Psychology Timeline. Date Name/Thumbnail Name/Details Past

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1 Psychology Timeline Date Name/Thumbnail Name/Details Past The Victorian Age A time of rapid scientific progress and social change. At the same time, there were strongly conservative political and religious pressures. In particular, expressions of sexuality were thought of as immodest. Freud s theory challenged these ideas Wilhelm Wundt ( ) establishes the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany G. Stanley Hall ( ) earns the first American Ph.D. in psychology Hermann Ebbinghaus ( ) performs experiments in human memory William James ( ), Harvard professor, writes The Principles of Psychology Margaret Floy Washburn ( ) is the first U.S. woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology (Cornell University). Wilhelm Wundt ( ) establishes the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany. Known as the father of psychology, he uses introspection as a scientific technique to get at the elements of consciousness. This early school of psychology is known as Structuralism. G. Stanley Hall ( ) earns the first American Ph.D. in psychology. He establishes what is thought to be the first psychology laboratory in the United States at Johns Hopkins University and goes on to found the American Psychological Association. Hermann Ebbinghaus ( ) performs the first scientific experiments in human memory. He uses nonsense syllables to minimize prior learning. Using himself as the subject he discovers the memory curve in forgetting. William James ( ), Harvard professor, writes The Principles of Psychology. His ideas culminate in the school of psychology known as functionalism. In opposition to structuralism, functionalism stresses more applied areas as the science of mental life. Margaret Floy Washburn ( ) is the first U.S. woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology (Cornell University). As an animal researcher and academician, she is elected president of the American Psychological Association in She later becomes the first female psychologist to be elected to the National Academy of Sciences.

2 1896 John Dewey ( ) helps formalize the school of Functionalism with his publication, The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology Edward Thorndike ( ) writes Animal Intelligence, describing the use of puzzle boxes with cats Sigmund Freud ( ) publishes The Interpretation of Dreams, his major theoretical work on psychoanalysis Edward Titchener ( ) uses Wundt s principles to establish Structuralism in America Ivan Pavlov ( ), Russian scientist, receives the Nobel prize in physiology for his work on digestion in dogs Alfred Binet ( ) is commissioned by the French government to test intelligence in public school children Mary Whiton Calkins ( ) becomes the first woman president of the APA. John Dewey ( ) helps formalize the school of Functionalism with his publication, The Reflex Arc Concept in Psychology. As an educator he coins the term instrumentalism to reflect his belief that intelligence is an instrument for overcoming obstacles. As a reformer in American public education, he believes schooling should not be rote memorization. Edward Thorndike ( ) writes Animal Intelligence, describing the use of puzzle boxes to study problem solving in cats. He later uses the term the law of effect to describe the effects of consequences on behavior. He is the mentor of B.F. Skinner. Sigmund Freud ( ) The Interpretation of Dreams, his major theoretical work on psychoanalysis. He tours the United States and lays the foundation for psychoanalytic therapy, the most influential treatment for mental illness in the early 20 th century. Edward Titchener ( ) uses Wundt s principles to establish structuralism in America. As a professor at Cornell University he writes Experimental Psychology, which is concerned only with the analysis of the normal adult mind. He takes issue with the applied focus of his functionalist colleagues. Ivan Pavlov ( ), Russian scientist, receives the Nobel prize in physiology for his work on digestion in dogs. He publishes his research on the salivation response, laying the groundwork for the study of classical conditioning. Watson and other early behaviorists cite Pavlov s research as a foundation for Behaviorism. Alfred Binet ( ) is commissioned by the French government to test intelligence in public school children. Terman later uses Binet s tests and standardizes the findings to create the Stanford-Binet, one of the first I.Q. tests. Mary Whiton Calkins ( ) becomes the first woman president of the APA. As a member of the Wellesley

