Course: HIS 127- Introduction to Archaeology (3 credits- Compulsory)

Transcription

1 Course: HIS 127- Introduction to Archaeology (3 credits- Compulsory) Course Duration: Two hours per week for 15 weeks (45 hours) As taught in 2010/2011 session Lecture: Aiyedun, K.D PhD. Anthropology (African Archaeology University of California, Berkeley, U.S.A,) Msc. Archaeology, University of Ibadan, B.A. Hons. History, Ahmadu Bello University Departments of History and International Studies, Faculty of Arts, University of ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. Kaiyedun Office Location: Room10, Department of History and International Studies, Faculty of Arts,, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria. Consultation Hours: 12noon- 2.00pm (Wednesday and Friday) Course Content: Archaeology, prehistoric period, fieldwork, funding, cultural objects recording, excavation process, techniques and methods, other sources of reconstructing history is reconnaissance, artifact study and museum case studies of prehistoric sites in Nigeria, West Africa: Olduvai Gorge, Nok, Iwo- eleru, Igbo-ukwu, Benin. Course The course examines the history and development of Archaeology as a discipline, including its meaning. The general principles and techniques of the discipline are studied including aerial photograph, methods of dating, relative and absolute are also examined. Case studies of different prehistoric sites in nigeria, west africa and africa would also be studied including Olduvai- Gorge, Nok, Iwo Eleru, Igbo-ukwu, Benin among others. Students would also be taught the art of writing simple archaelological report for publication. Course Justification: It is essential for students of history to be aware that during the prehistoric period, when there were no written sources nor reliable oral evidence, archaeology provides an important source for the reconstruction of man s past. Course The main objective of the course is to introiduce students to the rudiments of archaeology and various operational aspects of the discipline. By the end of the course, Students will: i. have broad understanding of the history and development of archaeology from the prehistoric period to the present. ii. have adequaate knowledge fo different technique and methods of used in archaeological fieldwork. iii. appreciat the relevance and contribution of specific sites studied in our understanding man s past in Nigeria and Africa at large. Course Requirement: Apart from normal attendance of classes, students would be expected to read widely so as to be able to participate in desenssions during lecture hours. Students will be encouraged to visit museums in their local environment which could either be state based government, community based or federal based governmet, with a view to have a first class observation of what museum objects are and how they are arranged in a museum, for which they will be expected to write a report. Students are expected to attend 75% of the classes before they

2 can sit for the examination. They will also be expected to write either a test or an assignment before the end of the course. Method of Grading S/N Type of Grading Scores (%) 1. Test/ Assignment Report of visiting the museum Participation in class 5 4. Final examination 60 Total 100 Course Delivery Strategy: Face- to- face lectures will be the major method of course delivery. Where available slides on various sites under the section on case studies will be shown to the students. Lecture Content: Week 1: General Introduction The objectives of the week are to describe the overview of the course as well as the history and development of archaeology as a discipline. Description An overview of the course: definition Aim and state of the discipline The history and development of archaeology General appraisal. 1. Define Archaeology? 2. Enumerate the different sources used for the reconstruction of the past? 3. What do we mean by the term prehistory? 4. What salient features took place in the development of archaeology after the Second World War? 5. What various stages did the prehistoric research went through in Africa? 1. Ki-Zerbo 1,4, J. ed. General Introduction, in Unesco General History of Africa, Vol.I ed. J. Ki- Zerbo, pp 1-25, Heinemann California, Carr, L.H. What is History? Penguin, England, Alagoa, E.J. 1,4, The relationship between history and other disciplines. Tarikh, vol 6, no. 1. Pp Longman, London, Clark 1,4 J.D The Prehistory of Africa, Praeger publishers, New York 5. Clark 1,4 J.D The Legacy of prehistory: an essay on the background to the individuality of African culture, pp , in The Cambridge of history of Africa,vol.2 from 500BC- AD 1050, ed J.D. Fage Cambridge university press, Cambridge.

