Content and Rights Management in the Broadcasting Industry

Transcription

1 White Paper Cotet ad Rights Maagemet i the Broadcastig Idustry The Broadcastig busiess has udergoe drastic chages i recet times. Due to the rapid advaces i techology, cotet is ow available i various ew formats ad is sourced ad cosumed by various ew stakeholders. New cotet distributio chaels provide opportuities to reach out to more cosumers but also makes it more difficult to defie ad maage cotet rights. Broadcasters are uder itese fiacial pressure due to chage i techology leadig to sigificat expediture o ifrastructure, ad to add to it their stakeholders also look for more retur o their ivestmet. Itellectual property, i.e., cotet costitutes about 40 to 50% of ay broadcastig compay s assets. It is extremely importat for broadcasters to maage cotet ivetory, licese reveue streams, ad royalty paymets efficietly ad profitably to lead i the competitive eviromet. Traditioal ways of maagig cotet poses may challeges such as: Diverse applicatio systems to maage differet stages of the cotet maagemet life cycle (E.g. Cotet Iformatio, Rights Iformatio, Royalty Processig ad Fiacial Maagemet). Silos of cotet iformatio maaged by differet divisios of a compay (E.g. Theatrical, Home Etertaimet, New Media)

2 Ivolvemet of too may stakeholders who cotribute or exploit cotet ad rights iformatio Maual processes for cotet searches Outdated iformatio regardig cotet rights The above challeges prevet Broadcastig compaies from realizig maximum retur o their ivestmet o itellectual property ad may also lead to risk of costly litigatio. I order to maximize the usage of cotet, broadcasters eed a capable tool which ca itegrate the followig fuctioalities ito oe system ad provide a ed-to-ed solutio ecompassig: Cotet maagemet (Creatio, Acquisitio ad Sydicatio) Rights Maagemet Royalty Calculatio ad Settlemet Payables ad Receivables maagemet Usage ad Availability Reportig There are various tools available i the market to address these issues. SAP IPM ad Oracle Sophoi are the most widely implemeted out-of-the-box solutios, whereas most of the media compaies use either custom built applicatios or do t have ay system i place yet. This white paper elaborates the etire life cycle of cotet ad rights for the broadcasters ad provides a comparative aalysis of SAP IPM, Oracle Sophoi ad other custom built software. The white paper also provides guidelies o parameters that ca be used for selectig the right cotet ad rights maagemet tool for broadcastig compaies. 2

3 About the Authors Jayesh Buch Jayesh Buch is a SAP cosultat ad a member of M&IS Techology Excellece group. He has more tha 10 years of experiece i SAP implemetatio for various Idustry verticals. He has bee leadig a iteral team for developig prototypes for SAP s Itellectual Property Maagemet solutio. Kaustubh Joshi Kaustubh Joshi is a member of M&IS Techology Excellece Group at TCS Mumbai. He has five years of experiece predomiatly with Media & Etertaimet cliets. His areas of specializatio ecompasses the fuctioal ad techical aspects of Supply Chai i Media idustry ad various Rights Maagemet solutios. He holds a Egieerig degree i Computer Sciece. 3

4 Table of Cotets 1. Itroductio 5 2. IP & Rights Maagemet Essetials 5 3. Cotet & Rights Maagemet Process I Broadcastig Idustry 6 Cotet Acquisitio Cycle 7 Cotet & Rights Ivetory Maagemet 8 Cotet Sydicatio Cycle 9 Exploitatio Challeges I Implemetatio of Rights Maagemet System 11 System Selectio 11 Flexibility 11 Itegratio 11 Data Maagemet 11 Orgaizatio Chage Maagemet Solutios: Comparative Aalysis 12 Comparative Aalysis Coclusio Ackowledgemets Refereces 17 4

5 Itroductio The Broadcastig Idustry is goig through a challegig time. Broadcasters are reelig uder fiacial pressure caused due to chages i techology i the busiess resultig i sigificat expediture ad also from stakeholders who isist o more returs o ivestmets. These techological advacemets lead to additioal ivestmet i ifrastructure ad also create a big impact o distributio ad pricig models. Moreover, i order to deal with ucovetioal competitio, compaies eed to exped more o research & developmet of ew platforms ad their eablemet. At the other ed these ew platforms (i.e. PC, mobile, IPTV, STP, ad VOD) provide opportuity to reach out to more cosumers to geerate reveues. However, this also opes up the demad for a diverse cotet catalogue. Broadcasters eed to have cotet availability based o the geography, laguage ad iterest of various cosumers groups at appropriate time ad at affordable prices. Itellectual property (Cotet) costitutes about 40 to 50% of a broadcastig compay s assets. This meas the compay has to sped a sigificat amout of moey to build, licese or co-produce cotet that is i demad. To lead i today s competitive eviromet, it is extremely importat for broadcasters to defie a comprehesive cotet maagemet strategy ad also to make sure that cotet is utilized to its maximum value. This white paper will educate the readers about the etire life cycle of the cotet ad rights for the broadcasters ad will provide a comparative aalysis of out-of-the box tools ad other custom-built software. This white paper will also provide a guidelie o parameters to be used for selectio of cotet ad rights maagemet tool based o broadcastig compay s eeds. For the purpose of this white paper, the terms cotet ad Itellectual property or IP ca be used iterchageably. To lead i today s of competitive eviromet it is extremely importat for broadcasters to defie a comprehesive cotet maagemet strategy IP & Rights Maagemet Essetials Itellectual Property (IP) is defied as ay "origial creative work maifested i a tagible form that ca be legally protected" [1]. Whe we speak of IP rights, we refer to cotrollig the way IP is used, accessed or distributed [1]. Geerally speakig, itellectual property law aims at safeguardig creators ad other producers of itellectual goods ad services by gratig them certai time-limited rights to cotrol the use made of those productios. [2] IP is divided ito two categories: Idustrial property, which icludes ivetios (patets), trademarks, idustrial desigs, ad geographic idicatios of source; ad Copyright, which icludes literary ad artistic works such as ovels, poems ad plays, films, musical works, artistic works such as drawigs, paitigs, photographs ad sculptures, ad architectural desigs.[3] 5

6 Typical Examples of IP from a broadcaster s perspective would be: Movie, Series, Seaso, Episode, Evet, Show format, Characters etc. Each oe of these have a differet set of attributes which collectively called IP master record. Relevat iformatio about the IP is called IP attribute (i.e. Actors, Aliases, Ru time etc). To cater to the market expectatio of diversified cotet catalogue, broadcasters usually licese cotet from other sources based o geography, laguage ad market for a particular time period. These parameters e.g. (territory, laguage, ad market) are called rights dimesio. Alog with the rights dimesios exclusivity determies o oe else ca hold the same rights. So if a licesee acquired exclusive rights o a IP for a set of territory, laguage ad market for a particular period of time the o other etity ca posses the same set of rights for that period. Eve a small uitetioal violatio of the IP law ca lead to costly litigatios ad that is where rights dimesios help to precisely ad clearly defie the rights o the cotet. Home Name Attribute Productio Co. Director Writer Release Date Aspect Ratio Gere Soud Mix laguage Home Value Europe corp Ya Arthus- Bertrad Isabelle Delaoy, Deis Carot, Ya Arthus-bertrad 05 Jue : 1 Documetary Dolby Digital, DTS Eglish, Frech, Germa Fig.1 Cotet Master Record [4] IP rights refer to cotrollig the way IP is used, accessed or distributed [1]. Cotet & Rights Maagemet Process i Broadcastig Idustry Cotet ad rights maagemet process is oe the most importat busiess process for a broadcastig compay. The cotet lifecycle ca be divided ito followig sub processes: Cotet Acquisitio Cotet & Rights Ivetory Maagemet Cotet Sydicatio Exploitatio 6