3 College faculty she establishes a laboratory there in She writes an influential textbook called A First Book in Psychology Max Wertheimer ( ) publishes Experimental Studies on the Perception of Movement, where he describes the phi phenomenon World War I 1913 John Watson ( ) establishes the science of Behaviorism Carl Jung ( ) breaks away from friend and fellow analyst, Sigmund Freud Prohibition in the United States Max Wertheimer ( ) publishes Experimental Studies on the Perception of Movement, where he describes the phi phenomenon, or apparent motion. As a founder of Gestalt psychology he works with Koffka and Kohler then later escapes to America from Nazi Germany. John Watson ( ) establishes the science of behaviorism, outlining its principles in his article entitled Psychology as a behaviorist views it, He later works with graduate assistant, Rosalie Rayner, to classically condition fear in Little Albert. Carl Jung ( ) breaks away from friend and fellow analyst, Sigmund Freud. Jung establishes his own brand of psychoanalysis known as analytic psychology. It focuses on myth and spirituality. Freud never forgives Jung s independence. Alcohol outlawed in U.S., opening business opportunities for mobsters Hermann Rorschach ( ) publishes the Rorschach Inkblot Test designed to assess psychopathology Mary Cover Jones ( ) publishes A laboratory study of fear: The case of Peter, in which she reconditions a fear reaction in a child. Hermann Rorschach ( ) publishes the Rorschach Inkblot Test designed to assess psychopathology. He is elected Vice-President of the Swiss Psychoanalytic Society in He dies at an early age in 1922, one year after publication of his famous test. Mary Cover Jones ( ) publishes A laboratory study of fear: The case of Peter, in which she reconditions a fear reaction in a child. Her technique is a forerunner of Wolpe s systematic desensitization. Parallels have been made to what Watson might or ought to have done with Little Albert Lewis Terman ( ) publishes Genetic Studies of Genius, a longitudinal study of very bright children. Lewis Terman ( ) publishes Genetic Studies of Genius, a longitudinal study of very bright children. He uses the work of Alfred Binet to standardize intelligence testing in the United States The Great Depression Widespread unemployment led to massive

4 1939 government programs, such as Social Security. Psychologically, the Depression was a blow to many people s self-esteem Wolfgang Kohler ( ) publishes Gestalt Psychology, which is highly critical of the prevailing Behaviorism E.G. Boring ( ) publishes the influential A History of Experimental Psychology Present ( ) 1932 Jean Piaget ( ) publishes Moral Judgment of the Child describing cognitive development in childhood Henry Murray ( ) along with Christiana Morgan develops the Thematic Apperception Test (T.A.T.) 1937 Gordon Allport ( ) publishes Personality: A Psychological Interpretation, which makes him the preeminent trait theorist B.F. Skinner ( ) writes Behavior of Organisms, and later becomes one of the most well known psychologists in the 20 th century World War II Wolfgang Kohler ( ) publishes Gestalt Psychology, which is highly critical of the prevailing behaviorism. As a colleague of Wertheimer and Koffka he researches Gestalt perceptual principles. He is best known for his research on learning and problem solving in apes. E.G. Boring ( ) publishes the influential A History of Experimental Psychology. He becomes an institutional spokesman on the history of psychology. His text is revised in1950 and is still considered a classic. Jean Piaget ( ) publishes Moral Judgment of the Child, describing cognitive development in childhood. He becomes a prominent developmental psychologist as he describes the stages of development in his own grandchildren. Henry Murray ( ), along with Christiana Morgan, develops the Thematic Apperception Test (T.A.T.) As a student he is psychoanalyzed by Carl Jung. Murray s theory of personality focuses on basic needs such as the need for achievement and affiliation. Gordon Allport ( ) publishes Personality: A Psychological Interpretation, which makes him the preeminent trait theorist. A professor at Harvard, he is considered one of the fathers of personality theory. He suggests the development of self-esteem as one of the important tasks of early childhood. B.F. Skinner ( ) writes Behavior of Organisms, and later becomes one of the most well known psychologists in the 20 th century. His research with pigeons and rats is legendary. He writes extensively about behaviorism, operant conditioning, reinforcement and punishment. Hitler's shadow across Europe and his extermination of Jews reinforced Freud s idea of thanatos and Jung s notion of the shadow.