3 Week 2: History as the study of past of all living things (living and non-living) the universal, the earth, man, animals, plant. The objective of the week is to discuss the meaning of history and archaeology Overview of the course including its definitions History as related to living and non-living things General appraisal. 1. Examine the word history? 2. Examine the term archaeology? 3. Evaluate the relationship between history and archaeology? 4. Critically appraised the approach of archaeologist to the study of plant and animal? 1. Coppens 1,4, I.Y. Hominization: General Problems, Part 1. The palaeontological data, pp , in 2. Leakey 1,4, R. 1981, African Fossil Man, pp , in Unesco General History of Africa, vol. I ed. J. 3. Obenga 1,4, T. Sources and Specific Techniques used in African History: General Outline, pp , in 4. Webster 1,4, G Practical Archaeology. Adam and Charles Black, London. 5. Isaac 1,4, G. L. and R.E. Leakey eds. Human ancestors. Scientific American W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco. Week 3: History of Man The objective of the week is to discuss The Origin of Man Description Definition of terms within the sub-topic Developments in the history of man General appraisal.

4 1. Explain the term Homo- erectus? 2. Evaluate Dryopithecus as a stage in Human development? 3. What do you understand by the term acheulian industrial complex? 4. Critically appraise the transitional stages between homo-erectus and homo- sapiens sapiens? 5. Evalutate Homo- sapien sapien as a developed higher animal? 1. Binford and Binford, Stone tools and Human behaviour, pp , in Human Ancestors 1979, W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco 2. Richard 1,4 E.F. Leakey, Human Ancestors, W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco Shaw 1,4 T., Excavation at Iwo Eleru, West African Archaeological News Letter 4. Willett 1,4.F. Archaeology pp , in S.O Biobaku (ed), Source of Yoruba History, Oxford University press, Ibadan Okpoko 1,4 A.I., Fundamentals of Museum Practice, Afro-Orbis Publications Ltd Week 4: History as the study of Recent Human Past (written and oral tradition methods) The objective of the week is to discuss sources of history, this is written and oral traditions Overview of sub-topic and definition of oral and written sources How does written and oral tradition contribute to the study of history? General overview. 1. Evaluate the use of written method in the reconstruction of African past? 2. Oral tradition is bedrock of source of history. Do you agree? 3. Evaluate the shortcomings of oral tradition in the reconstruction of African past? 4. Myths and Legends is one of the instruments for Oral tradition. Do you agree? 1. Phillips 1,4, Steven, Jr. The use of oral traditions in the writing of African history pp.21-30, in Tarikh vol 6. No1, London press Ltd, Atanda 1,4 J.A., Oral historical Traditions in Africa, in Tarikh vol. 8., Longman Nigeria Limited Adefuye 1,4, Dating the past from oral tradition, pp , Tarikh, vol. 8., Longman Nigeria Ltd Onwujeogwu 1,4, M.A., The Dating of oral tradition, in Tarikh vol. 8. Longman Nigeria Ltd Dark 1,4, phillip J.C. 1973, An introduction to Benin Art and Technology. Oxford: Clarendon press.

5 Week 5: archaeological method: Reconnaissance and Excavations The objective of the week is to discuss available archaeological evidence depends on a number of important factors and how archaeologist go about their systematic methods in retrieving materials from sites. Description Discovering of archaeological sites and features- Documentary sources; extensive and intensive survey; reconnaissance Field- walking, Site surface survey; Aerial photography; Geophysical prospective. Third Hour Excavation methods: test pits, square, trench, quadrants 1. Evaluate the term Geophysical prospective 2. What is an archaeological sites? 3. Examine the use of Field-walking in discovering archaeological site? 4. Explain the methods of excavation of an archaeological site? 5. Critically appraised the term Aerial photography as a method of discovering an archaeological site? 1. Balout 1,4, L.1981 Hominization: General problems, Part ii The archaeological data, pp in 2. Coppens 1,4, I.Y. Hominization: General Problems, Part 1. The palaeontological data, pp , in 3. Leakey 1,4, R. 1981, African Fossil Man, pp , in Unesco General History of Africa, vol. I ed. J. 4. Obenga 1,4, T. Sources and Specific Techniques used in African History: General Outline, pp , in 5. Webster 1,4, G Practical Archaeology. Adam and Charles Black, London. Week 6: Archaeological Excavations: Types, Description and Recording The objective of the week is to understand that excavation is both costly and destructive, and therefore never to be undertaken lightly. The student also should be introduce to differents types of excavation, its description and methods of recording.

