Important People in Psychology

Transcription

1 Psychologist William James Important People in Psychology Contribution I am the founder of the functionalist perspective and contributed a theory of emotion that says emotions results from an arousing stimulus that causes a physiological reaction. BF Skinner I am a behaviorist that operantly conditioned pigeons and rats in my operant chamber box through schedules of reinforcement Ivan Pavlov I am a behaviorist that classical conditioned dogs to salivate to the sound of a metronome Jean Piaget I am a developmental psychologist that studied the cognitive development of children. The stages of development are the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and the formal operational stage G Stanley Hall I was the first president of the American Psychological Association, or APA Mary Whiton Calkins I was the first female president of the American Psychological Association Margaret Washburn I was the first female ever to receive a PHD in Psychology Wilhelm Wundt I am considered to be the father of experimental psychology and the founder of the structural perspective Charles Darwin I am considered to be the founder of the evolutionary perspective that focuses on characteristics the human species has adapted for to aid in their survival John Watson I am a behaviorist that classically conditioned an 11 month old child called "Little Albert" to fear furry white objects Albert Bandura I am a the founder of the social cognitive theory as well as social learning theory, the idea of self-efficacy, and am famous for the Bobo Doll experiment Leon Festinger I am a social psychologist that contributed the cognitive dissonance theory Soloman Asch I am a social psychologist that studied conformity through my famous line experiment Stanley Milgram I am a social psychologist that proved the influence of obedience through my "shocking" experiment Philip Zimbardo I am a social psychologist famous for the Stanford Prison Experiment that studied the influence of roles and behavior Roger Sperry and Michael Gazzaniga We studied the effects of cutting the corpus callosum on split brained patients

2 Edward Thorndike I proved my law of effect by observing cats escaping from my puzzle box by being offered a reward of food. My work became the basis for BF Skinner's later work with operant conditioning Carl Wernicke I discovered a part of the brian in the left temporal lobe that is responsible for understanding spoken language and formulating comprehensive statements Paul Broca I discoverd a part of the brain in the left frontal lobe that is responsible for the production of speech. If damaged, speech may be lost of be slowed and slurred Wolfgang Kohler I studied chimps to prove that they learn through insight learning Eleanor Gibson I created a visual cliff to see how early infants developed depth perception Gustav Fechner I am considered the founder of psychophysics which lead to the discovery of absolute and difference thresholds David Hubel and Torsten Weisel We won a nobel prize for discovering feature detector cells in the brain that interprent lines, angles, and movement Ernst Weber I contributed a law that explained that the just noticeable difference in a stimulus is proportional to the magnitude of the original stimulus George Miller I proved a theory called the magical number 7 plus or minus two that showed that short term memory is limited in capacity Edward Tolman I contributed the theory of latent learning which explains that we learn things but may not express it immediately Robert Rescorla I challenged Pavlov's theory of classical conditioning by proving that animals use cognition when they predict that the CS means the UCS will follow Hermann Ebbinghaus I studied memory and was the first to describe the learning curve, the forgetting curve, and the spacing effect Elizabeth Loftus I studied memory which led me to question the reliablity of recovered repressed memories. My work led me to the idea of the misinformation effect in the creation of false memories John Garcia Through my studies in taste aversion, I proved that the UCS did NOT need to immediately follow the CS in classical conditioning, but could be delayed and still be effectve Noam Chomskey I am a linguist that argued that humans are born with a language acquisition device which is proven through the overgeneralization of grammar rules Benjamin Whorf I am a linguist that argued for linguistic relativity or that the language we speak in influences how we think

3 David Wechsler I created the most widely used intelligence test to date, the WAIS and WISC Charles Spearman I used factor analysis to develop my theory of "g" or general intelligence Howard Gardner I created the theory of multiple intelligences Robert Sternberg I created the triarchic theory of intelligence Alfred Binet I was hired by the French government to create a test to determine the mental age of French students so they could be placed in the grade appropriate to their cognitive abilities Louis Terman I adapted the intelligence test created by Alfred Binet to fit the needs of US students. The revised test was called the Stanford-Binet test and measures IQ Francis Galton I coined the term nature vs. nurture and contributed to the early field of psychometric psychology William Stern I coined the term "IQ" or intelligence quotient Stanley Schachter I contributed that two factory theory of emtion which states that physiological arousal AND cognition play an important role in the formation of emotions Abraham Maslow I am a humanistic psychologist that contributed the hierarchy of needs to explain motivation and personality David McClelland I studied acheivement motivation and the need for acheivement Paul Ekman I studied facial expressions and found that they are universal, although every culture has certain display rules Hans Selye I contributed the general adaptation syndrome to explain stress Alfred Kinsey I created an Institute of Sex Research to study human sexuality Ernst Hilgard I explained that hypnosis results in dissociation of conscious awareness. Part of our conscious awareness responds to suggestions of the hypnotist whle the "hidden observer" remains in the background observing Erik Erikson I am a developmental psychologist that contributed the theory of psychosocial development Harry Harlow I studied rhesus monkeys and the attachment bonds they formed to a cloth mother and a wire mother Lawrence Kohlberg I am a developmental psychologist the contributed the theory of stages of moral development

4 Konrad Lorenz I studied imprinting in birds Lev Vygotsky I am a developmental psychologist that focused on the zone of proximal development and how our cognitive development was aided by those in our social groups Mary Ainsworth I studied attachment bonds in children through my Strange Situation Test Diana Baumrind I studied parenting styles and concluded that the authoritative parenting style was best to produce self-reliant children Carol Gilligan I challenged Kohlberg's stages of moral development because he only studied upperclass men and boys. I argued that women are socialized differently than men and therefore not proceed through the stages of moral development the same way that men would Sigmund Freud I founded the psychoanalytic perspective and believed most psychological disorders result from repressed memories in the unconscious mind Carl Rogers I am a humanisitic psychologist and developed the client-centered, or patientcentered treatment. Gordon Allport I am a trait theorist that concluded that our personalities are made up of cardinal, central, and secondary traits Hans Eysenck I am a trait theorist that created a personality inventory named after myself. My theory supposes that there are only three traits to be identified. Raymond Cattell I developed a personality inventory based on the 16 personality factors I believe exist. My test is called the 16PF

5 Carl Jung I am a Neo-Freudian that contributed the idea of the collective unconscious and archetypes. The Myers-Briggs Personality Inventory is based off of my research on personality. Alfred Adler I am a Neo-Freudian that contributed the ideas of inferiority complex and sibling rivalry to explain personality Karen Horney I am a Neo-Freudian that challenged Freud's view of penis envy Walter Mischel I am a personality theorist that argued that our personality traits are not stable but our dependent upont he situation we are in. I also created the Marshmellow test Martin Seligman I studied learned helplessness in dogs Paul Costa and Robert McCrae We developed the Big 5 Trait theory, OCEAN Mary Cover Jones I am known as the "mother of behavior therapy" for curing little Peter of his fear of rabbits through exposure therapy Joseph Wolpe I perfected the behavioral therapy technique called systematic desensitization David Rosenhan I studied the impact of labeling individuals with psychological disorders Dorothea Dix I fought for states to provide treatment for mentally ill patients, as originally on the wealthy could afford it. Fritz Perls I created Gestalt therapy Aaron Beck I developed cognitive therapy to change the negative, unrealistic thought patterns of my patients Albert Ellis I developed a behavioral cognitive therapy called Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy