Research Report 2012/13 International Graduate School for Dynamics in Logistics

Transcription

1 Reseach Repot Reseach Repot 2012/13 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics Volue

2 Reseach Repot

3 Kuztitel es Atiels Cotet Dyaics i Logistics 2 Reseach Beyo Bouaies 4 Iteatioal Doctoal Taiig i Logistics 6 Awas a New Faces 8 Alui 10 Nagha El-Beishy Towas Gee Logistics i Batch Pocess Iusty Plaig 11 Fasia Bete Geogise Best Pactices fo the Maufactuig Iusty i Developig Couties: A Ethiopia Stuy 15 Julie E. Goul et al. Requieets of Decisio Suppot Moels fo Collaboative Supply Chai Secuity 19 Safi Issa et al. Calibatio of Theal Flow Sesos by New Test Device fo Low Aiflow Rates 23 Chaaa Lloy et al. DASH7 Ispie Wieless Aiflow Sesig Isie Refigeate Cotaies 27 Safa Mawat et al. Raio Resouce Allocatio fo M2M Couicatio i LTE Upli Scheulig 31 Afshi Mehsai Autooous Cotol i Fully Moula Pouctio Systes with Cotibutio of Clou Coputig 35 Javie Palafox et al. Machie-to-Machie Couicatios a Itelliget bects i Refigeate Cotaies 41 Thoas Pötsch Pefoace Evaluatio of CoAP Usig the RPL Routig Potocol 45 Mehi Safaei Applyig the Mote Calo Metho i Delivey Tie Ucetaity i Supply Netwos 49 Yi Ta A Peioic a Real-tie Evet-ive Rescheulig fo Dyaic Job Shops: Usig Shiftig Bottleec Poceue 53 Jiai Wu et al. Feight Villages i Chia: Cuet Developets a Futue Pospects 57 Saghyu Yi et al. Collaboative Tasfe peatios betwee Dayage Copaies a a Cotaie Teial 63 Davi Zastau Weathe Peictio Eo Aalysis fo Route ptiizatio 67 Hogya Zhag Busiess Pocess iete Kowlege Maageet i Thi Paty Logistics 69 Raul Zuiga Aiaza et al. Moellig of the Soucig Pocess i the Mieal Raw Mateial Iusty by Usig Supply Chai Faewos 75 Ipit 80

4 Dyaics i Logistics Logistics is oe of the ao fiels of activity a ceative powe i lie with the ealizatio of a sustaiable a liveable ecooy. It is chaacteize by ipoveets i efficiecies a o-goig iovatios fo poucts a pocesses. Due to wolwie istibute pouctio, abitious custoe behavious as well as ew ifoatio a couicatio techologies the coplexity i logistics etwos a systes iceases oe a oe. Beaig i i yaically chagig ecisio situatios i aily life, the goveig of this coplexity ca be see as oe of the biggest techo-ecooic challeges i the opeatioal a stategic aageet i a betwee etepises a istitutios. The Bee Reseach Cluste fo Dyaics i Logistics (LogDyaics) accepts this challege. Withi a iteatioal tea of eseaches a octoal stuets ew eaable solutios a scietific esults ae elaboate iteiscipliay, both fo the poit of view of fuaetal as well as applie eseach. The Reseach Repot 2012/2013 povies sigificat isights ito the eseach topics. It pesets exaples of the scietific wo i the Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics (IGS). Uiv.-Pof. D. Has-Dietich Haasis Spoesa Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics 2 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

5 Logistics i Bee The feeal state of Bee is the seco lagest logistics locatio i Geay. This is ue to its avatageous aitie positio a goo hitela etwo. Establishe logistic-elate copaies ae base i Bee, lie fo exaple aeoautics a space techology, autoobile costuctio, foo aufactues, etc. The ipotace of the logistics iusty fo the state of Bee iplies the espective scietific focus. The Uivesity of Bee eets the ea fo logistics eseach by liig copeteces of iffeet scietific isciplies withi a iteiscipliay high-pofile aea. The Bee Reseach Cluste fo Dyaics i Logistics (shot: LogDyaics) was foue i 1995 as a coopeatig etwo of eseach goups oigiate fo fou faculties: Physics/Electical Egieeig, Matheatics/Copute Sciece, Pouctio Egieeig a Busiess Stuies/ Ecooics. Recetly the logistics focus has bee acowlege by cotibutig to the title Uivesity of Excellece awae by the Gea Reseach Fouatio (DFG). Besies the fou faculties, futhe pates withi LogDyaics ae: BIBA Bee Istitut fü Poutio u Logisti GbH, ISL The Istitute of Shippig Ecooics a Logistics (ISL), a the Jacobs Uivesity Bee ggbh. The activity fiels of LogDyaics age fo fuaetal a applie eseach to tasfeig fiigs ito pactice. The eseach cluste collaboates closely with etepises. The obective is to stegthe iteiscipliay eseach a evelopet i the copetece aea of logistics fo the beefit of the egio Bee as well as to foste iteatioal coopeatio. The Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics (IGS) is the stuctue octoal taiig pogae of LogDyaics. It offes outstaig eseaches fo all aou the wol the oppotuity to coplete a octoate at a logistics locatio of log staig taitio. The obective of the IGS is to foste excellece i eseach a eucatio by pusuig a iteiscipliay a coss-cultual appoach. Iteiscipliay Coopeatio Most of toay s logistic challeges caot be solve withi oe sigle scietific isciplie. Theefoe, eseach i LogDyaics is base o iteiscipliay coopeatio to geeate syegy effects. The eseach cluste coucts fuaetal a applie eseach, offes eucatio at the highest level a ogaises scietific cofeeces. At the sae tie the efeece to iustial pactice is oe of the ost ipotat aspects. LogDyaics aes special effots to featue oppotuities fo coopeatio betwee sciece a iusty. Futheoe, it pootes the iea of givig sall a ile-size etepises access to eseach a iovatio. The esultig ialogue of iusty a sciece cotibutes to a bette uestaig of iffeet pespectives a possible solutios i logistics. Doctoal Taiig The ai of the IGS is to ietify, to escibe, to oel a to evaluate the equie a feasible itisic yaics i logistics pocesses a etwos both o a opeatioal as well as o a stategic level. It coucts eseach o iovative yaic plaig a cotol by usig ew ecisio suppot algoiths a ethos, ew couicatio a coopeatio aageets as well as ew techologies. Special topics ae aaptive a yaic cotol ethos fo logistics as well as the sychoisatio of ateial a ifoatio flows. Agaist this bacgou, cossiscipliay coopeatio ue cosieatio of itecultual aspects is the basis fo eseach. The IGS eets the challege of globalisatio though pactice-oiete eseach withi the scope of fuaetal a applie eseach. The eseach is cete o fou topic aeas: Busiess oels, ecisio pocesses a ecooic aalyses of yaics i logistics Holistic iteiscipliay ethos fo oellig, aalysis a siulatio of yaics i logistics Sychoisatio of ateial, ifoatio, ecisio a fiacial flows Aaptive a yaic cotol ethos i logistics The cuiculu iclues iiviual octoate poects, iscipliay supevisio, scietific etoig as well as specific taiigs i the fiel of copleetay sills. Bee Reseach Cluste fo Dyaics i Logistics 3

6 Reseach Beyo Bouaies Faculty 1: Physics / Electical a Ifoatio Egieeig Dyaics i Logistics is itisically tie to the ifoatio exchage of all playes i the logistics oai: e.g. supplies, aufactues, taspot copaies, custos authoities. This ifoatio exchage is base o a iceasig ube of fixe a wieless ifoatio etwos. Access etwos usually eploy wieless o obile etwo techology iectly o iiectly coecte to ifastuctue etwos. These etwos age fo seso etwos to satellite etwos. Reseach topics i this aea ae elate to the pefoace evaluatio a optiizatio of couicatio pocesses. Aothe elate aspect ivestigate is the use of ifoatio etwos to ipleet yaic outig algoiths fo taspot logistics. These eact to yaic evets that, soeties astically, ifluece taspot pocesses. Hea of the eseach goup Couicatio Netwos is Pof. D.-Ig. Caelita Gög. I the ea futue it will be possible to captue ot oly the positio of each cotaie wol-wie, but of ay pallet o eve each iiviual piece of goos. The coitios of caiage lie tepeatue o huiity have to be supevise peaetly a ifluece cuet ecisios. Due to the high aout of esultig ata a cetal cotol will ot be possible. Especially uig peios of issig aio couicatio the feight has to eact o istubaces a ew ifoatio coectly. With ew atheatical theoies a pogesses i icoelectoics a ico syste techologies, it will be possible to itegate low-cost sesos to oito a cotol the pouct quality as well as the evioetal paaetes. This cotais the coceptio of the a-hoc seso etwo a the couicatio syste. New sesos a wieless couicatio echaiss have bee ivestigate ue the otio of Itelliget Cotaie. Pof. D.-Ig. Walte Lag is iecto of the Istitute fo Micosesos, -actuatos a -systes (IMSAS). Faculty 3: Matheatics / Copute-Sciece I aalogy to covetioal logistics, autooous logistic pocesses ae i ee of owlege to pefo thei tas. Data, ifoatio, a owlege ae the ey esouces which esue the quality of the logistic pocess. Kowlege aageet is equie to suppot autooous logistic pocesses by poviig cotext-sesitive ifoatio. Futheoe it has to be cosiee that actos i these pocesses act i a copetitive way. Cosequetly, ifoatio a owlege shoul be teate as taable goos which have a high utility potetial fo thei cosues. Poects by Pof. D.-Ig. tthei Hezog iclue, fo exaple, owlege aageet fo the plaig a scheulig of autooous logistic pocesses. I softwae egieeig as well as i othe aeas of copute sciece iagas a gaphs ae use i aifol ways fo oellig logistic pocesses, easily escibig a visualizig coplex stuctues. Rule-base ethos have pove to be exteely effective fo captuig yaic aspects lie pocess a syste flow. This ispies the attept to eploy ule-base gaph tasfoatio fo oellig logistic pocesses a systes. Sice the so-calle gaph tasfoatio uits i paticula iclue a cotol copoet, they ae a obvious choice fo the esciptio of autooous logistic pocesses. Pof. D.-Ig. Has-Jög Keowsi is pofesso fo theoetical copute sciece a ebe of the Techology Cete Copute Scieces a Copute Techology (TZI). Faculty 4: Pouctio Egieeig High pefoig co-opeatios betwee iepeet copaies with the ai to evelop a ealise custoise poucts ae a ipotat success facto fo the copetitiveess of the Euopea iusty. So calle etepise etwos ca be see i aitio to the taitioal supply chais. The eseach uit ICT applicatios fo pouctio pepaes, evelops, a ealises ethos a tools to suppot co-opeative ite-ogaisatioal etepise etwos. The eseach cocetates o efficiet a effective collaboative esig a pouctio pocesses by applyig iovative ifoatio a couicatio techologies (ICT). As focus ca be see the collaboative actig of etepises uig istibute esig a pouctio pocesses as well as uig the late pocesses of the pouct life cycle such as the usage phase o the ecyclig phase. Pof. D.-Ig. Klaus-Diete Thobe is iecto of this eseach uit. Sice Septebe 2012 he is aagig iecto of BIBA Bee Istitut fü Poutio u Logisti GbH a spoesa of LogDyaics. The iceasig coplexity of pouctio systes a logistic etwos equies the evelopet, use, a itegatio of ew ethos of plaig a cotol. The eseach ais at evelopig a applyig 4 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

7 ew cocepts, ethos, a ICT solutios i logistic pocesses. This pusues the goal of a sustaie optiisatio of pouctio a logistic systes. Util August 2012 Pof. D.-Ig. Be Scholz-Reite was aagig iecto of the BIBA, hea of the epatet Plaig a Cotol of Pouctio Systes as well as spoesa of LogDyaics a IGS. Now he is egage i his ew fuctio as ecto of the Uivesity of Bee. Faculty 7: Busiess Stuies / Ecooics Logistics eseach i obility a elaboatio of tools which ae ae fo the evelopet a evaluatio of a ae value oietate syste itegatio of iteoal taspot aleay pic up toay s ao Faculty 3 Matheatics / Copute Sciece esig optios fo the ealizatio of sustaiable ecooics. Pof. D e. pol. Has- Dietich Haasis hols a chai i geeal busiess stuies, pouctio aageet a iustial aageet. He is aagig iecto of the Istitute of Shippig Ecooics a Logistics (ISL), hea of the logistic systes uit a fo July 2012 o spoesa of the IGS. Avisoy sevice a eseach of this uit ae focuse o coopeative systes i a betwee logistics a pouctio as well as solutios fo egios a hubs as well as busiess cocepts fo etepises. These topics also itegate a e-busiess oietate aageet of supply chais i elatioship to patially coflictig obectives of busiess opeatios a taspotatio. Faculty 4 Pouctio Egieeig Supevisio i Coopeatio with Exteal / Visitig Pofessos Pof. D.-Ig. Macos Roalo Albeti Ceto e Tecologia Feeal Uivesity of Ceaá (UFC), Ceaá, Bazil Pof. D.-Ig. Ezo Moosii Fazzo Depatet of Pouctio Egieeig Feeal Uivesity of Sata Cataia (UFSC), Bazil Pof. Hai Reza Kaii PhD, MSc. Faculty of Egieeig a Sciece, Uivesity of Age, Gista, Noway Pof. D. Môica M. M. Lua Depatet of Iustial a Systes Egieeig Feeal Uivesity of Sata Cataia (UFSC), Bazil Pof. D. Cathy Machais Faculty of Ecooic, Social a Political Scieces a Solvay Busiess Vie Uivesiteit Bussel, Belgiu Faculty 1 Physics / Electical Egieeig Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics Faculty 7 Busiess Stuies / Ecooics Pof. Atôio G.N. Novaes Uivesiae Feeal e Sata Cataia Depataeto e Egehaia e Poucao e Sisteas Ceto Tecològico Floiaòpolis, SC, Bazil Pof. D. Chistia Pis Hea of the Iustial Systes ptiizatio Laboatoy (LSI) Uivesity of Techology of Toyes (UTT), Face Pof. D. Hei Wileba Depatet of Coopeative Stuies Beli School of Ecooics a Law, Bel Geay Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics 5