5 1939 David Wechsler ( ) develops the Wechsler-Bellevue intelligence test which is the forerunner of modern day intelligence tests Karen Horney ( ) publishes Our Inner Conflicts, which is very critical of Freud s theories of female sexual development Hans Eysenck ( ) writes Dimensions of Personality, in which he outlines his theory of personality factors Alfred Kinsey ( ) publishes Sexual Behavior in the Human Male Raymond Cattell ( ) publishes the objective personality test, The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) Korean Conflict 1950 Erik Erikson ( ) writes Childhood and Society, in which he outlines his 8 stages of psychosocial development. David Wechsler ( ) develops the Wechsler-Bellevue intelligence test, which is the forerunner of modern day intelligence tests. His Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children are the standard in I.Q. testing today. Karen Horney ( ) publishes Our Inner Conflicts, which is very critical of Freud s theories of female sexual development. She is most well known for her theory of neurosis. Horney named ten patterns of neurotic needs under the categories of moving toward people, moving away from people, and moving against people. Hans Eysenck ( ) writes Dimensions of Personality, in which he outlines his personality factors. Neuroticism/psychotocism and introversion/extroversion make up the backbone of Eysenck s dimensional theory. He later performs research suggesting psychotherapy is of no value. Alfred Kinsey ( ) publishes Sexual Behavior in the Human Male. The research consists of extensive survey data, the first of its kind exploring human sexuality. While much of Kinsey s data is controversial, his work is still applicable today. Raymond Cattell ( ) publishes the objective personality test, The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF). His studies in factor analysis solidify his trait theory of personality. He believes there are 16 core personality traits in adults which can be measured on a continuum. Erik Erikson ( ) writes Childhood and Society, in which he outlines his 8 stages of psychosocial development. Trained as a psychoanalyst and contemporary of Freud s he disagrees with Freud s focus on sexuality. Erikson is credited with being one of the founders of ego psychology.

6 1951 Carl Rogers ( ) publishes Client Centered Therapy, a treatise on how to do humanistic psychotherapy Abraham Maslow ( ) writes Motivation and Personality, which outlines a hierarchy of needs from basic physiological needs to selfactualization Kenneth Clark s ( ) research with his wife Mamie is used in the U.S. Supreme Court decision which outlaws segregated schools Civil Rights Movement in the United States 1955 Solomon Asch ( ) studies the effect of group pressure on conformity Leon Festinger ( ) develops an important social psychology theory -- cognitive dissonance theory Harry Harlow ( ) publishes The Nature of Love, which outlines his work on attachment in monkeys. Carl Rogers ( ) publishes Client Centered Therapy, a treatise on how to do Humanistic psychotherapy. Along with Abraham Maslow, he promotes the development of the self. He coins the term unconditional positive regard meaning love with no conditions of worth. Abraham Maslow ( ) writes Motivation and Personality, which outlines a hierarchy of needs from basic physiological needs to self-actualization. As a humanistic psychologist, he is very interested in the positive growth potential of human beings. He theorizes about neurotic needs but does not include them in the hierarchy. Kenneth Clark s ( ) research with his wife Mamie is used in the U.S. Supreme Court decision which outlaws segregated schools. Children of different races are asked about their attitudes toward black or white dolls. Clark goes on to become the first African-American president of the APA. Solomon Asch ( ) studies the effect of group pressure on conformity. In his classic experiment participants are asked to make judgments about the similarity of lines. All but one of the participants are confederates. Leon Festinger ( ) develops an important social psychology theory, cognitive dissonance theory. The theory holds that uncomfortable tension occurs when one holds two incompatible, or dissonant, beliefs. One is motivated to reduce the amount of dissonance between the two beliefs. Festinger is also known for social comparison theory. Harry Harlow ( ) publishes The Nature of Love, which outlines his work on attachment in monkeys. In his classic experiment, monkeys are housed with surrogate mothers and exposed to fearful stimuli. Monkeys (and theoretically humans) will choose contact comfort over satisfaction of biological needs Joseph Wolpe ( ) publishes Joseph Wolpe ( ) publishes The

7 The Systematic Desensitization Treatment of Neurosis, using behavioral methods for the treatment of anxiety Stanley Schacter (1922- ) produces the two-factor theory of emotion United States President John F. Kennedy Assassinated 1963 Lawrence Kohlberg ( ) develops a system for the categorization of moral reasoning Women's Rights Movement 1963 Albert Bandura (1925- ) writes Social Learning and Personality Development, which describes observational learning Roger Sperry ( ) publishes split brain research for which he later receives a Nobel Prize Vietnam War Systematic Desensitization Treatment of Neurosis describing the use of behavioral methods for the treatment of anxiety. As a professor at Temple University Medical School he trains patients in relaxation. When relaxation is paired with a hierarchy of fears, patients can learn to overcome their fears. Stanley Schacter (1922- ) produces the two-factor theory of emotion. As a social psychologist he and Jerome Singer theorize people s experience of emotion depends on two factors: physiological arousal and the cognitive interpretation of that arousal. Schacter goes on to research factors contributing to obesity. Lawrence Kohlberg ( ) develops a system for the categorization of moral reasoning. Based on research with the Heinz dilemma, Kohlberg hypothesizes 6 stages of moral reasoning. His levels of moral development include preconventional, conventional, and postconventional morality. Albert Bandura (1925- ) writes Social Learning and Personality Development, which describes observational learning. Research with Bobo dolls suggests the effect of television violence on children s aggression. Roger Sperry ( ) publishes split brain research for which he later receives a Nobel Prize. In the case of severe epilepsy the corpus callosum is severed leaving two separate brain hemispheres. Due to the operation much is learned about the role of the right and left hemispheres. Widespread student protests; the pill ushers in the sexual revolution which encouraged questioning of Freud s theory of sexuality. The peace movement nurtured the humanistic perspective Stanley Milgram ( ) conducts a highly controversial study of obedience to authority. Stanley Milgram ( ) conducts a highly controversial study of obedience to authority. As a professor at Yale University, Milgram is interested in why people blindly