6 How archaeologists excavate and tools used during the excavations Recording: Stratigraphy, Bagging of materials Its transportation to the laboratory 1. Explain different types of excavation? 2. What do you understand by Stratigraphy? 3. Evaluate the bagging of materials in archaeological excavations? 4. Explain different ways of transporting archaeological materials to the laboratory? 1. Balout 1,4, L.1981 Hominization: General problems, Part ii The archaeological data, pp in 2. Coppens 1,4, I.Y. Hominization: General Problems, Part 1. The palaeontological data, pp , in 3. Leakey 1,4, R. 1981, African Fossil Man, pp , in Unesco General History of Africa, vol. I ed. J. 4. Obenga 1,4, T. Sources and Specific Techniques used in African History: General Outline, pp , in 5. Webster 1,4, G Practical Archaeology. Adam and Charles Black, London. Week 7: Archaeological Problems ( temporal, environmental and humans) The objective of the week is to discuss the perennial problems affecting archaeological evidences, first the cultural processes, second natural formation proceses and third ability to find, recognize, recover, and conserve it. Understanding basic categories of archaeological evidences How people and nature affect what survives as archaeological records. How environment affects what survives as archaeological records.

7 1. Evaluate the impact of people on what survives as archaeological records? 2. Explain how environment affects what survives as archaeological records? 3. Critically appraised the significance of nature on what survives as archaeological records? 4. Explain the basic categories of archaeological evidences? 1. Balout 1,4, L.1981 Hominization: General problems, Part ii The archaeological data, pp in 2. Coppens 1,4, I.Y. Hominization: General Problems, Part 1. The palaeontological data, pp , in 3. Leakey 1,4, R. 1981, African Fossil Man, pp , in Unesco General History of Africa, vol. I ed. J. 4. Obenga 1,4, T. Sources and Specific Techniques used in African History: General Outline, pp , in 5. Webster 1,4, G Practical Archaeology. Adam and Charles Black, London. Week 8 and 9: archaeology s contribution to an understanding of Africa s past The objective of the week is to have the general overview of the interest being shown today in the people and content of africa towards a closer acquaintance with and understanding of cultural and economic change evident in the continent s history ever since the prehistoric time over which the record has now been extended. of week 8 Review of archaeological sites in africa and evidence of people s development. of week 8 The emergence of man the tool-maker of week 8 General appraisal. First week of week 9 Discussion of special site: Olduvai Gorge, Broken hill, Kalambo fall, Kajera, Omo, Wadi Halfa and Khartoum etc. of week 9 Distribution of upper Palaeolithic and middle stone age of week 9 Neolithic age and evidence of rock arts. 1. Explain the emergence of man the tool-maker? 2. Discuss the important of Olduvai Gorge to the reconstruction of African past? 3. Discuss the contribution of Upper Palaeolithic and middle Stone Age in Africa? 4. Critically appraise the Neolithic age and evidence of rock arts in Africa? Assignment:

8 Discuss the relationship between history and archaeology 1. Obenga 1,4, T. Sources and Specific Techniques used in African History: General Outline, pp , in 2. Webster 1,4, G Practical Archaeology. Adam and Charles Black, London. 3. Isaac 1,4, G. L. and R.E. Leakey eds. Human ancestors. Scientific American W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco. 4. Fagg 1,4, B. 1959, The Nok culture in prehistory, Journal of historical society of Nigeria 1(4): pp Fagg 1,4, B., Nok terrocata, Lagos:, The Nigerian museum and London: ethnographical 6. Balout 1,4, L.1981 Hominization: General problems, Part ii The archaeological data, pp in 7. Coppens 1,4, I.Y. Hominization: General Problems, Part 1. The palaeontological data, pp , in 8. Leakey 1,4, R. 1981, African Fossil Man, pp , in Unesco General History of Africa, vol. I ed. J. 9. Obenga 1,4, T. Sources and Specific Techniques used in African History: General Outline, pp , in 10. Webster 1,4, G Practical Archaeology. Adam and Charles Black, London. Week 10 And 11: Archaeology s Contribution to an Understanding to West Africa s Past with special reference to Nigeria The objective of the week is to overview archaeological sites in Nigeria and how best they have been to complement history of Nigeria. of week 10 Review of archaeological sites in Nigeria and evidence of people s development. of week 10 Neolithic and the use of iron in Nigeria of week 10 General overview.. of week 11 Discussion of special Sites: Karuga, Daima, Iwo Eleru, Igbo-Ukwu, of week 11 Benin and Old Oyo of week 11 Discussion of sites continues. 1. Discuss the Neolithic stage and the use of iron as an evidence of people s development in Nigeria?

9 2. Evaluate old oyo as an evidence of peoples development in Nigeria? 3. Critically appraised igbo-ukwu as an archaeological site in south-eastern Nigeria? 4. Explain the important of Iwo-Eleru as evidence in the reconstruction of Nigeria past? 5. Critically appraised Benin art in the civilization of Nigeria people? 1. Obenga 1,4, T. Sources and Specific Techniques used in African History: General Outline, pp , in 2. Webster 1,4, G Practical Archaeology. Adam and Charles Black, London. 3. Isaac 1,4, G. L. and R.E. Leakey eds. Human ancestors. Scientific American W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco. 4. Fagg 1,4, B. 1959, The Nok culture in prehistory, Journal of historical society of Nigeria 1(4): pp Fagg 1,4, B., Nok terrocata, Lagos:, The Nigerian museum and London: ethnographical 6. Balout 1,4, L.1981 Hominization: General problems, Part ii The archaeological data, pp in 7. Coppens 1,4, I.Y. Hominization: General Problems, Part 1. The palaeontological data, pp , in 8. Leakey 1,4, R. 1981, African Fossil Man, pp , in Unesco General History of Africa, vol. I ed. J. 9. Obenga 1,4, T. Sources and Specific Techniques used in African History: General Outline, pp , in 10. Webster 1,4, G Practical Archaeology. Adam and Charles Black, London. Week 12: Museums: Meaning, Types and Functions The objectives of the week is to discuss meaning and concepts of museum and how museum as an institution of its own can assist to helping people understand and appreciate the natural world, history of civilization, record of human s artistic, scientific, and technological achievements. Definition and history of museums at various periods. Different types of museums: archaeology and ethnography museums; Art museum, natural museums; science museums. 1. Explain the term Museum 2. Discuss the emergence of museum at various periods? 3. Discuss the different types of museum