8 Iteatioal Doctoal Taiig i Logistics Iteatioal Doctoal Taiig i Logistics Sice 2005 the Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics (IGS) at the Uivesity of Bee has bee offeig excellet eseaches fo all aou the wol the oppotuity to coplete a efficiet, stuctue gauate taiig at a logistics locatio with a log-staig taitio. The IGS is ebee i the Bee Reseach Cluste fo Dyaics i Logistics (LogDyaics) a collaboates closely with coecial etepises. The cuiculu of the IGS is esige fo a thee-yea full tie octoal stuy. It bules iteiscipliay copeteces a coss-cultual coopeatio a fostes the li betwee eseach a iusty. Besies the iiviual octoal poect the cuiculu coves collective theatic itouctios, subect specific couses, iteiscipliay colloquia, ialogue fous, excusios, as well as iiviual coachig egaig copleetay sills a pesoality evelopet. The laguage of taiig a thesis is Eglish. Howeve, a basic owlege of the Gea laguage a cultue is also equie. Gea IGS gauates have the oppotuity to paticipate i a scietific exchage at foeig uivesities. All these eleets ivolve the youg eseaches i a citical ialogue which istea of pesetig a sigle oiat pespective ecouages iscussios beyo scietific bouaies a helps to ceate a yaic, issue-elate etwo. A syste of cocete-iiviual easues esues the well-iecte a effective pesoel evelopet though the istitutioal cobiatio of possibilities a obligatio to actively exchage ieas. This eables the octoal caiates of the IGS to eceive excellet qualificatios a helps the uivesity to gai efficiet ew isights. Futheoe, the IGS cotibutes to the tasfe of the eseach esults ito pactice. Stuctue of Doctoal Taiig Seve pofessos fo fou faculties of the Uivesity of Bee ae available as supevisos o as etos fo the octoal stuets at the IGS. Aitioally, the ealy stage eseaches eceive a stuctual supevisio fo the Maagig Diecto of the IGS a scietific suppot fo the postoctoal eseach fellows i thei woig goups. Doctoal Poect Woig o the octoal poect is the cetal eseach activity i the cuiculu. I oe to fulfil this wo ue optial coitios the octoal stuets ae itegate i the iscipliay eseach goup of thei supevisos. Though this iscipliay assiget they ca beefit fo the owlege a the ifastuctue of the espective faculty a istitute. Futheoe, they lea to use the tools of scietific wo which ae equie fo thei paticula poect a eceive iiviual suppot i thei eseach activities. Couses a Coachig Couses ae ivie ito lectues with tutoials, seias, woshops, pactical taiig, a itegate leaig i sall goups a iiviual coachig. The ai of the iscipliay couses is to eucate octoal stuets o the level of iteatioal staas of the espective eseach aea. Theatic itouctios ito the othe isciplies suppot the iteiscipliay coopeatio at the IGS. Aitioal couse-offes iclue poect aageet, eseach pocess a ethos, acaeic witig, pesetatio a couicatio techiques, coss-cultual co-opeatio, laguage couses, a voice evelopet. 6 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

9 Iteiscipliay Reseach Colloquiu The iteiscipliay eseach colloquiu offes a istitutioal a issue-elate fou to peset a iscuss the cocept a status of the octoate poects with the whole faculty. The youg eseaches have the oppotuity to exchage eseach esults, evelop iteiscipliay eseach questios, a paticipate i coss-iscipliay iscussio goups. Colloquia with lectues of LogDyaics o visitig pofessos esue tagete ipulses fo the iiviual eseach poects. Dialogue Fou A ialogue fou ais at the exchage betwee iusty a acaeia. The octoal caiates have the oppotuity to peset thei eseach esults at fais, cofeeces, a evets a iscuss elevat issues with expets to gai iffeet busiess pespectives a eceive ew ipulses, thus iceasig the pactical elevace of thei eseach. Futheoe, this iect li to iusty ipoves the caee pospects of the youg eseaches. Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics 7

10 Awas a New Faces LogDyaics cotibute to the success stoy of the Uivesity of Bee i the high-pofile aea of logistics. The Uivesity of Bee succeee i the atioal copetitio of the Excellece Iitiative with a outstaig futue cocept etitle Abitious a Agile: Istitutioal Stategy fo a poiet i-size uivesity. The IGS is the eucatioal pat of LogDyaics a cotibute paticulaly by its vey high egee of iteatioality a iteiscipliay of eseach a eucatio. I 2011 the iovative supevisio a etoig cocept fo octoal stuets has aleay bee awae by the Gea Natioal Acaey of Sciece a Egieeig (acatech), the 4ING faculty cofeeces, the TU9 cosotiu (uio of the leaig techical uivesities i Geay), a the Woig Goup of Techical Uivesities a Colleges (ARGE TU/TH). I a atioal copetitio the stuctue taiig pogae has bee chose as best pactice fo the iteatioalisatio of a egieeig octoal taiig pogae. The IGS extee its exteal fue scholaship base i two ways: The IGS succeee i the copetitio GSSP Gauate School Scholaship Pogae of the Gea Acaeic Exchage Sevice (DAAD). Thus, begiig i 2013, the IGS has bee offeig fou DAAD-scholaships to outstaig iteatioal octoal stuets. Sice July 2012 LogDyaics is pate i the EU poect clink Cete of Excellece fo Leaig, Iovatio, Netwoig a Kowlege. This poect facilitates the acaeic exchage betwee Euopea a Asia uivesities. Beyo the Uivesity of Bee the othe Euopea uivesities ae i Geat Bita Face, Roaia a Hugay. clink offes scholaships fo stuets a lectues o all levels of qualificatio. Poisig caiates will stay betwee oe oth a two yeas at the Euopea uivesity. The stuets will coe fo Baglaesh, Bhuta, Nepal, Paista, Chia, Iia, Malaysia a Thaila. By itegatig stuets fo Asia ito the acaeic taiig pogae, the IGS extes a itesifies its iteatioal fouatio though pesoal expeieces. I this way the alu the guest eseaches a the clink fellows ae abassaos of LogDyaics a the high quality of eucatio a eseach withi the IGS. To exte the supevisio capacities fo the octoal stuets of the IGS, LogDyaics establishe a ew positio of a uio pofessoship o Dyaics i Logistics. The octoal caiates will beefit fo the excellece iitiative sice two futhe pofessoships ae beig ipleete. They bige the gap betwee the Uivesity of Bee a the exteal eseach istitutes ISL - Istitute of Shippig Ecooics a Logistics a BIBA Bee Istitut fü Poutio u Logisti GbH. Aitioally, fuig is available fo the leaeship of youg eseach goups. I the i of 2012, Pof. D. e. pol. Haasis, Faculty of Ecooics a aagig iecto of the ISL, was electe as the ew spoesa of the IGS. He followe Pof. D.-Ig. Scholz-Reite who is still available but is ow busy i his ew fuctio as ecto of the Uivesity of Bee. The latte will ipleet the easues of the Excellece Iitiative. Alui of the IGS suppot the school fo places all aou the wol. Soe stay i Geay a cotibute as guest lectue to the cuiculu of the IGS. thes go bac to thei hoe couties o ae ow postocs/pofessos i othe couties. I these positios, they ae seig ew outstaig octoal caiates to Bee. We love this lively coopeatio a exchage betwee scietific isciplies, cultues a cotiets! 8 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

