ImportingCoreInternationalCrimes intonationallaw

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1 ImportngCorIntrnatonalCrms ntonatonallaw MortnBrgsmo,MadsHarlm andnobuohayash(dtors)

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3 Importng Cor Intrnatonal Crms nto Natonal Law Mortn Brgsmo, Mads Harlm and Nobuo Hayash (dtors) 2010 Scond Edton Torkl Opsahl Acadmc EPublshr Oslo

4 Ths and othr books n th FICHL Publcaton Srs may b opnly accssd and downloadd through th Forum wbst ( Prntd cops may b ordrd at Ths book was frst publshd 12 July Th Scond Edton was publshd 19 Aprl Torkl Opsahl Acadmc EPublshr and th Pac Rsarch Insttut Oslo (PRIO), 2010 All rghts ar rsrvd. You may rad, prnt or download ths book or any part of t from for prsonal us, but you may not n any way charg for ts us by othrs, drctly or by rproducng t, storng t n a rtrval systm, transmttng t, or utlzng t n any form or by any mans, lctronc, mchancal, photocopyng, rcordng, or othrws, n whol or n part, wthout th pror prmsson n wrtng of th copyrght holdr. Enqurs concrnng rproducton outsd th scop of th abov should b snt to th copyrght holdr. You must not crculat ths book n any othr covr and you must mpos th sam condton on any acqurr. ISBN

5 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION Th txt of ths scond dton of Importng Cor Intrnatonal Crms nto Natonal Law has undrgon only mnor dtoral changs. It s publshd as on of th frst volums rlasd by th Torkl Opsahl Acadmc EPublshr as part of th broadnng opn accss platform of th Forum for Intrnatonal Crmnal and Humantaran Law. It can b frly rad, prntd and downloadd from th Forum Intrnt st ( But t can also b purchasd through Amazon as a rgular book. Frmly commttd to opn accss, th Forum and EPublshr do not charg for ths authorzd prntd vrsons of thr books. Th prntr and Amazon do howvr charg for thr producton and dstrbuton costs. Mortn Brgsmo Srs Co-Edtor Alf Butnschøn Skr Snor Edtoral Assstant

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7 PREFACE BY THE SERIES EDITOR W startd th Forum for Intrnatonal Crmnal Justc and Conflct 1 as a dbat forum opn to ndvduals ntrstd n ssus concrnng ntrnatonal crmnal justc and conflct, wth th man am to dntfy, and facltat dbat on, ky ssus n ntrnatonal crmnal justc and conflct, ncludng accountablty-rlatd masurs othr than crmnal justc. Th procss to mport th cor ntrnatonal crms of gnocd, crms aganst humanty and war crms nto natonal crmnal law s an ssu of crtcal mportanc to th mrgng systm of ntrnatonal crmnal justc. Th archtctur of ths systm rsts on th prncpl of complmntarty, whch provds that th Intrnatonal Crmnal Court may hav to nvstgat and proscut cass that ar not dalt wth gnunly by natonal crmnal justc systms. Ths ntals a two-fold rqurmnt of natonal prpardnss to dal wth cor ntrnatonal crms. Frst, stats should hav som nsttutonal capacty to nvstgat and proscut gnocd, crms aganst humanty and war crms cass wthn th natonal jursdcton. If thr ar nsuffcnt rsourcs to hav a sparat unt for such crms, thn th stat should facltat that som mmbrs of th crmnal justc systm dvlop xprts n ths ara through sutabl comptnc buldng masurs, ncludng tranng and accss to spcalzd lctronc rsourcs. Scondly, stats should dvlop lgslatv capacty to proscut and adjudcat cor ntrnatonal crms cass bfor natonal courts. Ths ncluds provsons n natonal crmnal law xplctly crmnalsng gnocd, crms aganst humanty and war crms. Wthout such offncs n natonal crmnal law t may not b possbl to brng cass wth th propr ntrnatonal lgal classfcaton, forcng proscutors and judgs to fall back on ordnary natonal crms whch may not 1 Th Forum was latr rnamd to Forum for Intrnatonal Crmnal and Humantaran Law.

8 adquatly captur th ntrsts that ar protctd by th cor ntrnatonal crms. Th Forum hld an ntrnatonal smnar n Oslo on 27 Octobr 2006 at th ntatv of th Norwgan Rd Cross and PRIO to dscuss dffrnt aspcts of th mport of cor ntrnatonal crms nto natonal crmnal law. Th prsnt publcaton gvs a broadr audnc accss to th dlbratons at th smnar, n th form of th frst ssu n th FICJC Publcatons srs. Mortn Brgsmo Srs Edtor v