8 obey authority. This study, which could not be conducted today on ethical grounds, is probably the most famous experiment in psychology Robert Rosenthal (1935- ) performs a classic experiment on teacher expectations Martin Seligman (1942- ) performs classic research on learned helplessness in dogs Moon Landing 1969 George Miller (1920- ) in his presidential address to the APA advocates giving psychology away Mary Ainsworth ( ) researches the importance of attachment in early childhood social development Philip Zimbardo (1933- ), charismatic professor at Stanford University, performs the classic prison study Watergate Scandal Robert Rosenthal (1935- ) performs a classic experiment on the Pygmalion effect: the self-fulfilling effect of teacher expectations on students performance. A random group of students are described to teachers as academic bloomers expected to make great gains; this knowledge appears to affect students performance Martin Seligman (1942- ) performs classic research on learned helplessness in dogs. Dogs who are exposed to inescapable shock experience learned helplessness, which is comparable to human depression. Seligman later is elected president of the APA and promotes positive psychology. George Miller (1920- ) in his presidential address to the APA advocates giving psychology away. He is well known for his research on memory. The magical number seven, plus or minus two refers to the limits of short term memory. Mary Ainsworth ( ) researches the importance of attachment in early childhood social development. She devises the Strange Situation where relationships between caregiver and child are observed. Children are classified as anxiousambivalent, avoidant, or securely attached to parents. Philip Zimbardo (1933-), charismatic professor at Stanford University, performs his classic prison study. As a textbook author, public television documentary personality, and president of APA, he promotes psychology in the real world. Recent research activities include studies on shyness. Along with the war in Vietnam, distrust of government and the resignation of President Nixon lead to diminished national pride David Rosenhan (1930- ) publishes On Being Sane in Insane Places, a classic critique of the diagnosis and David Rosenhan (1930- ) publishes On Being Sane in Insane Places, a classic critique of the diagnosis and treatment of

9 treatment of the mentally ill. the mentally ill. Rosenhan and colleagues get themselves admitted to psychiatric hospitals on the basis of self reported voices. The pseudopatients are easily admitted and diagnosed with serious mental illnesses, suggesting flaws in our mental health system Arrival of Personal Computers Apple II is introduced, one of the first and most famous personal computers Elizabeth Loftus (1944- ) performs classic research on the nature of eyewitness testimony Assassination Attempt on United States President Ronal Reagan Elizabeth Loftus (1944- ) performs classic research on the nature of eyewitness testimony. She is also known for her reconstruction of automobile destruction. Participants are shown a car accident with either a stop or yield sign in view as they reconstruct the possible causes of the accident. Her work suggests that memories are subject to dramatic change over time. The Reagan presidency emphasized individual responsibility and national pride Robert Sternberg (1949- ) writes Intelligence Applied, in which he proposes his triarchic theory of intelligence Wilbert McKeachie (1921- ) receives the APA distinguished teaching award for career contributions to the teaching of psychology Persian Gulf War 1990 Aaron Beck (1921- ), psychiatrist, receives the distinguished science award for applications in psychology Bosnian-Serbian-Croatian Conflict 1993 Judith Rodin ( ) is elected president of the University of Pennsylvania, making her the first Robert Sternberg (1949- ) writes Intelligence Applied, in which he proposes his triarchic theory of intelligence. Sternberg s theory goes against the traditional psychometric theory of I.Q. He later proposes the triangular theory of love. Wilbert McKeachie ( ) receives the APA distinguished teaching award for career contributions to the teaching of psychology. As director of The Center for Research on Learning and Teaching at the University of Michigan he writes Teaching Tips and Strategies, Research and Theory for College and University Teachers. Aaron Beck (1921- ), psychiatrist, receives the distinguished science award for applications in psychology. His contributions to the development of cognitive therapy aid in the treatment of depression. The Beck Depression Inventory is a standard in the mental health field. Judith Rodin ( ) is elected president of the University of Pennsylvania, making her the first female Ivy league president.