11 Healie Visitig Scietists Pof. D.-Ig. Macos Roalo Albeti Ceto e Tecologia Feeal Uivesity of Ceaá (UFC), Ceaá, Bazil Pof. D.-Ig. Ezo Moosii Fazzo Depatet of Pouctio Egieeig Feeal Uivesity of Sata Cataia (UFSC), Bazil M.B.A. Seugwoo Jeo Seoul Natioal Uivesity, Koea Pof. Hai Reza Kaii PhD, MSc Faculty of Egieeig a Sciece, Uivesity of Age, Gista, Noway D. Holge Ke Euopäisches Micosoft Iovatios Cete GbH Aache, Geay M. Eg. Ségio Aiao Loueio Uivesiae Estaual e Capias (UNICAMP), Bazil Pof. D. Chistia Pis Hea of the Iustial Systes ptiizatio Laboatoy (LSI) Uivesity of Techology of Toyes (UTT), Face M. Eg. José Beeito Silva Satos Júio Laboatoy fo Logistics a Taspot (LALT) Uivesiae Estaual e Capias (UNICAMP), Bazil M. Eg. Vaia Macowsi Dusi Silva Depatet of Iustial a Systes Egieeig Feeal Uivesity of Sata Cataia (UFSC), Bazil M.Sc. Li Xia Wuha Uivesity of Techology, Chia D. Xuaguo Xu Ecooics a Maageet School of Jiagsu Uivesity of Sciece a Techology, Chia Juzhou Ya PhD Zhegzhou Istitute of Aeoautical, Chia Pof. D. Môica M. M. Lua Depatet of Iustial a Systes Egieeig Feeal Uivesity of Sata Cataia (UFSC), Bazil Pof. D. Cathy Machais Faculty of Ecooic, Social a Political Scieces a Solvay Busiess Vie Uivesiteit Bussel, Belgiu Pof. Atôio G.N. Novaes Uivesiae Feeal e Sata Cataia Depataeto e Egehaia e Poucao e Sisteas Ceto Tecològico Floiaòpolis, SC, Bazil Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics 9

12 Alui Alui of the Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics D.-Ig. Ali Baa Mohae Alai Dow, M.Sc. Desig a Fabicatio of a Micoachiig Pecocetato Focuse fo Ethylee Gas Detectio Syste Faculty of Physics / Electical a Ifoatio Egieeig D.-Ig. Meha Babazaeh, M.Sc. Plausability Chec a Eegy Maageet i a Sei-autooous Seso Netwo Usig a Moel-base Appoach Faculty of Physics / Electical a Ifoatio Egieeig D.-Ig. Salia Delhou, M.S.I.E. Evaluatio of the Ipact of Leaig Labs o Ivetoy Cotol: A Expeietal Appoach with a Collaboative Siulatio of a Pouctio Netwo Faculty of Pouctio Egieeig D.-Ig. Ezo Moosii Fazzo, MBA Sustaiability a Effectiveess i Global Logistic Systes a Appoach Base o a Log-Te Leaig Pocess Faculty of Pouctio Egieeig D. e. pol. Julie Goul A Decisio Suppot Syste fo Iteoal Logistics ue Cosieatios fo Costs of Secuity Faculty of Busiess Stuies / Ecooics D.-Ig. Ai Sheih Jabba M.Sc. Autooous Fault Detectio a Isolatio i Measueet Systes Faculty of Physics / Electical a Ifoatio Egieeig D.-Ig. Nicole Pfeffea, Dipl.-Ö. A Itegate Maageet cocept of Iovatio Couicatio a its Cotibutio to a Copay s Value Faculty of Pouctio Egieeig D.-Ig. Gulshaaa Sigh, M.Sc. Aget-base Clusteig Appoach fo Autooous Coopeatio i Taspot Logistics Faculty of Matheatics / Copute Sciece D.-Ig. Ae Schult, Dipl. If. Multiaget Cooiatio Eablig Autooous Logistics Faculty of Matheatics / Copute Sciece D.-Ig. Césa Stoll, M.L.I. Evaluatio of the Applicatio of Autoatic Coitios Moitoig of Pouce i Fesh Foo Waehouses Faculty of Pouctio Egieeig D.-Ig. Que So Vo, M. Eg. Moelig a Ipleetatio of Seso Netwos fo Logistic Applicatios Faculty of Matheatics / Copute Sciece D. e. pol. Jiai Wu Sustaiable Feight Village Cocepts fo Agicultual Poucts Logistics Faculty of Busiess Aiistatio, Pouctio Maageet a Iustial Ecooics D.-Ig. Ai Jafa M.Sc. Developet a Evaluatio of a Autooous Wieless Seso Actuato Netwo i Logistic Systes Faculty of Physics / Electical a Ifoatio Egieeig D.-Ig. Huaxi Liu, M.Sc. Moellig Dyaic Pouctio Systes with a Special Focus o Dyaic Bottleecs Faculty of Pouctio Egieeig 10 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

13 Towas Gee Logistics i Batch Pocess Iusty Plaig Nagha El-Beishy Cosues ae gowigly cocee with evioetal issues i geeal a thei ow fast ovig cosue goos i paticula. These ae usually pouce i batches. This type of pouctio iclues a lot of challeges to be et withi the global evioets. I aitio, it is challegig to icease the pice of ay pouct, i spite of highe aw ateial pices a isig eegy a wate costs. Theefoe, it is oe ipotat tha eve to evelop evioetally fiely techologies a pocesses uig the plaig phase. This aticle pesets the equieets fo esigig a itegate plaig of pouctio a istibutio opeatios ue gee logistics aspects by eviewig the elate liteatue. Soe ipotat issues ae cosiee hee such as the level of itegity a the pefoace easues. Moeove, it povies a faewo to eet the elate equieets cosieig ecooical as well as evioetal challeges. As a goig o eseach a itegate pla betwee pouctio a istibutio is to be evelope. Itouctio >>> Beig gee is cucial owaays ue to the yaics i supply chai opeatios a the high copetitiveess i the global aet. The ai of this pape is to peset the equieets fo esigig a itegate plaig of pouctio a istibutio opeatios ue gee logistics aspects. This wo highlights the ipotace of esigig a faewo to hale ecooical a evioetal challeges ue toay s copetitive equieets. Gee Supply Chai Maageet (GSCM) is a ultifacete poble, which copises ecooic, social a evioetal eleets. The otivatio fo the itouctio of GSCM ay be ethical (e.g. eflectig the values of aages) a/ o coecial (e.g. gaiig a copetitive avatage by sigalig evioetal coce) [1]. The pape is stuctue i 4 sectios: sectio 1 is a itouctio to the scope of this pape. The esciptio of the equieets of the popose faewo is iscusse i sectio 2. Sectio 3 escibes the ipotat oelig issues fo the gee logistics oiete faewo a iscusses the techiques a ethoologies which ca be use to pla these opeatios. Fially, coclusios ae give at the e of this pape. <<< Gee logistics i batch pocess iusty plaig Batchig is the clusteig of ites fo taspotatio o aufactuig pocessig at the sae tie [2]. I a batch aufactuig evioet, poucts ae elease to the pouctio syste i goups (batches). Batch poucts ae chaacteize by shot life cycles, lage ubes of iffeet pouct vaiats a log lea ties o elivey ties i elatio to thei life cycle. Such poucts ca be fou i ay cosue iusties, fo istace the appael bach (seasoal a fashio aticles), the cosetics bach (fashio aticles), o the foo iusty (e.g. fuits a vegetables, which tae tie to ipe, but ay ot afte a shot tie). Withi this goup of poucts, the popose eseach pouct will focus o poucts that ae aufactue i batch pouctio, such as textiles o appaels. Logistics aageet is the pat of the supply chai pocess that plas, ipleets, a cotols the efficiet a effective flow of goos, sevices a elate ifoatio fo the poit of oigi to the poit of cosuptio i oe to eet custoes equieets [3]. Megig the cocept of gee logistics with Supply Chais (SCs) is tagete by etepises ue to the logistics positive ipact o the efficiecy of taspot systes [4]. Geeig SCs ais to balace aetig equieets with evioetal issues. I oe to eet challeges, such as eegy cosevatio a pollutio abateet, etepises have tie to gee thei SCs [5]. Pouctio Egieeig Plaig a Cotol of Pouctio Systes 11

14 Toay, ay copaies ae equie to face these evioetal issues ue to both egulatoy a o-egulatoy coitios [6]. I aitio, custoes tae evioetal issues oe a oe ito accout. Due to this fact; gee logistics will becoe a ai focus of copaies i the futue [7]. These tes ae ite-epeet; copaies ust satisfy the ee of thei custoes a eve excee the evioetal expectatios of thei goveets [8]. Evietly, esig a aageet of supply chai activities is a piay facto i pootig evioetal ipact [9]. The suggeste cocept of the GSCM faewo is show i Figue 1. The elate issues which ae equie to esig this faewo ae the ai wo of this eseach pape. Sustaiability Ecooic pefoace has bee the taitioal focus fo ay supply chais. A sustaiable supply chai is also socially beeficial. Sustaiability i the supply chai is iceasigly see as essetial to eliveig log-te pofitability by helpig to aitai the quality of the evioet assets fo pouctio, theeby suppotig the log-te pouctivity. Efficiecy Chaacteistics that will be aesse i the batch pocess iusty iclue pouctio, ivetoy, a istibutio phases. Theefoe, evelopig a oel fo pouctio plas a istibutio scheules Figue 1: Suggeste gee supply chai aageet faewo Supply Chai Maageet Evioetal Maageet Gee Supply Chai Maageet Goos flow Ifoatio flow The GSCM faewo equieets Pouctio a istibutio opeatios ae two ey fuctios i the supply chai. To achieve optial opeatioal pefoace i supply chais, it is cucial to itegate these two fuctios, a to pla a scheule the oitly i a cooiate ae [2]. These ecisios ae taitioally ae sepaately. Howeve, thei itegatio has a sigificat ipact o the oveall syste a sevice pefoace [10]. Focusig o the peviously escibe equieets, the esig of a gee logistics oiete faewo that itegates pouctio a istibutio ecisios is ivestigate. The fou eleets equie to costuct this faewo ae: sustaiability, efficiecy, flexibility a obustess [11]. This faewo aesses ecooic, social a evioetal issues to aage the yaics i supply chai opeatios. which captues all these chaacteistics togethe will be achieve via atheatical pogaig, oe of the ost coveiet tools i oelig pouctio plaig a scheulig oels. Flexibility The icease of stuctual a yaic coplexity of pouctio a logistics systes is cause by ivese chages. Fo exaple, shot pouct life cycles as well as a eceasig ube of lots with siultaeously isig vaiats of a pouct. As a esult, ew eas have bee place o copetitive copaies, which caot be fulfille by covetioal cotollig ethos. Covetioal pouctio systes ae chaacteize by cetal plaig a cotollig pocesses, which o ot allow fast a flexible aaptatio to chagig evioetal iflueces. Establishig coopeatig logistics pocesses is believe to be a appopiate etho to eet these equieets i a flexible way. 12 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

15 Towas Gee Logistics i Batch Pocess Iusty Plaig Robustess To aage chages isie a outsie a pouctio syste, a appoach that is ecetalize a at the sae tie cotols gee logistics is poisig. This cotol woul cosie the iteelatio betwee the pouctio a istibutio pocesses. The popose faewo, which satisfies these equieets, is a fo of a autoate ecisio suppot syste. Poviig this autoate ecisio suppot syste helps ecisio-aes i eteiig the optial aste pouctio scheules a the optial istibutio sequeces i the batch pocess iusty. It is a systeatic appoach fo pouctio plas a taspotatio solutios which eables aages to aswe what-if questios elate to the tactical a opeatioal ecisios. Faewo oelig issues The ube of issues shoul be cosiee whe oelig a itegate faewo fo pouctio a istibutio of gee logistics i batch pocess iusty. The issues which ee to be aesse ae: The level of itegity Itegatio withi supply chai fuctios ais to ultiply the euctio of evioetal ipacts. It has uch i coo with othe evioetal aageet cocepts, such as life cycle aageet a gee o sustaiable supply chai aageet [12]. The goal of the itegate appoaches iclues icease cost copetitiveess, shote pouct life cycles, faste pouct evelopet cycles, globalizatio a custoizatio of pouct offeigs, a highe oveall quality [13]. the othe ha, the applicatio of covetioal cetalize plaig a cotol to logistics pocesses suffes fo coplexity. Theefoe, a ee fo ecetalize ethos eployig actos aises [11]. To coclue, eepig up a suitable level of itegity isues the beefits of optiizig the total logistics syste. It is usually ot appopiate to buil a oel that ecopasses the ecisios of all fuctios. Fo this easo, thee has bee icease iteest o optiizatio oels which itegate salle sectios of the supply chai [14]. Pefoace easues Due to the vaiatios of logistics systes, choosig the appopiate supply chai pefoace easues ae ifficult [15]. The pefoace easues have iplicatios fo all aageial levels stategic, tactical, a opeatioal. Pefoace easues have tagible a itagible chaacteistics. May issues ust be aesse, such as which to be use, whe, a how to easue the [16]. The pefoace is efie i tes of both ecooical a evioetal effect. Gee supply chai pefoace easues ay be eteie though supplie cetificatio pocesses o suveys coplete fo cuet pactices aog ogaizatios i the egotiatio of futue cotacts [17].The types of evioetally-base pefoace easues use by a ogaizatio will epe lagely o the ogaizatio s evolutioay stage i evioetal aageet. Thus, the aout of egulate eissios o isposal of hazaous wastes woul be coe pefoace etics. Techiques a ethoologies Both exact a appoxiate algoiths ae use i solvig pouctio plaig a istibutio pobles. Appoxiate algoiths (heuistic etho) ae use to solve pobles by fiig a efficiet solutio while exact algoiths ca solve the pobles easie i this tie copae to the past. ptiizatio pacages have uegoe a huge evelopet i the last ecae [18, 19]. A aalytical ivestigatio is a suitable tool fo solvig sall istaces of this syste i easoable tie, thus, siulative appoaches shoul be use to ivestigate cobie pouctio a taspot sceaios fo a eal tie scale [20]. The cobiatio of evet-base siulatio a atheatical oelig coul be ealize to cosie yaic aspects as well as evioetal aspects. Available supply chai oels o ot cove the specific chaacteistics of the batch pocess iusty. Theefoe, this eseach focuses o ietifyig how the popose faewo will be cosiee fo oelig a evaluatig the pocesses i the batch pocess iusty [11]. Figue 2 illustates the cocept of the popose faewo. Fistly, the plae itouces the ecooic a evioetal ata a the capacity costaie pla. By efiig these paaetes a oelig usig atheatical pogaig a itegate pouctio-istibutio pla coul be establishe. If the pla is feasible, a siulatio oel valiates this oel i a lage scale. Fially, the pacticality of the evelope oel shoul be teste by applyig it i a case stuy. Figue 2: The cocept of the popose eseach appoach Coclusio a outloo I suay, this pape pesets a itegate faewo esig fo a pouctio-istibutio gee logistics syste fo the batch pocess iusty. The ipotace of this itegatio is foce by its iect effect o the oveall pefoace of the syste. The coe of this itegate plaig syste will cosie the optial pouctio a istibutio ecisios egaig the logistics of batch pocess poucts, besies the ecooic a evioetal issues. The oel siulates the staa pocesses fo logistics i the batch pocess iusty. Pouctio Egieeig Plaig a Cotol of Pouctio Systes 13

16 Refeeces [1] Testa, F.; Ialo, F.: Shaows a Lights of GSCM: Deteiats a Effects of These Pactices Base o A Multi-Natioal Stuy. I: Joual of Cleae Pouctio 18 (2010), pp [2] El-Beishy, N.: A Avace Pouctio Plaig a Scheulig Syste fo Batch Pocess Iusty. LAMBERT Acaeic Publishig, Geay [3] Bewe, A. M.; Butto, K. J.; Heshe, D. A.: The haboo of Logistics a Supply-chai Maageet, Haboos i Taspot 2, Pegao/ Elsevie, Loo: [4] Zhu, Q.; Cote, R.: Itegatig Gee Supply Chai Maageet ito a Ebyoic Eco-Iustial Developet: A Case Stuy of the Guitag goup. I: Joual of Cleae Pouctio 12 (2004), pp [5] Bese, P.; Kopl J.; Seuig, S.: The Use of Evioetal a Social Staas by Gea Fist-Tie Supplies of the Volswage AG. I: Copoate Social Resposibility a Evioetal Maageet 15 (2008), pp [6] Mitcheva, V.: Iicatos fo Evioetal Policy Itegatio i the Foo Supply Chai (The Case of the Toato Ketchup Supply Chai a the Itegate Pouct Policy). I: Joual of Cleae Pouctio 13 (2005), pp [7] Seuig, S.; Sais, J.; Mülle, M.; Rao, P.: Sustaiability a Supply Chai Maageet- A Itouctio to the Special Issue. I: Joual of Cleae Pouctio 16 (2008), pp [8] Walto, S. V.; Hafiel, R. B.; Mely, S. A.: The GSC: Itegatig Supplies ito Evioetal Maageet Pocesses. I: Iteatioal Joual of Puchasig a Mateials Maageet (1998), pp [9] Gupta, S.; Palsule-Desa. D.: Sustaiable Supply Chai Maageet: Review a Reseach ppotuities. I: IMB Maageet Review 23 (2011), pp [10] Naauul, N.: Lot-sizig a ivetoy outig fo a pouctioistibutio supply chai. Ph.D. thesis, The Uivesity of Texas at Austi [11] Scholz-Reite, B.; El-Beishy, N.: Gee Logistics-iete Faewo fo Itegate Pouctio a Distibutio Plaig: Relate Issues. I: The 10th Global Cofeece o Sustaiable Maufactuig, Istabul (2012). [12] Fotes, J.: Gee Supply Chai Maageet: A Liteatue Review. I: tago Maageet Gauate Review 7 (2007), pp [13] Seuig, S.; Mülle, M.: Itegate Chai Maageet I Geay- Ietifyig Schools of Thought Base o A Liteatue Review. I: Joual of Cleae Pouctio 15 (2007), pp [14] Sheu, J.; Chou, Y.; Hu, C.: A Itegate Logistics peatioal Moel fo Gee-Supply Chai Maageet. I: Taspotatio Reseach Pat E 41: Logistics a Taspotatio Review (2005), pp [15] Beao, B. M.: Measuig Supply Chai Pefoace. I: Iteatioal Joual of peatios a Pouctio Maageet 19 (1999), pp [16] Heva A. A.; Hels, M. M.; Sais, J.: Pefoace Measueet fo Gee Supply Chai Maageet I: Eeal Bechaig 12 (2005), pp [17] Papaiitiou, C.; Steiglitz, K.: Cobiatoial ptiizatio: Algoiths a Coplexity, Dove Publicatios, New Yo, U.S.A [18] Aetao, V. A.; Shigueoto, A. L.; Loetage, A.: Tabu Seach with Path Reliig fo a Itegate Pouctio-Distibutio Poble. I: Coputes a peatios Reseach 38 (2011), pp [19] Mula, J.; Peio, D.; Diaz-Maoeo, M.; Vices, E.: Ivite Review: Matheatical Pogaig Moels fo Supply Chai Pouctio a Taspot Plaig. I: Euopea Joual of peatios Reseach 201 (2010), pp [20] Scholz-Reite, B.: Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics/Pouctio Egieeig: Pouctio Logistics Vesus Taspot Logistics: Siilaities a Diffeece fo the Applicatio of Autooy, URL: Date of Access Nagha El-Beishy, M.Sc. Gee Logistics iete Faewo fo Itegate Scheulig of Pouctio a Distibutio Netwos E-ail: elb@biba.ui-bee.e Couty: Egypt Stat: Supeviso: Pof. D.-Ig. Be Scholz-Reite Faculty: Pouctio Egieeig Reseach Goup: Plaig a Cotol of Pouctio Systes 14 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

17 Best Pactices fo the Maufactuig Iusty i Developig Couties: A Ethiopia Stuy Fasia Bete Geogise Recetly, ay fis have bee focusig o achievig pouctivity gais i thei opeatios by ipleetig best pactices. Howeve, thee is a elatively lac of eseach a liteatue about expeiece of the ipleetatio a iitiative fo aufactuig iusty i evelopig couties cotext. This pape exploes the best pactices ipleetatio a challeges ecoutee uig the pocess of aoptio. A sei-stuctue iteview a questioaie suvey ae use to exploe the extet of the ipleetatio i Ethiopia aufactuig fis. The eseach suvey was base o SCR oel best pactices. The fiigs show that ost of the espoet fis have show iteests a put effots to ipleet soe of the. But, the esults wee below the expectatios. Theefoe, thee is a ee fo evelopig couties to aapt the best pactices that cosie thei sceaios. Itouctio >>> Pouctio activities i evelopig couties ae facig fiece challeges fo both local a iteatioal copetitos i the aetplace [1] & [2]. Fo these challeges, aufactues ust be able to uesta thei custoes to bette satisfy thetha thei copetitos a ipove thei supply chais yaically. Theefoe, copaies ae pessuize to buil thei aageial a techical capabilities so that they ca etai thei aets a itegate theselves ito the global busiess. Recetly, acaeic a pactical eseaches ae focuse o how aufactues coul use the iffeet aageet techiques a pactices to eact to these challeges [1], [3], [4], [5], [6] & [7]. Supply Chai Maageet (SCM) is oe of the foeost solutios to leveage aufactues ability to copete a evelop a collaboative elatioship. Maages focus o SCM pactices by classifyig the as the best, the goo, the ba, a the wost [8]. The wos `best pactices appea i the avace SCM because it beefits aufactuig iusties i thei ipoveet activities. The Supply Chai Coucil has evelope a Supply Chai peatios Refeece (SCR) oel that icopoates the best-pactice that helps this paaig shift [7]. Howeve, aufactuig iusties ae facig challeges i aoptig the best pactice to thei busiess pocesses. <<< SCR oel as best pactices The SCR oel is geeic a a quasi-staa oel fo the esciptio a aalysis of supply chais. The SCR oel uses thee well-ow iiviual techiques: busiess pocess oelig, bechaig pefoace a best pactice aalysis, tue ito a itegate appoach. It copises a coplete set of supply chai pefoace etics, iusty best pactices, a eablig systes. The cuet vesio (V.10) of this oative oel iclues oe tha 200 escibe pocess eleets, 550 efie pefoace etics a 500 leaig busiess pactices, which ae hieachically ogaize o levels [8]. The thee eleets of the SCR oel ae itegate ito a sigle faewo. The pefoace etics, fo exaple, ae lie to the pocesses to allow oot-cause aalysis of pefoace gaps. Siilaly, the best pactices ae lie to the etics a the pocesses; this allows uses to ietify ipleetatio equieets a taget pefoace ipoveets. Fo each pocess i the SCR oel, thee ae ecoee looe-up coespoig best pactices fo ipleetatio. A exaple of associatios fo pocess teplate sm2.3: Pouce & Test is show i Figue 1. Iusty-pove best pactices ae associate with each activity available i the oel. A best pactice is a uique way to cofigue a pocess o a set of pocesses. The uiqueess ca be elate to issues such as the autoatio of the pocess; a techology applie to the pocess; special sills applie to the pocess a othes. The SCR oel efies best pactice as a cuet, stuctue, pove a epeatable etho fo aig a positive ipact o esie opeatioal esults. SCR best pactices have bee collecte fo ivese iusties by SCR pactitioes. SCR ecogizes that seveal iffeet types of pactices exist withi ay ogaizatio: leaig o eegig pactices; best pactices; coo pactices; a poo pactices. What is ipotat to uesta, is that iffeet pactices have iffeet pefoace expectatios. Best pactice aalysis follows the bechaig activity that shoul have easue the pefoace of the supply chai pocesses a ietifie the ai Pouctio Egieeig Collaboative Busiess i Etepise Netwos 15

18 Figue 1: SCR oel ecopositio ito pocess eleet [8] pefoace gaps. It is uestoo that ot all best pactices will yiel the sae esults fo all iusties o supply chais [8]. Tasfeability of best pactices to evelopig couty fis Reseach activities have bee oe by pactitioes a acaeicia o the ao issues about best pactices, its tasfeability a aaptability to suit evelopig couties sceaios [3], [4] & [10]. Techology tasfe has bee cosiee as a tool to bypass the lacig gowth of iustializatio a avaceet of evelopig couties [9]. The ecet tes of global itegatio a collaboatio have also ecouage expeiece shaig a bechaig agaist thei pactice to ty to apply soe of the pactices i thei ow ogaizatios. Howeve, such activities have bee a challege eve fo evelope couties [1] & [3]. If the best pactices ipleetatio is a challege eve to copaies i evelope couties, what ca be sai about ogaizatios stugglig i ustable cotexts such as those of evelopig couties? e way of oig this was copyig, aoptig, iitatig o aaptig best pactices of wiely publicize successes of copaies. Ufotuately, such best pactice iitatio aely wos well because oe size oes ot fit all. Such activities ae ot siple a esults ay ot be always also successful. Reseach coucte by iffeet authos veifies the sae [1], [3], [10]. Developig couties ca lea fo pactices of evelope couties copaies, howeve, copyig the by ote without aalyzig the coitios withi which they wee evelope a ipleete a the copaig the to oe s ow paticula situatio a aig equisite austets woul lea to istaes [1] & [3]. The best pactices shoul theefoe be peceive oe as oels to be iitate tha eay oels to be copie by othe copaies. The best pactice of oe copay will ot autoatically becoe the best pactice of aothe uless it is aapte, successfully ipleete a bigs the expecte esults [1] & [3]. The obective of this eseach is to exaie the existig best pactices a challeges i a paticula cotext of evelopig couties - specifically, i Ethiopia. Reseach ethoology It ais at escibig a uestaig the existig pheoea with cotextual factos. Thee is o uch eseach uetae o the best pactices i the evelopig couties. Theefoe, ou eseach fills this gap, by ivestigatig the ipleetatio a use of best pactices i Ethiopia, i.e., what types of best pactices ae aopte a fially ipleete, the baies a challeges face by evelopig couties. I oe to cove a lage ube of Ethiopia copaies a to esue a copehesive view, a suvey base o questioaies a sei-stuctue iteviews was use fo ata collectio. The espoets wee chose fo the aagig iectos, aufactuig a/o pouctio aages a executives, a also quality aages a executives. The ites of best pactices aufactuig ipleetatio sectio wee aapte fo the SCR oel (v.10) [8] a pevious stuies[10]. Results a aalysis This aalysis is base the ost fequetly ietifie best pactices fo the SCR oel a othe eseaches. The eseach questio focus tie to aswe the questio: to what extet the best pactices have bee ipleete i copaies accoig to the SCR oel a what challeges they have face. Best pactices ipleetatio level I oe to futhe veify the extet of best pactices ipleetatio i Ethiopia aufactuig iusties, the espoet copaies wee ase to ate the level of aoptio of each of the best pactices. The questios wee set up o a fou-poit Liet scale to easue the extet of ipleetatio escibe by each of the ites. The scale age fo 1 to 4, with 1 = eve ipleete, 2 = pooly ipleete, 3 = well ipleete, a 4 = extesively ipleete. Table 1 illustates the istibutio of best pactice ea scoes. Most of the suveye copaies iicate that they use soe of the best pactices. The esult is show i Table 1 below. Aog all 16 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics

19 Best Pactices fo Maufactuig Iusty i Developig Couties: A Ethiopia Stuy Table 1: The ipleetatio level of best pactices Type of best pactices Mea Total Quality Maageet 2.48 Bechaig 2.39 Available to Poise (ATP) 2.35 Caie Ageeets 2.31 utsoucig 2.23 Supplie Pefoace Assesset Syste 2.03 Lea Pouctio 2.00 Co-locate Pocueet 1.96 Coss-Docig 1.92 Postpoeet 1.89 Collaboative Plaig, Foecastig a Repleishet 1.61 Six Siga 1.56 Veo Maage Ivetoy 1.56 Ba Coig / Autoatic Ietificatio 1.54 Electoic Data Itechage 1.54 of the best pactices, Total Quality Maageet is fou to be the leaig best pactice, with the ea scoe the best pactices that have bee extesively ipleete ae Bechaig (2.39) a Available to Poise (2.35). Howeve, the least pactice best pactices ae the Electoic Data Itechage a Ba Coig/ Autoatic Ietificatio Pactice. Those best pactices which ee a ICT ifastuctue wee lowe tha othes. The iteviewe copaies also state that the followig ae the ao best pactices ipleete so fa: busiess pocess eegieeig, IS 9001:2008, evioetal aageet syste, total quality aageet, aize, bechaig, balace scoeca, foo quality & safety staa, & outsoucig. Ivetoy aageet pactices wee also assesse. Table 2 shows the level of ivetoy aageet pactices. The two fequet ivetoy aageet pactices wee Copay-wie cooiatio a aageet of ivetoy (2.59) a Keepig a safety ivetoy as a cosequece of sales vaiability (2.30). Just-i-tie elivey ivetoy aageet pactices show low levels of use. Ivetoy aageet pactices use i the supply cha such as Veo aage ivetoy at pouctio sites; Joit ivetoy by supplies a aufactue show eve lowe levels of use. Table 2: The ipleetatio level of ivetoy aageet Type of ivetoy aageet pactices Copay-wie cooiatio a aageet of ivetoy Keepig a safety ivetoy as a cosequece of sales vaiability Mea Regioal istibutio cetes fo pouct istibutio 2.25 Lowest ivetoy ive costs 2.21 Autoate waehouse aageet 2.19 Just-i-tie (JIT) elivey 2.04 Veo aage ivetoy at pouctio sites 1.71 Joit ivetoy aageet by supplies a aufactue 1.54 Best pactices ipleetatio baies a eables Ipleetig best pactices i aufactuig systes is ot a easy tas. Fo ay chage i a ogaizatio to tae hol a success, the challeges o baies ee to be ietifie a uestoo. The questios wee set up o a fou-poit Liet scale to easue the extet of challeges escibe by each of the ites. The scale age fo 1 to 4, with 1 = o challege, 2 = sall challege, 3 = challege, a 4 = stog challege. The best pactices baies ae aalyze base o the status of best pactices ipleetatio by the espoet copaies (Table 3), which ae iicate i the pevious sectio. The thee ai baies i fis ae The excisig oel specificity to the evelope couties opeatig evioet, Quality of sille wofoce, a Lac of ICT ifastuctue. Table 3: The challeges of best pactices ipleetatio Type of challeges The excisig oel specificity to the evelope couties opeatig evioet Mea 2.97 Quality of sille a cost effective wofoce 2.94 Lac of ifoatio & couicatio techologies (ICT) ifastuctue Difficulty to ipleet the oels & hale fo pactical opeatios No systeatic appoach to easuig custoe equieets Maageet pactices a ogaizatioal woig cultue Difficult to establish elatioships base o shae iss & ewas Lac of eployee loyalty / otivatio / epoweet 2.57 Lac of physical ifastuctue 2.45 A lac of willigess to shae eee ifoatio 2.45 Challeges fo iteviewe fis also eostate siila esults. The ao challeges ae lac of expetise & pofessioal expeieces, the best pactice ieas coe a chage without citical thiig about the use, aageet is oly ivolve i outie pouctio opeatio a lacs coitet fo the iovative ieas a techologies, lac of attetio a awaeess give fo best pactice, little attetio fo eseach & evelopet activities, fiacial costaits fo such itevetios, low level of acceptace & high esistace fo ew ieas, lac of pactical taiig & suppot fo acaeic & eseach istitutios, a lac of cotiuity & follow-up fo itouce best pactices. Table 4 exeplifies the use of ifoatio a couicatio techologies as eables, icluig both hawae a softwae i the fis. The questios wee set up also o a fou-poit Liet scale to easue the level of the eables status of each of the ites. The scale age fo 1 to 4, with 1 = poo pefoace, 2 = fai pefoace, 3 = goo pefoace, a 4 = excellet pefoace. The Electoic ail sevice was the oiat eable available i the espoet copaies. The use of ew techologies a softwae, such as Foecast/ea aageet softwae; Taspot/waehouse softwae a E-pocueet; a Ba coig/autoatic ietificatio syste ae at poo pefoace Pouctio Egieeig Collaboative Busiess i Etepise Netwos 17

20 Table 4: The level of eables fo best pactices success Eable Mea Electoic ail syste 2.8 Autoate ateial halig syste 2.0 Etepise Resouce Plaig systes 1.8 Avace plaig a scheulig softwae 1.7 Electoic ata itechage (EDI) capability 1.7 Ba coig / autoatic ietificatio syste 1.5 E-pocueet syste 1.5 Taspotatio / waehouse aageet 1.3 Foecast / ea-aageet softwae 1.2 The esults show that ost of the espoet fis have state to aopt best pactices up to a cetai extet. The fis shoul be awae, uesta the best pactices a thei pupose, because the ai baies of these fis ae the lac of a eal uestaig of the best pactices cocept a eployees attitue. Soe of the best pactices facilitate the effots of the evelopig couties towas supply chai itegatios with thei pates i evelope couties a the oveall ipoveets of supply chais. This fiig has iplicatio fo the fis, as it povies a ea to help the to seach, select, aapt a apply best pactices that suit the existig coitios a factos affectig pocess. The aageet shoul uesta a ephasise the ipotace to ovecoe challeges fo the successful ipleetatio of best pactices i thei fis. The issue of the applicability of the best pactices to evelopig couties shoul be settle o the basis of the outcoes of such ipleetatios. The seach fo best pactices i evelopig couties equie a appopiate selectio, aaptatio, applicatio a evaluatio of the esults above all else. The ao challege i the futue will be i aessig the evioetal factos a coitios that challeges the ipleetatio of the best pactices i evelopig couty sceaios. This will equie ew is of aaptatio echaiss fo best pactices that suit the existig sceaios. The fiel suvey a liteatue eview povies the followig ey isights a lessos: (a) futue best pactices aaptatio shoul be flexible eough to espo to yaic aufactuig sceaios a aets; (b)best pactices aaptatio shoul favo appoaches that povie a ube of iffeet techologies a aageet pactices, which fis ca seach, select, aapt, ipleet, a evaluate so that they ca fit; (c) help closig the gap betwee those pactices obseve i the fiel a those epote i the liteatue; a () soe ICT base best pactices aaptio equies a coucive iustial evioet a ehace liages with supply chai ebes. level. Alost half of the espoet copaies i ot have such types of eables at all. Howeve, ost of copaies wee iteeste to aopt such types of eables i the futue. The fis have aleay state a poga fo local softwae fo use. Coclusio: The ee fo aaptatio Refeeces [1] Lapie, L.: MIT s SC 2020 Poect - The Essece of Excellece. I: Supply Chai Maageet Review 10 (2006) 3, pp [2] Kauffa, R. G.; Cii; T. A.; Best-Pactice Appoach fo Developet of Global Supply Chais. I: 90th Aual Iteatioal Supply Maageet Cofeece [3] Rutows K.: Best pactices i logistics a supply chai aageet. I: Doal Waltes (E.). Global Logistics: New Diectios i Supply Chai Maageet, 6th Eitio. Koga Page Liite, Loo UK, Philaelphia, U.S.A. 2010, pp [4] Desta, A.: A coceptual faewo fo assessig the tasfeability of the Japaese Kaize Maageet techiques to aufactuig plats i Ethiopia. I: Asia Joual of Busiess & Maageet Sciece 1 (2011) 6, pp [5] Aese, B.; Fagehauf, T.; Raæl, S.; Schulaie, J.; Peige, J.: Bechaig Supply Chai Maageet: Fiig Best Pactices. I: Joual of Busiess & Iustial Maetig 14 (1999) 5/6, pp [6] Facis, J.: Bechaig: Get the Gai. I: Supply Chai Maageet Review 12 (2008) 4, pp [7] Díaz, A., Loezo,. & Solís, L.; Claes, B.: Bechaig Logistics a Supply Chai Pactices i Spai. I: Supply Chai Fou Iteatioal Joual 12 (2011) 2, pp [8] Supply Chai Coucil: Supply Chai peatios Refeece (SCR) oel Vesio 10. The Supply Chai Coucil, Ic. SCR. The Supply Chai Refeece (bie) [9] Steiuelle, W.: ICTs a the Possibilities fo Leapfoggig by Developig Couties. I: Iteatioal Labo Review, 140 (2001) 2, pp [10] Saez, M.; Laba, M.; Gacia, C. et al.: Bueas pácticas e la gestió e la ceea e suiisto -estuio epiico.. I: Docueto e tabao Fuació Ecooía Aagoesa (FUNDEAR) 33 (2006), pp Fasia Bete Geogise, M.Sc. Supply Chai Moelig & Ipoveet of Maufactuig Iusty i Developig Couties E-ail: geo@biba.ui-bee.e Couty: Ethiopia Stat: Supeviso: Pof. D.-Ig. Klaus-Diete Thobe Faculty: Pouctio Egieeig Reseach Goup: Collaboative Busiess i Etepise Netwos 18 Iteatioal Gauate School fo Dyaics i Logistics