of renewable energies in total energy consumption (%) City of Nuremberg, Office of the Environment consumption by residential buildings (MJ/m ) Agency of Northern Bavaria Share of population that walks or bikes to work (%) Urban Research and Statistics, Nuremberg and Fürth (00) Share of population that takes public transport to work (%) Urban Research and Statistics, Nuremberg and Fürth (00) Length of bike path network (km/km ) City of Nuremberg, Traffic Planning Office; Nuremberg Statistical Almanac Length of public transport network (km/km ) Nuremberg Statistical Almanac Annual water consumption per capita (m /resident) Nuremberg s application for European Green Capital Award system leakages(%) Nuremberg s application for European Green Capital Award Dwellings connected to the sewage system (%) Eurostat Urban Audit Waste and Annual municipal waste generated per capita (kg/head) Nuremberg Statistical Almanac land use Recycling rate (%) City of Nuremberg, Office of the Environment Daily mean for annual nitrogen dioxide concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Daily mean for annual ozone concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Daily mean for annual particulate matter concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Daily mean for annual sulfur dioxide concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase 6 6

33 and public buildings; 0% for industry; and 0% for transportation. However, Stuttgart s level of 0 grams of CO emissions per unit of GDP is much lower than the European (6 grams). The reason for this is that the standard of living in Stuttgart is relatively high, and the city has a high per capita GDP. Green initiatives: The Stuttgart Climate Protection Concept is the main basis for reducing CO emissions in the city. The city council has ruled that CO emissions should be reduced 0% by 00 and, in keeping with the EU target, 0% by 00. Both these targets are relative to levels from the year 000. The Climate Protec- lower when compared to economic output: at. megajoules per euro of GDP, it is less than one-fourth of the European (. megajoules). This puts Stuttgart at the very top in Germany, with only Zurich and Oslo scoring higher in the European Index. The city has the lowest share of renewable energies among all the German Index cities, however: only 0.6% of Stuttgart s total energy needs are currently met by renewable energies a figure far below the European of 6.%. Green initiatives: Stuttgart has set a goal to use more energy from renewable sources in city properties. The percentage of green energy was % in 00 and is expected to rise to 6% by 0. The share of renewable energies in municipal buildings is also supposed to grow from % to 0% by 00. Stuttgart has also decided to no longer compost the,000 cubic meters of wood scraps that accumulate each year as a result of forest maintenance. Instead, the city has begun feeding the leftover wood into biomass heating systems. This is used to heat seven municipal buildings, which in turn increases the share of renewable energies. : Stuttgart s above ranking in the buildings category is due primarily to the markedly low energy consumption in residential Integrated traffic control center Stuttgart Stuttgart began operating an integrated traffic control center in 006. The center collects and provides real-time analysis of information on the current traffic situation. Using this data, the city can control traffic as needed through illuminated road signs, parking guidance systems, flexible traffic light controls, etc. This helps avoid traffic jams, which in turn reduces pollutants. Data is fed in from various city agencies: the public policy office, the office of civil engineering, a municipal transportation company, and police headquarters. Background indicators Population 600,000 GDP per person (PPP) in,00 Administrative area in km 0 Share of industry / gross value added in % 6 Average temperature in C 9 Stuttgart, with a population of 600,000, is the capital of the state of Baden-Wuerttemberg. Stuttgart s per capita gross domestic product (GDP) of,00 is well above the German. Only Frankfurt has a higher per capita GDP among the cities in the German Green City Index. Industry contributes 6% to the gross value added, making Stuttgart a relatively industrialized city in the Index compared to the nationwide of %. Stuttgart is an important production site in the European automotive industry. It is also home to many hightech, technology, and electronics companies, along with their research and development centers. Stuttgart also has a vibrant service sector and is home to several major financial service providers. Stuttgart earns an overall grade of above in the, scoring above in each individual category except CO emissions. Of special note are the high marks in the categories of energy and buildings: Stuttgart stands out in Germany for its very low energy consumption and is also the European leader in energy-efficient housing. There is room for improvement in the city s waste volume and the share of renewable energies. CO emissions: The category of CO emissions is the only category in which Stuttgart ranked. Although the CO emissions of 0. metric tons per capita per year are more or less on a par with the German of 9. metric tons, they are much higher than the in the European cities of 6. metric tons. The city s CO emissions can be broken down to 60% for private households, offices, tion Concept includes numerous programs designed to reduce CO emissions caused by vehicles, households, and businesses. The programs include transportation advice for residents, visitors, tourists, and business travelers; financial assistance to optimize heat insulation of all types of buildings; better coordination of the city s energy efficiency programs; carpools; and the creation of an energy consulting agency. : Stuttgart scores above in the energy category. Only two other German cities, Leipzig and Munich, equal Stuttgart in this category. The main reason for this is the low per capita energy consumption of 6 gigajoules, the second-best score in Germany after Leipzig. The among the European cities is gi ga joules. The energy consumption is even Performance CO Waste and land use Environmental governance well below below Overall results The order of the dots within the performance bands has no bearing on the cities results. Stuttgart Other German cities Other European cities above well above 6 6