7 Cotet Acquisitio Cocept Note Deal Memo Acq. Cotract Budget Check Rights I Cotet & Rights Ivetory Cotet/ IP Rights Ivetory Rights Out Cotet Sydicatio Sales Deal Memo Licece Sales Cotract Billig Billig Fiacial Postig Availability Usage Fiacial Postig Outgoig Royalty Settlemet Availability Check Schedule Playlist Icomig Royalty Settlemet Schedulig The above diagram shows the complete cotet ad rights maagemet process i a ut shell. The Cotet & Rights Ivetory at the ceter of the diagram represets a uambiguous ad itegrated catalog of cotet ad associated rights. All the other three sub processes correlate ad update the cetralized ivetory which depicts the Curret Assets [5] of the compay. The cotet maagemet solutio should aid i plaig sydicatio, amortizatio ad royalty maagemet of IP assets. Cotet Acquisitio Cycle Fig.2 Cotet Lifecycle We wat our cotet maagemet solutio to aid us i, amortizatio ad royalty maagemet for our IP assets. -Fiace Dept[6] The eed for cotet -The first step i the cotet acquisitio cycle is cocept desig based o the compay s aual broadcastig pla. The idea of acquisitio of a particular cotet is described i a iteral documet called Cocept Note. After egotiatios with the rights ower, the cocept ote is trasformed ito a more detailed iteral documet called deal memo. The cocept ote provides guidace o the type of the cotet to be acquired ad the deal memo provides specificatios, fiacials ad reveue projectios. The deal memo plays a very vital role i makig a decisio about whether to go for the deal or ot. The deal memo is also compared to the allocated budget for the deal. 7

8 Plaig Cotet Ivetory Cotract Maagemet Rights Ivetory Project Maagemet Fiace Cocept Note Aproved Cotet/ IP Deal Memo Acq. Cotract Rights Ivetory Budget Check & Reveue Plaig Commercial Dept. Ivoice Post Actual Costs Legal Dept. Perform Capitalizatio AP Perform Amortizatio Project Closure Outgoig Royalty G/L Accoutig Legal Dept. Fig.3 Cotet Acquisitio Cycle A approved deal leads to a legal cotract betwee cotet owers ad other parters (i.e. writers, music right owers ad artists) that meticulously defies rights ad terms of exploitatio of the cotet. The legal departmet iterprets ad populates the rights ivetory. The cotet ower bills the licesee based o the paymet coditios metioed i the cotract. Ivoices are the posted to accout payables ad royalties are settled with the respective itellectual property owers. Terms of the deal ad the type of cotract are differet for self produced, licesed ad co produced cotets. We eed budget checkig fuctioality i the deal memo to esure that the deal does ot exceed the allotted budget - Commercial Dept[6] Cotet & Rights Ivetory Maagemet A cetralized cotet ad rights ivetory is maitaied to achieve maximum ROI from IP assets ad to avoid ay IP coflicts. The cotet master data is created ad maitaied i the cotet ivetory. Rights ivetory maitais a list of all the rights that are outlied i the cotract ad represets the same i a matrix form usig appropriate rights dimesio. The combiatio of territory, laguage ad market with the time period depicts a record i the rights ivetory. 8

9 Territory Laguage Market Exclusivity From Date To Date U S A Eglish VOD Yes 10/07/ /07/2013 Idia Eglish VOD Yes 10/07/ /03/2011 Idia Spaish VOD Yes 10/07/ /21/9999 Idia Eglish IPTV No 10/07/ /07/2011 Fig.4 Rights Ivetory Record This comprehesive cotet ad rights ivetory helps i coflict-free schedulig of programs (cotet). It also cotais usage ad sales data of the compay. This data is used to calculate the availability of rights. The rights availability check Oe of the most importat fuctioalities of the rights ivetory is the Rights Availability Check report ad it is used by almost all the key fuctios of the orgaizatio. This report shows the preset status of the rights ivetory which ca be used for aalysis while schedulig programs ad while plaig of acquisitio or sale of the rights. The availability is derived usig a complex algorithm cosiderig owed rights, scheduled broadcasts, sold rights, blackout periods ad exclusivity. The rights maagemet applicatio is required to carry out such complex availability check. Fig.5 Three Dimesio Rights Represetatio We eed to capture umber of rus as a dimesio i the Rights Ivetory - Legal Dept [6] Cotet Sydicatio Cycle Broadcasters are maximizig ROI o cotet by sydicatig to other licesees through multiple distributio chaels. Eve for sydicatio, it is importat to check rights availability. The process for sydicatio is quite similar to the acquisitio process. After egotiatios with the licesee, a sales deal memo is prepared which represets terms ad coditios of the deal. Oce the deal is approved, the compay eters ito a licese cotract with the licesee. Based o the paymet coditios of the cotract, billig is carried out. Ivoices are posted to accout receivables ad icomig royalties are settled with the licesee. 9

10 Plaig Cotet Ivetory Cotract Maagemet Rights Ivetory Project Maagemet Fiace Deal Memo Cotet Search Availability Check Schedulig Sydicatio Dept. Approved Cotet/ IP Sales Cotract Rights Update Rights Ivetory Playlist Rights Update Broadcast Operatios Commercial Dept. Ivoice AR Icomig Royalty G/L Accoutig Legal Dept. Fiace Dept. Fig.6 Cotet Sydicatio ad Utilizatio Cycle Exploitatio The key iput for broadcast plaig is rights availability check. The broadcast maagemet system has a real-time iterface with the rights ivetory to prepare a mothly pla ad daily playlist. The broadcast maagemet system updates the right ivetory based o the as-ru list. The available cotet is the used i this process. The rights availability report helps to idetify uderutilized cotet that ca be placed i the schedulig queue accordig to geography, laguage ad iterest of the cosumers. Playlist should check the rights ivetory to esure the availability - Programmig Team[6] 10

11 Challeges i Implemetatio of the Rights Maagemet System Every orgaizatio that plas to upgrade or implemet a ew rights maagemet system faces may challeges which ofte results i the orgaizatio maitaiig a status quo situatio ad makig mior ehacemets to their existig processes of rights maagemet. Some of the major challeges i implemetig a ew rights maagemet system are described below. System selectio Rights maagemet is a core process for ay broadcastig orgaizatio. Over a period of time, each compay optimizes processes to leverage rights maagemet for sigificat fiacial gais. Idetifyig the correct IT solutio that will fit the busiess process requiremet ad will maitai the distictiveess of the process is a challege for the IT ad Busiess teams. Flexibility The rights maagemet process is costatly evolvig. Chages i these processes are due to additio of ew formats, ew markets, ew cotet types ad ew ways of exchagig rights. The medium of iteret for cotet distributio has opeed up several ew possibilities. A rights maagemet solutio is expected to keep pace with these chages ad should be imble eough to adapt to the chages i cotet ad rights maagemet practices. Itegratio Cotet ad rights maagemet iformatio is the heart of the broadcastig busiess processes. There would hardly be ay team i the orgaizatio that may ot be directly or idirectly cotributig to or drawig from the cotet database. Procuremet, projects, sydicatio ad others cotribute to cotet iformatio whereas programmig, broadcast plaig, royalty maagemet, accout receivables ad payables, legal teams draw from the cotet ad rights iformatio. Rights maagemet system should be itegrated with the systems i use by all these stakeholders to esure that its output is correct ad complete with real time updates. Seamlessly itegratig all these systems ad to provide real time ad accurate iformatio is a challege. Data maagemet I may orgaizatios iformatio o cotet ad rights are maaged i silos. Each divisio maitais its ow cotet database ad i may cases, most databases are distributed over differet applicatio systems. This data is complemeted by the persoal kowledge of rights maagemet team. Ay decisio makig o rights rely o available data, kowledge of the rights iformatio team ad writte cotracts. It requires a great effort to develop a format to capture all iformatio, brig all iformatio o cotet ad rights ito oe commo format, clea data, validate data ad brig it up-to-date. Ay media orgaizatio that is plaig to revamp rights maagemet has to budget for a large effort for data maagemet. Orgaizatio Chage Maagemet I the absece of a itegrated cotet maagemet system, all rights maagemet activities typically pass through the legal departmet. I a large orgaizatio, each divisio (broadcastig, theatrical, home video 11

12 etc) may have its ow rights maagemet team. Whe a itegrated eterprise-wide cotet ad rights maagemet system is implemeted, the workflow ad resposibilities of stakeholders participatig i the rights maagemet process eeds to be reorgaized. This ca be a major challege whe it comes to chage maagemet. Solutios: Comparative Aalysis Each media orgaizatio implemets oe or more applicatio systems to maage some activities of the cotet maagemet life cycle. Some large orgaizatios implemet more tha oe applicatio system for differet media products. These applicatio systems are ofte supplemeted by iformatio maitaied i spreadsheets. Applicatio systems to maage cotet life cycle activities ca be classified based o their sources Custom Developed These systems are developed specifically for a orgaizatio ad have the followig characteristics More ofte developed for oe media product ad over a period of time, ehaced to iclude more products, formats or markets. Maage oly a part of the cotet maagemet life cycle Maily databases maitaiig iformatio about cotet ad rights. They have very little trasactio capabilities. System of records for cotet ad rights iformatio. Publishes this iformatio to other applicatio systems. Stadaloe Cotet & Rights Maagemet Applicatios These are stadaloe applicatio software developed specifically to maage the cotet ad rights maagemet process. Such software icludes most aspects of the lifecycle ad is also itegrated with procuremet ad sydicatio system to some extet. They eed to be itegrated with the orgaizatio s fiacials, project, ad plaig systems through umerous iterfaces. Itegrated Cotet ad Rights Maagemet Systems These applicatios are a part of the ERP suite of applicatios. They provide solutios for all stakeholders for their activities i the cotet ad i the o-cotet area. These systems are suitable for multiple media products ad have the flexibility to meet the evolvig eeds of the media idustry. Comparative Aalysis The followig table shows the fuctioal ad techical compariso of the above three systems. Each system ca be customized to add more features to elimiate ay shortcomigs. The system that scores above the rest is highlighted usig a star. 12

13 Key Fuctioality Requiremet Importace Custom Developed Stadaloe Cotet & Rights Maagemet Applicatio Itegrated Cotet & Rights Maagemet Applicatio Case Study GPMS RRTS Jaguar Alliat SAP IPM Sophoi ipls Cotet Maagemet Lifecycle Coverage A product offerig ed-to-ed coverage from cotet creatio/acquisitio to Royalty paymet will assure that all cotet activities are executed o oe platform. Ease of drill dow, roll up, drill left/right. Typically there are more tha oe systems caterig to various life cycle phases. Separate system caterig to Cotet maagemet, Rights maagemet ad Royalty maagemet. Stadaloe applicatio system cover ed to ed life cycle. The applicatio system is specific to a type of Media Compay. e.g. Broadcastig, Publishig, Home Video etc. A Right maagemet solutio delivered as part of a ERP suite offers ed to ed cotet maagemet fuctioality. These are feature rich providig multiple optios for each process Itegratio Real time updated Cotet ad rights iformatio should be available to various stakeholders. The impact of ay chage i cotet should also be traslated ito program maagemet ad fiace maagemet systems These systems update core fiacials, procuremet ad plaig applicatios through iterfaces. Iformatio flow is delayed ad there is o drill dow from fiacial iformatio to cotet iformatio. These systems update the core fiacials, procuremet ad plaig applicatios through iterfaces. The iformatio flow is delayed ad o drill dow from fiacial iformatio to cotet iformatio is possible The cotet maagemet is part of ERP Suite of applicatios ad is very well itegrated with procuremet ad fiacial systems. A iterface is required with the program plaig system such as O Air. Reportig Capabilities The key usage of these systems is i reportig ad queryig. Reportig / query facilities costraied by the desig of the system Good reportig / queryig capability. Some extet of user desiged reportig available Excellet reportig ad query capability. Reportig flexibility augmeted by use of data warehouse ad other aalytics tools which are part of ERP suite. 13

14 Key Fuctioality Requiremet Importace Custom Developed Stadaloe Cotet & Rights Maagemet Applicatio Itegrated Cotet & Rights Maagemet Applicatio Ease of Use The ease of use will determie how fast the users will lear ad how well the system will get accepted System desiged based o the users requiremets. Very close to users expectatios, very easy to use. These systems have very user friedly, ituitive iterfaces ad are fairly easy to use These systems are ot kow for good user iterface ad require some effort i learig. However, for existig users of ERP suite, the user iterface is acceptable ad fairly easy to lear Flexibility The system should be flexible to icorporate chages i busiess processes, ew products / markets / busiess rules, reportig requiremets System flexibility is limited by iitial visualizatio of requiremets. Not able to keep pace with developmets i cotet developmet ad distributio practices. Need developmet to iclude ew cotet maagemet requiremets. The additioal developmet is at high cost ad provides limited fuctioality. These systems offer more opportuities to icorporate chages i busiess processes. Versio upgrade provides additioal features without a eed for reimplemetatio These systems provide may optios to icorporate chages i busiess without a upgrade or reimplemetatio Product upgrade also icorporates best practices beig followed worldwide. Easier to adapt the system to meet the chage i busiess requiremet. Scalability System should be Scalable to meet the growth i busiess volumes, catered to ew busiesses resultig from mergers ad acquisitios, expasios i ewer geography Custom developed systems get costraied due to techology, hardware ad iitial desig limitatios. These systems are developed for a specific cotet family (theatrical, broadcast, publishig etc.). There are limitatios i extedig these systems for other cotet groups. These systems are desiged for workig with large data volumes, multiple laguages, ad large user base ad are capable of maagig a large array of cotet groups 14