10 female Ivy league president World Trade Center Attacks Iraq War She uses her psychological background to bring the community together in expanding the campus. Her earlier research on body image contributes to the treatment of eating disorders. Contemporary Psychologists and Trends It is very difficult to list modern day noteworthy psychologists because their contributions have not been tested by time. The following are winners of APF s Lifetime Achievement Awards or pastpresidents of APA; others are renowned authors, researchers, teachers or practitioners. Their work is ongoing, so no particular date is attached. Future (1993- present; in alphabetical order) Name/Thumbnail Linda Bartoshuk Ludy Benjamin Doug Bernstein (1942- ) Charles Brewer Name/Details Linda Bartoshuk is a professor at Yale University School of Medicine and is known for her research on taste. Her studies of supertasters point to the importance of genetics in the human sense of taste. Ludy Benjamin is a professor at Texas A&M University. He received APA s Distinguished Career Contributions to Education and Training Award in He is known for his work in the history of psychology and his active support of the teaching of psychology. Doug Bernstein is professor emeritus at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He has authored several psychology textbooks. He leads the National Institutes of the Teaching of Psychology, an annual conference for psychology teachers. He received the APA Distinguished Teaching in Psychology Award in Charles Brewer, as a psychology professor at Furman University for 35 years, is known for his demanding yet engaging teaching style. He was editor for many years of the journal Teaching of Psychology. He received the American Psychological Foundation s Distinguished Teaching Award in 1989 and APA s Distinguished Career Contributions to Education and Training Award in 1993.

11 Bill Buskist Bill Buskist is a professor of psychology at Auburn University. He has edited several texts on the teaching of psychology. He has been active in APA s Society for the Teaching of Psychology and is serving as its President in Dorothy Cantor Nicholas Cummings Florence Denmark (1931- ) Ronald Fox Harold Goodglass Diane Halpern Eleanor Maccoby ( ) Joseph Matarazzo ( ). Dorothy Cantor is a practicing psychologist. She earned a Psy.D. from Rutgers University in 1976, in the early days when it was a new clinical degree. She was elected President of APA in Nicholas Cummings is a psychology practitioner. He helped establish the 4 California Schools of Professional Psychology. He served as president of APA in Florence Denmark is a professor at Pace University. She helped create APA s Division for the Psychology of Women. In 1980 she was elected APA s 5 th women president. Ronald Fox holds faculty positions at several Universities and is currently director of The Consulting Group. He was founding Dean of the School of Professional Psychology at Wright State University and is a past president of APA. Harold Goodglass is renowned for his work in neuropsychology. As a professor at Harvard University he researched aphasia. He received the American Psychological Foundation s 1996 Gold Medal Award for Life Achievement in the Application of Psychology. Diane Halpern is professor of psychology at Claremont McKenna College. She is a cognitive psychologist whose work includes studies of critical thinking. She received the 1999 American Psychological Foundation Award for Distinguished Teaching and is a past president of APA. Eleanor Maccoby is a prolific researcher in the area of cognitive developmental theory. She is well known for her research on sex differences. In 1988, she won the APA Distinguished Scientific Contributions Award and in 1996 she won the Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Psychology Foundation. Joseph Matarazzo is a professor of behavioral neuroscience at the University of Oregon Medical

12 School. He is known for his advocacy of psychology in a medical setting. He won the American Psychological Foundation s Gold Medal Award for Life Achievement in the Application of Psychology.