34 buildings, which at megajoules per square meter is far below the of megajoules in the European cities. This makes the city number one both in Germany and in the European Index. One key reason for this success is that the city offers energy-conscious property owners a broad portfolio of financial assistance for energy-efficient upgrades. Stuttgart also wins praise for ensuring that all new municipal buildings are constructed according to the latest low-energy and efficiency standards. Green initiatives: Stuttgart has set out to reduce the energy consumption of municipal institutions by at least % annually. An energy service is dealing with the building stock, which Concept Stuttgart Four-Pack Stuttgart has introduced a Four-Pack concept aimed at promoting electromobility through four different projects. The first project involves revamping the call-a-bike rental system run by Deutsche Bahn, which has 00 bicycles and 0 electric bicycles at locations. The plan is to integrate this system into the local transportation network. The second project is a comprehensive pilot program with electric scooters to be conducted in collaboration with the regional power company. The plan is to introduce 00 e-scooters that will be able to recharge at some 00 gas stations. City administrators have been using e-scooters in various offices for several months. The third project calls for testing various electric vehicles as part of the Stuttgart model region. The city is reviewing options for deploying such vehicles for test purposes. Finally, the fourth project involves the local transportation company testing several hybrid buses in day-to-day operations. accounts for 60% of energy consumption in the city. City administrators use a computerized system to monitor energy consumption in the properties, teach operators to optimize the use of their facilities, and develop concepts for optimizing energy use in buildings. One example of an energy service project: The city s Hans-Rehn- Stift retirement home underwent an energy overhaul in 009, reducing its primary consumption by some % and CO emissions by 0% compared to 00 levels. These energy savings were achieved by combining a heat pump with a combined heat and power unit, a lowtemperature natural gas boiler, and a solar thermal system. Triple zero is a concept developed in Stuttgart that seeks to achieve zero emissions, zero energy and zero resource consumption for buildings in the city. The goal is to develop housing that produce their own power and heat for heating purposes. The triple zero idea is part of a re - search project conducted by the city in collaboration with the Association for Sustainable Construction. The concept will initially run on a trial basis in public buildings such as schools and retirement homes before it is broadly implemented in five years. A current example is the Uhlandschule in Stuttgart-Rot, the first so-called energy plus school in Germany that will produce more energy than it consumes. : Stuttgart also scores above in the transport category, thanks primarily to programs that promote the use of alternative transportation and reduce traffic and to the relatively expansive public transport network, which at. km per square kilometer is more developed than the of. km in the European cities. The % share of the population that uses public transportation to commute to work is slightly above the German but below the European of %. Stuttgart s bike path network, on the other hand, is much less developed than in the other European cities. The city has 0.6 km of bike paths per square kilometer, compared to an of. km in Europe and.9 km in Germany. Only % of city residents walk or bicycle to work each day compared to the European of %, though this is certainly related to Stuttgart s especially hilly topography. Green initiatives: Stuttgart is participating in the nationwide bicycle initiative 00, dedicated to promoting the use of bicycles. Stuttgart is also working to make the bicycle more popular in general as more than just a way to get to work. The city seeks to increase the share of bicycles in urban traffic to 0% in the next ten years. To this end, the city is following a ten-point plan to improve bicycle infrastructure, including bike paths, bike racks, and appropriate signage. Plans also call for developing a comprehensive approach to allowing bicycles on trains. : Stuttgart also earns a grade of above in the water category. The main reason for this is moderate water use of 6 cubic meters per capita per year, far below the of 9 cubic meters in the European cities. The % rate of water loss from pipeline leakage, on the other hand, is relatively high compared to the other German cities but still below the 9% of all the European cities studied. Stuttgart, like the other German cities in the In - dex, monitors its water quality and water levels, promotes water-saving practices, and