10 1. Fagg 1,4, Benard E. B. 1945, A Preliminary note on a new series of Pottery Figures from Northern Nigeria, Africa 15(1) pp Binford and Binford, Stone tools and Human behaviour, pp , in Human Ancestors 1979, W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco 3. Richard 1,4 E.F. Leakey, Human Ancestors, W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco Shaw 1,4 T., Excavation at Iwo Eleru, West African Archaeological News Letter 5. Willett 1,4.F. Archaeology pp , in S.O Biobaku (ed), Source of Yoruba History, Oxford University press, Ibadan Okpoko 1,4 A.I., Fundamentals of Museum Practice, Afro-Orbis Publications Ltd Week 13: Archaeology and Museums The objective of the week is to discuss archaeology and museums, excavated materials are expected to be exhibited in museums to create awareness for the general public. The role of museums outfit in archaeological resources. Conservation of archaeological materials in the museums and exhibition. General appraisal. 1. Explain the role of museum outfit in archaeological resources? 2. How do we conserve archaeological materials in the museum? 3. Explain the problems confronting conservation of archaeological materials in the museum? 4. Explain the important of conserving archaeological materials in the museum? 1. Fagg 1,4, Benard E. B. 1945, A Preliminary note on a new series of Pottery Figures from Northern Nigeria, Africa 15(1) pp Binford and Binford, Stone tools and Human behaviour, pp , in Human Ancestors 1979, W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco 3. Richard 1,4 E.F. Leakey, Human Ancestors, W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco Shaw 1,4 T., Excavation at Iwo Eleru, West African Archaeological News Letter 5. Willett 1,4.F. Archaeology pp , in S.O Biobaku (ed), Source of Yoruba History, Oxford University press, Ibadan Okpoko 1,4 A.I., Fundamentals of Museum Practice, Afro-Orbis Publications Ltd Atanda 1,4 J.A., Oral historical Traditions in Africa, in Tarikh vol. 8., Longman Nigeria Limited Adefuye 1,4, Dating the past from oral tradition, pp , Tarikh, vol. 8., Longman Nigeria Ltd Onwujeogwu 1,4, M.A., The Dating of oral tradition, in Tarikh vol. 8. Longman Nigeria Ltd Dark 1,4, phillip J.C. 1973, An introduction to Benin Art and Technology. Oxford: Clarendon press. 11. Shaw 1,4 T., Igbo-ukwu, in Account of Archaeological Discovery in Eastern Nigeria vol.2, Faber and Faber Northwestern University press Ltd, 1970 Week 14: History as the Study of Recent Human Past: Language and Ethnography

11 The objective of the course is to discuss meaning and concepts of language and ethnography in the study of recent human past. What is language and ethnography? The usefulness of study of language and ethnography to the study of human past. General appraisal 1. What is Language and ethnography? 2. Critically appraised the important of study language to the study of human past? 3. Evaluate the significance of ethnography to the study of human past? 4. Explain the shortcoming of language and ethnography in the reconstruction of human past? 1. Clark 1,4 J.D The Prehistory of Africa, Praeger publishers, New York 2. Clark 1,4 J.D The Legacy of prehistory: an essay on the background to the individuality of African culture, pp , in The Cambridge of history of Africa,vol.2 from 500BC- AD 1050, ed J.D. Fage Cambridge university press, Cambridge. 3. Eyo 1,4, E and F. Willett, Treasures of ancient Nigeria. Alfred A. Knopf Publishers, New York 4. Clark 1,4 J.D. ed The Cambridge history of Africa, vol. 1 From The earliest times to 500BC 5. Howell 1,4, F.C Origins and Evolution of African Hominidae, pp , in Cambridge history of Africa, vol. 1 ed J.D. Clark. 6. Ki-zerbo 1,4, J. ed Unesco General History of Africa, vol. 1: Methodology and African prehistory. Heinemann. 7. Balout 1,4, L.1981 Hominization: General problems, Part ii The archaeological data, pp in 8. Coppens 1,4, I.Y. Hominization: General Problems, Part 1. The palaeontological data, pp , in Week 15: Revision Students would be expected to seek explanation on any difficult concept or topic treated during the course. They are expected to appreciate integration of the various topics treated in the course as a complete package. 1. Define Archaeology? 2. Enumerate the different sources used for the reconstruction of the past? 3. What do we mean by the term prehistory? 4. What salient features took place in the development of archaeology after the Second World War?

12 5. What various stages did the prehistoric research went through in Africa? 6. Examine the word history? 7. Evaluate the relationship between history and archaeology? 8. Critically appraised the approach of archaeologist to the study of plant and animal? 9. What salient features took place in the development of archaeology after the Second World War? 10. What various stages did the prehistoric research went through in Africa? 11. Explain the term Homo- erectus? 12. Evaluate Dryopithecus as a stage in Human development? 13. What do you understand by the term acheulian industrial complex? 14. Critically appraise the transitional stages between homo-erectus and homo- sapiens sapiens? 15. Evalutate Homo- sapien sapien as a developed Higher animal? 16. Evaluate the use of written method in the reconstruction of African past? 17. Oral tradition is bedrock of source of history. Do you agree? 18. Evaluate the shortcomings of oral tradition in the reconstruction of African past? 19. Myths and Legends is one of the instruments for Oral tradition. Do you agree? 20. Evaluate the term Geophysical prospective 21. What is an archaeological sites? 22. Examine the use of Field-walking in discovering archaeological site? 23. Explain the methods of excavation of an archaeological site? 24. Critically appraised the term Aerial photography as a method of discovering an archaeological site? 25. What is Language and Ethnography? 26. Critically appraised the important of study language to the study of human past? 27. Evaluate the significance of ethnography to the study of human past? 28. Explain the shortcoming of language and ethnography in the reconstruction of human past? 29. Explain the role of museum outfit in archaeological resources? 30. How do we conserve archaeological materials in the museum? 31. Explain the problems confronting conservation of archaeological materials in the museum? 32. Explain the important of conserving archaeological materials in the museum? 33. Discuss the different types of museum? 1. Ki-Zerbo 1,4, J. ed. General Introduction, in Unesco General History of Africa, Vol.I ed. J. Ki- Zerbo, pp 1-25, Heinemann California, Carr, L.H. What is History? Penguin, England, Alagoa, E.J. 1,4, The relationship between history and other disciplines. Tarikh, vol 6, no. 1. Pp Longman, London, Clark 1,4 J.D The Prehistory of Africa, Praeger publishers, New York 5. Clark 1,4 J.D The Legacy of prehistory: an essay on the background to the individuality of African culture, pp , in The Cambridge of history of Africa,vol.2 from 500BC- AD 1050, ed J.D. Fage Cambridge university press, Cambridge. 6. Eyo 1,4, E and F. Willett, Treasures of ancient Nigeria. Alfred A. Knopf Publishers, New York 7. Clark 1,4 J.D. ed The Cambridge history of Africa, vol. 1 From The earliest times to 500BC 8. Howell 1,4, F.C Origins and Evolution of African Hominidae, pp , in Cambridge history of Africa, vol. 1 ed J.D. Clark. 9. Ki-zerbo 1,4, J. ed Unesco General History of Africa, vol. 1: Methodology and African prehistory. Heinemann. 10. Balout 1,4, L.1981 Hominization: General problems, Part ii The archaeological data, pp in 11. Coppens 1,4, I.Y. Hominization: General Problems, Part 1. The palaeontological data, pp , in 12. Leakey 1,4, R. 1981, African Fossil Man, pp , in Unesco General History of Africa, vol. I ed. J. 13. Obenga 1,4, T. Sources and Specific Techniques used in African History: General Outline, pp , in