15 Key Fuctioality Requiremet Importace Custom Developed Stadaloe Cotet & Rights Maagemet Applicatio Itegrated Cotet & Rights Maagemet Applicatio at the same time. Ideal for media orgaizatios workig with varied cotet type ad orgaizatios expectig to grow through mergers ad acquisitios. Implemetatio The effort, cost ad time required for implemetatio is a major factor decidig selectio of a ew system Log requiremet aalysis timelie required to visualize all curret ad future requiremet, log desig ad developmet period. Overall a log implemetatio timelie. The cost of developmet is lower compared to other optios. Implemetatio timelie is short as requiremet aalysis ad developmet phases are ot too elaborate. Oly the features available i the package are to be deployed. Time required to build iterfaces with other system is sigificat. Implemetatio time is shorter compared to custom developmet as requiremet aalysis cosist of selectig features that eed to be activated, Developmet time is very short. Cost The cost of the solutio alog with the other parameters is a major factor i selectio of the cotet maagemet solutio Low cost of developmet ad maiteace. Sigificat cost of applicatio software ad aual maiteace cotract High cost of applicatio software ad high maiteace cotract 15

16 Coclusio Techology advacemets ad iovative busiess models are chagig the broadcastig busiess paradigm every day, which will lead to more complex cotet exploitatio ad sydicatio model. Critical parameters i selectio of a cotet maagemet solutio are ed-to-ed Cotet Maagemet Lifecycle Coverage, itegratio with fiacials ad procuremet systems, flexibility ad scalability to cater to the chagig ad evolvig requiremets. It is clear from the comparative aalysis that custom developed solutios are cheap ad easy to use ad is also well suited for the curret busiess requiremets. However, they are ot comprehesive ad scalable eough to keep pace with dyamic busiess paradigm both i terms of size ad complexity of operatios. Stadaloe packaged solutios provide may useful features ad ca also cater to the requiremets of multiple divisios of a orgaizatio. However, stadaloe systems lack itegratio with the core systems (e.g. ERP, fiace, project maagemet etc) ad are ot adequately scalable. Vedor support for the applicatio software is also sometimes missig, leavig the users of the applicatio i a precarious situatio. ERP based cotet ad right maagemet solutios are well itegrated, provide ed to-ed fuctioality, support multiple cotet types, ad are easy to cofigure. They are flexible eough to hadle ewer requiremets arisig out of mergers, acquisitios, geographic expasios ad are able to scale up to high volume ad high user base requiremets. They have also demostrated very good reportig capabilities. Most of the media orgaizatios have selected SAP as their core ERP solutio. SAP s Itellectual Property Maagemet solutio is a applicatio that meets all expectatios of a eterprise wide Cotet & Rights maagemet solutio. Idustry leader orgaizatios have opted to implemet SAP IPM across all their busiess divisios. SAP IPM solutio has bee prototyped i a very short time to showcase its fitmet for broadcastig compaies. SAP IPM is the ideal solutio for ay orgaizatio havig SAP ERP, multiple busiess uits, large cotet ivetory ad busiess spread across multiple geographies. Broadcastig compaies are realizig the importace of SAP IPM ad already explorig optios to leverage SAP IPM for their system eeds. Oce the ed users are made aware of the beefits of SAP IPM ad the beefits of stadardizatio ad Itegratio, the acceptace of the implemetatio does ot remai a challege. Ackowledgemets We would like to ackowledge the cotributios of the followig groups ad idividuals i the developmet of this paper: Mr. Abdul Rasheed for helpig us to uderstad various rights maagemet solutios. Mr. Sachi Kherde for his isights ito custom developed rights maagemet systems. 16

17 Refereces [1] [2] [3] WIPO (World Itellectual Property Orgaizatio) WIPO Publicatio No.450 (E) [4] The Iformatio is showcased with the purpose to promote this awe-ispirig documetary about our Home (Earth). The movie is freely available for everyoe to watch o Youtube ( For more iformatio log o to: ( or [5] [6] The commets are based o recet requiremet gatherig sessios with a reowed Idia broadcastig compay i which both the authors were ivolved. [7] Alliat [8] Sophoi ipls - [9] SAP IPM

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