13 David Myers Robert Perloff ( ) Seymour Sarason Jerome Sattler Daniel Schacter Eugene Shapiro Carol Tavris ( ) Endel Tulving ( ) David Myers is a professor at Hope College. He has authored several psychology textbooks. As a social psychologist he is known for his research on positive psychology and happiness. Robert Perloff was a professor of business and psychology at Purdue University and the University of Pittsburgh. He is well known for his research in consumer psychology. He is a past president of APA and received the Gold Medal Award for Life Achievement in Psychology in the Public Interest from the American Psychological Foundation. Seymour Sarason is professor emeritus at Yale University where he established the psychoeducational clinic. He has written several textbooks. In 1996 he received he Gold Medal Award for Life Contribution by a Psychologist in the Public Interest. Jerome Sattler is professor emeritus at San Diego State University. He is the author of several books on clinical assessment. He is well known for his work on the assessment of children. He won the 2005 Gold Medal Award for Life Achievement in the Application of Psychology from the American Psychological Foundation. Daniel Schacter is a professor at Harvard University who is best known for his research on memory. His book The Seven Sins of Memory has been praised by the New York Times. Eugene Shapiro has held appointments at mental health facilities at several medical centers. He is a practitioner known for his advocacy of psychology as a profession. He won APA s Gold Medal Award for Life Achievement in the Practice of Psychology in Carol Tavris has held faculty appointments at UCLA and The New School for Social Research. She is a social psychologist who has coauthored several textbooks. As a writer, she aims to bring psychological research to the general public. Endel Tulving is a professor emeritus at the University of Toronto. He is renowned for his work in memory, paticularly encoding specificity. In 1994 he won APF s Gold Medal Award for Life Achievement in Science.

14 Trends These trends have emerged in the last 10 to 15 years. It remains unclear how many will stand the test of time to become fully mainstream. Neuropsychology a branch of clinical psychology that looks at brain behavior relationships. Begun around WWII with the diagnosis and assessment of brain injury, the field has taken off in the last 20 years. Evolutionary psychology focuses on the biological basis of behavior and how these behaviors have evolved in humans. Genetics, adaptation, and natural selection are all important. Many introductory textbooks have incorporated an evolutionary chapter. Biopsychosocial model a theoretical view in abnormal psychology that incorporates the biological, psychological and social perspectives of the causes and treatments of psychopathology. This is a holistic, eclectic model of behavior. Cultural diversity the recognition and value of studying more than the white-middle-class American view point. Diversity begins with the inclusions of under represented groups and minorities. Critical thinking mental activities that are clear, precise, and purposeful. Psychology professors hope to teach their students how to think like a psychologist. Most introductory psychology textbooks today are designed to enhance critical thinking. Positive psychology the branch of psychology that studies people s hopes, dreams and happiness. This is in contrast to traditional clinical psychology which focuses on mental illness. Prescription privileges and insurance parity in clinical practice these issues have dominated the state psychological associations. More and more psychologists are practitioners rather than solely academicians and they seek equality with the medical professions. QUESTIONS I. Past 1. The use of introspection as a method to examine consciousness is associated with the perspective in psychology. a. structuralist b. functionalist c. Gestalt d. behaviorist 2. Which of the following statements is FALSE with respect to G. Stanley Hall? a. He probably established the first psychology lab in the U. S. b. He founded the APA. c. He performed the first scientific experiments on human memory. d. He was one of the fathers of developmental psychology. 3. Baz. Dem. Fip. You are most likely hearing: a. a calculus professor failing to integrate. b. Ebbinghaus during one of his memory experiments.

15 c. one of Wundt s participants introspecting. d. Wertheimer demonstrating the phi phenomenon. 4. William James contributed most directly to: a. the spread of structuralism in America. b. the demise of functionalism. c. the behaviorist revolution. d. the development of the functionalist perspective. 5. Which of the following are associated with early animal research? a. Washburn b. Dewey c. Thorndike d. both A and C 6. Dewey s term instrumentalism most closely reflects the functionalist emphasis on: a. participant diversity. b. adaptation. c. mind-body issues. d. eclectic methodology. 7. Thorndike s law of effect is similar to the concept of among later learning theorists. a. classical conditioning b. primary vs. secondary reinforcement c. reinforcement and punishment d. vicarious conditioning 8. Time: Spring, Place: Metropolis, USA. Someone seeking therapy would most likely consult a(n): a. psychoanalyst b. Gestalt therapist c. behavior therapist d. structural analyst 9. Which pair(s) below accurately reflects a mentor/mentee relationship in early Psychology? a. Freud and Washburn b. Thorndike and Skinner c. Wundt and Titchener d. Both B and C 10. The UCS in Pavlov s early work was: a. salivation b. meat powder c. an item such as a bell d. the dog itself 11. Mental testing is most consistent with the school in early Psychology? a. structuralist b. Gestalt c. functionalist d. psychoanalytic