13 14. Webster 1,4, G Practical Archaeology. Adam and Charles Black, London. 15. Isaac 1,4, G. L. and R.E. Leakey eds. Human ancestors. Scientific American W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco. 16. Fagg 1,4, B. 1959, The Nok culture in prehistory, Journal of historical society of Nigeria 1(4): pp Fagg 1,4, B., Nok terrocata, Lagos:, The Nigerian museum and London: ethnographical 18. Phillips 1,4, Steven, Jr. The use of oral traditions in the writing of African history pp.21-30, in Tarikh vol 6. No1, London press Ltd, Atanda 1,4 J.A., Oral historical Traditions in Africa, in Tarikh vol. 8., Longman Nigeria Limited Adefuye 1,4, Dating the past from oral tradition, pp , Tarikh, vol. 8., Longman Nigeria Ltd General 1. Ki-Zerbo 1,4, J. ed. General Introduction, in Unesco General History of Africa, Vol.I ed. J. Ki- Zerbo, pp 1-25, Heinemann California, Carr, L.H. What is History? Penguin, England, Alagoa, E.J. 1,4, The relationship between history and other disciplines. Tarikh, vol 6, no. 1. Pp Longman, London, Clark 1,4 J.D The Prehistory of Africa, Praeger publishers, New York 5. Clark 1,4 J.D The Legacy of prehistory: an essay on the background to the individuality of African culture, pp , in The Cambridge of history of Africa,vol.2 from 500BC- AD 1050, ed J.D. Fage Cambridge university press, Cambridge. 6. Eyo 1,4, E and F. Willett, Treasures of ancient Nigeria. Alfred A. Knopf Publishers, New York 7. Clark 1,4 J.D. ed The Cambridge history of Africa, vol. 1 From The earliest times to 500BC 8. Howell 1,4, F.C Origins and Evolution of African Hominidae, pp , in Cambridge history of Africa, vol. 1 ed J.D. Clark. 9. Ki-zerbo 1,4, J. ed Unesco General History of Africa, vol. 1: Methodology and African prehistory. Heinemann. 10. Balout 1,4, L.1981 Hominization: General problems, Part ii The archaeological data, pp in 11. Coppens 1,4, I.Y. Hominization: General Problems, Part 1. The palaeontological data, pp , in 12. Leakey 1,4, R. 1981, African Fossil Man, pp , in Unesco General History of Africa, vol. I ed. J. 13. Obenga 1,4, T. Sources and Specific Techniques used in African History: General Outline, pp , in 14. Webster 1,4, G Practical Archaeology. Adam and Charles Black, London. 15. Isaac 1,4, G. L. and R.E. Leakey eds. Human ancestors. Scientific American W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco. 16. Fagg 1,4, B. 1959, The Nok culture in prehistory, Journal of historical society of Nigeria 1(4): pp Fagg 1,4, B., Nok terrocata, Lagos:, The Nigerian museum and London: Ethnographical 18. Phillips 1,4, Steven, Jr. The use of oral traditions in the writing of African history pp.21-30, in Tarikh vol 6. No1, London press Ltd, Atanda 1,4 J.A., Oral historical Traditions in Africa, in Tarikh vol. 8., Longman Nigeria Limited Adefuye 1,4, Dating the past from oral tradition, pp , Tarikh, vol. 8., Longman Nigeria Ltd Onwujeogwu 1,4, M.A., The Dating of oral tradition, in Tarikh vol. 8. Longman Nigeria Ltd Dark 1,4, phillip J.C. 1973, An introduction to Benin Art and Technology. Oxford: Clarendon press. 23. Shaw 1,4 T., Igbo-ukwu, in Account of Archaeological Discovery in Eastern Nigeria vol.2, Faber and Faber Northwestern University press Ltd, Fagg 1,4, Angela. 1972, A Preliminary Report on an Occupation Site in the Nok Valley, Nigeria, West African Journal of Archaeology 2: pp Fagg 1,4, Benard E. B. 1945, A Preliminary note on a new series of Pottery Figures from Northern Nigeria, Africa 15(1) pp Binford and Binford, Stone tools and Human behaviour, pp , in Human Ancestors 1979, W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco

14 27. Richard 1,4 E.F. Leakey, Human Ancestors, W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco Shaw 1,4 T., Excavation at Iwo Eleru, West African Archaeological News Letter 29. Willett 1,4.F. Archaeology pp , in S.O Biobaku (ed), Source of Yoruba History, Oxford University press, Ibadan Okpoko 1,4 A.I., Fundamentals of Museum Practice, Afro-Orbis Publications Ltd Legend 1. Available in the university library 2. Available in local bookshops 3. Available on the web 4. Personal collection 5. Available in the National Library