treats all its wastewater prior to disposal. Green initiatives: Since 00, Stuttgart has broken down its wastewater fees by household wastewater and storm runoff. The aim is to motivate homeowners to let rainwater seep naturally into the ground rather than diverting it into the sewer system, which ultimately leads to high costs. This is also intended to help maintain groundwater levels, lessen the burden on wastewater treatment plants, and prevent storm drain overflows during heavy rain. Waste and land use: Stuttgart also scores above in the category of waste and land use. Although the city has a very high waste volume per capita per year of kg, the highest in Germany, it makes up for this with a relatively high recycling rate of %, more than double the European of 6%. Among the German cities, only Leipzig and Bremen score better. Stuttgart plans to further increase its recycling rate by providing different types of recycling containers and opening new recycling centers. Green initiatives: Stuttgart has responded to its shortage of new building sites with a program to identify and systematically compile data on idle properties. The aim is to push the construction of the housing that is urgently needed in the short term. The city acts as a broker between investors and property owners to find construction and financing solutions. The more successful the program, the fewer the valuable open spaces that will have to be sacrificed for new housing. : Stuttgart also rates above when it comes to air quality. Stuttgart s sulfur dioxide concentration of. micrograms per cubic meter is less than half the of 6. micrograms in the European cities. The level of 9 micrograms per cubic meter of particulates is also well below the European of micrograms. The ozone and nitrogen dioxide levels, on the other hand, are close to the levels found in the other European cities. Quantitative indicators Green initiatives: The city has joined the city council in passing a clean air plan designed to further reduce nitrogen dioxide and particulates. One focus here is on automobile emissions. The plan calls for such measures as a ban on heavy vehicle traffic through the city, environmental zones in the city center, and speed limits on heavily trafficked transit roads. Calcium magnesium acetate is also used in winter to help bind the particulates in the air. A temporary ban on vehicles that exceed certain levels of emissions has been in place in the city center since 00, and a general ban on vehicles with a red particulate sticker has been in place in designated zones since July 00. Environmental governance: Stuttgart ranks above in the environmental governance category. In 00, the city updated a comprehensive environmental report from 99. The concept includes ten areas of focus ranging from sustainable urban development to wastewater, waste management, consulting, Eur. avg. Ger. avg. Stuttgart Year* Source CO CO emissions per capita (metric tons/resident) BW State Office of Statistics CO emissions per unit of real GDP (g/ ) BW State Office of Statistics CO reduction target by City of Stuttgart consumption per capita (GJ/resident) City of Stuttgart consumption per unit of real GDP (MJ/ GDP) City of Stuttgart Share of renewable energies in total energy consumption (%) City of Stuttgart Eur. avg. = Average of a total of European and German cities studied; Ger. avg. = Average for only the German cities. * If a variety of data sources were consulted, the year indicated here refers only to the most important source; e = EIU estimate. ) Estimate of the City of Stuttgart. and public relations. The city is also active on the transregional stage: it is a member of the Covenant of Mayors and has joined Cities, an association of,000 European cities and towns. It is also taking advantage of EU subsidies available to help finance environmental projects and studies. Green initiatives: The ten-point program initiated by Stuttgart s mayor sets the direction for environmental protection in the city for the coming ten years. The program calls for expanding the energy consulting agency and further improving the energy efficiency of public buildings such as schools and older buildings. Projects that promote renewable energies and energy-efficient mobility are also supported. Other initiatives include offering rooftop space for the installation of solar collectors and im - proving the exchange of information with other cities on environmental issues. Also, environmental aspects are to be taken into greater account by urban developers from now on. consumption by residential buildings (MJ/m ) e 00 City of Stuttgart; BW State Office of Statistics Share of population that walks or bikes to work (%) Eurostat Urban Audit Share of population that takes public transport to work (%) Eurostat Urban Audit Length of bike path network (km/km ) Eurostat Urban Audit Length of public transport network (km/km ) SSB Annual water consumption per capita (m /resident) Stuttgart Office of Statistics system leakages(%) BW State Office of Statistics Dwellings connected to the sewage system (%) Eurostat Urban Audit Waste and Annual municipal waste generated per capita (kg/head) BW State Office of Statistics land use Recycling rate (%) BW State Office of Statistics Daily mean for annual nitrogen dioxide concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Daily mean for annual ozone concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Daily mean for annual particulate matter concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase Daily mean for annual sulfur dioxide concentration (µg/m ) EEA Airbase 66 6

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