16 12. Time: Spring Place: Met U, Metropolis, USA. The old-school professors nearing retirement in the department of Psychology are probably, while the hungry young turks, fresh from graduate school and burning with zeal, are probably. a. structuralists; Gestaltists or behaviorists b. structuralists; cognitivists or humanists c. Gestaltists; structuralists or behaviorists d. Behaviorists; structuralists or Gestaltists 13. Freud: :: Jung:. a. psychoanalysis; analytic psychology b. analytic psychology; psychoanalysis c. psychodynamism; dynamic psychology d. dynamic psychology; psychodynamism 14. Mary Cover Jones work on fear with Peter, a child, reflects an application of: a. operant conditioning. b. the law of effect. c. vicarious conditioning,. d. classical conditioning. 15. Lewis Terman s Genetic Studies of Genius is described as a longitudinal study of very bright children. This means that: a. Terman compared bright children to less gifted ones at one point in time. b. Terman tracked a group of bright children over a period of years. c. Terman examined bright children in several time zones. d. either A or B. 16. Identify two mentor-mentee pairs of prominent pre-1931 psychologists. A mentor may be a professor, and a mentee his or her student. A mentor-mentee relationship would also be exemplified by an older psychologist working closely with a younger counterpart. Briefly describe the contributions to psychology of each member of the pair. Describe how the mentee in each pair continued, developed, modified, or even renounced the work of the mentor in his or her own work. You may need to consult sources other than the Timeline the WWW, or a history of psychology text -- to identify the pairs. 17. Briefly describe the emphases of the Gestalt and functionalist systems of thought in early psychology. Support the assertion that these systems haven ultimately proven more influential in psychology than either structuralism or behaviorism by making explicit reference to areas of present emphasis in psychology, such as cognitive psychology, and to emerging trends, such as evolutionary or positive psychology. 18. Outline the contributions of several prominent early (e.g., pre-1950; you need not confine yourself to the Past section of the Timeline) women; describe how contemporary psychology continues to reflect the thought and work of these women. 19. Describe the area of present-day psychology in which you believe you are most interested. Review contributions to this area by Past, Present, and Future psychologists.

17 II. Present 1. Although both were personality theorists, Murray highlighted, whereas Allport focused on the importance of. a. self-esteem; basic needs b. cognitive development; self-esteem c. basic needs; cognitive development d. basic needs; self-esteem 2. Psychology! The science of pulling habits out of rats! Gordon snorts derisively when Adrienne tells him she s declared her major. The psychology Gordon is criticizing is that of: a. Freud. b. Allport. c. Skinner. d. Eysenck. 3. Kinsey. a. Intelligence. b. Sex. c. Neurosis. d. Personality. 4. In the early 1950s, Maslow and established the foundations of the perspective in psychology. a. Rogers; humanistic b. Rogers; personalistic c. Erikson; neo-freudian d. Erikson; humanistic 5. Harlow s classic late-1950 s work on attachment in monkeys may be construed as challenging learning theory s: a. claim that direct reinforcement is necessary for learning. b. distinction between primary and secondary reinforcement. c. distinction between positive and negative reinforcement. d. Actually, Harlow s work is irrelevant to all of the above. 6. In what way does Schacter s two-factor theory of emotion differ from such earlier accounts as the Cannon-Bard and James-Lange theories? a. It takes the physiological basis of emotion into account. b. It downplays the physiological basis of emotion. c. It adds a cognitive component to the explanation of emotion. d. It downplays the role of cognition in explaining emotiuon. 7. It s Which of the following are psychologists probably most excited about? a. Next week s episode of Bewitched. b. The Beatles appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show. c. The graduation of the first African-American PhD in psychology. d. Sperry s Nobel-prize winning split-brain work. 8. Your friend complains that students in underperforming schools do poorly because their teachers expect so little of them. Her hypothesis reminds you of s work.

18 a. Seligman b. Milgram c. Sperry d. Loftus 9. You believe that one way to encourage people to adopt positive attitudes toward recycling is to induce people to actually begin recycling first. This view is consistent with: a. Asch s theory of social influence. b. Milgram s work on obedience. c. Festinger s cognitive dissonance theory. d. Seligman s learned helplessness work/. 10. Ainsworth s investigation of the Strange Situation is built on the intellectual foundation provided by s work on. a. Harlow; cognitive dissonance b. Harlow; attachment c. Festinger; cognitive dissonance d. Festinger; attachment 11. Aaron Beck would probably be most sympathetic to a treatment for depression based on: a. changing patients beliefs and self-talk. b. psychotropic drugs. c. changing patients observable behavior. d. exploring patients earliest memories and childhood experiences. 12. Echoes of the 1970s:. a. Soft-rock favorites, featuring the Eagles, the Carpenters, and Fleetwood Mac. b. Classic psychological research, including studies by Zimbardo, Rosenhan, and Loftus. c. Classic psychological research, featuring studies by Rosenthal, Miller, and Seligman. d. both A and B. 13. Select a broad topic area within contemporary psychology, such as personality, social psychology, sensation and perception, etc. the chapter titles in an introductory psychology text may help you identify such areas. Review the contributions to the area by great psychologists of the period To what extent do you think that these psychologists will continue to influence the area you describe in the future? Justify your answer. 14. Visit two of your Psychology department s faculty members during their office hours. Allow each to briefly review the Present section of the Timeline. Ask each to describe how several of the prominent psychologists described in this section of the Timeline have influenced their own work, as well as their conception of psychology more generally. Report your findings. 15. As thoughtfully as you can, speculate as to how some of the world history events identified in the shaded portions of the timeline might have influenced the course of psychology. You need not confine yourself to the Present section of the line.

19 16. You have been asked to contribute to the preface of a text entitled Psychology : Continuity and Change. Compare and contrast as thoroughly as you can the topics, emphases, methods, perspectives, and so on of psychology in the Past (pre-1930) with those in the Present ( ). III. Future 1. Which of the following contemporary psychologists is/are noted for writing or editing textbooks in the field? a. Bernstein b. Brewer c. Buskist d. both A and C 2. Of the following psychologists, which most directly reflects the topical concerns of 19 th century physiologists and the earliest psychologists? a. Bartoshuk b. Bernstein c. Buskist d. Brewer 3. Which of the following contemporary psychologists is MOST likely to self-identify as an experimental psychologists? a. Cummings b. Carter c. Bartoshuk d. Bernstein 4. Which contemporary psychologist below is CORRECTLY matched with his or her career emphasis? a. Cantor; teaching b. Cummings; practice c. Bartoshuk; research d. Both B and C are correctly matched. 5. Several 19 th -century scientists are debating the localization of mental function in the brain. Suddenly, a bizarre space-time anomaly causes a group of today s renowned psychologists to appear at the meeting. Which of the following could most usefully contribute to the debate? a. Maccoby b. Goodglass c. Matarazzo d. Halpern 6. Of the following textbook authors, which is most likely to recognize the increased prominence of positive psychology in the next edition of his or her book? a. Sarason b. Myers c. Tavris d. Bernstein

20 7. Goodglass, Maccoby, and Matarazzo. What do they have in common? a. They are Lifetime Achievers in Psychology. b. They are Distinguished Teachers of Psychology. c. They are all developmental psychologists. d. They are all clinical psychologists. 8. Which of the following psychologists is known for her contributions to the psychology of women? a. Diane Halpern b. Eleanor Maccoby c. Florence Denmark d. Dorothy Cantor 9. A reference to the pioneering work of Elizabeth Loftus is most likely to appear in a journal article authored by: a. Tulving b. Schacter c. Shapiro d. Both A and B 10. Among the following psychologists, is LEAST likely to self-identify as an experimental psychologist? a. Sarason b. Schacter c. Tulving d. Tavris 11. A professional society is considering potential keynote speakers for their next conference. They agree to invite Perloff. The society is MOST likely composed of psychologists. a. developmental b. applied c. clinical d. cognitive 12. Tulving and Schacter are both psychologists. a. cognitive b. experimental c. educational d. both A and B 13. Although it is a relatively young science, contemporary psychology is a mature discipline. Support this assertion with reference to the activities of the psychologists described in the Future section of the Timeline. 14. Today s psychology is more concerned with the teaching of psychology than was the case in the past. Making specific reference to Timeline psychologists, support this assertion by examining the Future portion of the Timeline.

21 15. Examine the emerging trends described following the Timeline. Select two or three and identify as fully as you can the potential historical roots of these trends in Present or Past psychology. 16. It is the year How do you think Psychology has changed since 2007? Which of the trends emerging in 2007 continued to shape Psychology, and which proved shortlived? How does Psychology in 2050 reflect the influences present in the first years of the 20 th century? What sorts of new influences have arisen since 2010? Speculate as imaginatively but as thoughtfully as you can.