9 PREFACE BY THE EDITORS Th 27 Octobr 2006 smnar on mportng cor ntrnatonal crms nto natonal crmnal law was hld, ntr ala, wth a vw to rasng awarnss and momntum n Norway as t prpard to adopt a nw pnal cod. Ths publcaton rcords th procdngs of th vnt. Th half-day smnar opnd wth a rvw of th varous approachs and tchnqus avalabl to natonal lgslators. It thn xamnd th xprnc of Canada and Grmany n ncorporatng war crms, crms aganst humanty and gnocd, ncludng thos found n th Rom Statut of th Intrnatonal Crmnal Court (ICC), nto thr pnal law. At th plnary, th rlvanc of th ICC Elmnts of Crms documnt and th tratmnt of crms xcludd from th ICC Statut bcam th subjct of n-dpth dscusson. Th smnar attractd numrous partcpants from Norway and byond. Thr dvrs backgrounds for xampl, studnts, scholars, proscutors, prvat practtonrs, mmbrs of th judcary and mnstral staffrs contrbutd to th lvly and constructv xchang of das. Abov all, thos prsnt bnftd from th xprt spakrs and panllsts wth backgrounds n Canada, Grmany, Norway and Swdn as wll as n th ntrnatonal arna. Ths publcaton contans (a) th fnal programm, (b) th mnuts of th procdngs, (c) a supplmntary artcl by on of th panllsts at th plnary, and (d) th Englsh txt of th mplmntng lgslatons adoptd n Canada and Grmany. Nobuo Hayash has dtd th mnuts of th procdngs n co-opraton wth th spakrs. Dspt th prmarly Norwgan contxt n whch th smnar took plac, ts contnt, as summarsd n th followng pags, would b of ntrst to Stats concrnd wth ICC natonal mplmntaton and to thos actv n th admnstraton of ntrnatonal crmnal justc gnrally. Spcal acknowldgmnt s du to th rapporturs for thr dlgnt not-takng and for prparng th mnuts; th Norwgan Rd Cross for provdng th rapporturs wth audo-rcordng assstanc; v

10 th spakrs and panllsts for thr fdback on arlr drafts of th mnuts; and PRIO Informaton Drctor Agnt Schjønsby for dsgnng, formattng and prntng of th Frst Edton of ths publcaton. Mortn Brgsmo Nobuo Hayash Mads Harlm Edtors v

11 TABLE OF CONTENTS Prfac to th Scond Edton... Prfac by th Srs Edtor... Prfac by th Edtors... v Fnal Smnar Programm... x MINUTES OF THE PROCEEDINGS I. Introducton... 3 II. Ovrvw of Ways to Import Cor Intrnatonal Crms nto Natonal Crmnal Law... 5 A. Introducton... 5 B. Mthods of rflctng cor ntrnatonal crms n domstc law... 7 C. Jursdctonal bass for th xrcs of natonal jursdcton D. Gnral prncpls of crmnal law E. Concluson III. Th Canadan Modl A. Introducton B. Hstory C. Th Crms Aganst Humanty and War Crms Act D. Currnt cass E. Challngs F. Concluson IV. Th Grman Modl A. Introducton B. Cod of Crms Aganst Intrnatonal Law C. Crms undr th CCUIL and th Rom Statut D. Concludng rmarks v

12 V. Dscusson on Partcular Problms n Conncton wth th Import of Cor Intrnatonal Crms nto Natonal Crmnal Law v A. Th rol of th ICC Elmnts of Crms documnt B. Modfyng lmnts of crms whn mportng cor ntrnatonal crms C. War crms not ncludd n th ICC Statut D. Concluson VI. Mads Harlm: Importng War Crms nto Norwgan Lgslaton Introducton War crms as a noton War crms not ncludd n th ICC Statut Prlmnary rmarks Lst of war crms not ncludd n th ICC Statut Thrshold for th applcaton of war crms numratd n Artcl 8(1) Th trm non-ntrnatonal armd conflct n th ICC Statut Protctd prsons and Proprty undr Artcl 8(2)(a) of th ICC Statut Volatons of ntrnatonal humantaran law not ncludd n th lst of war crms undr Artcl 8(2)(b) and () of th ICC Statut Intntonally launchng an attack n th knowldg that such attack wll caus ncdntal loss of lf or njury to cvlans or damag to cvlan objcts or wdsprad, long-trm and svr to th natural nvronmnt whch would b clarly xcssv n rlaton to th concrt and drct ovrall mltary advantag antcpatd Makng a prson th objct of attack n th knowldg that h s hors d combat Makng mdcal or rlgous prsonnl, mdcal unts or mdcal transports th objct of attack Pllag or othr takng of proprty contrary to ntrnatonal humantaran law Unjustfabl dlay n th rpatraton of POWs or cvlans... 44

13 Makng mpropr us of a flag of truc, of th flag or th mltary nsgna and unform of th nmy or of th Untd Natons, as wll as of th dstnctv mblms of th Gnva Convntons, rsultng n dath or srous prsonal njury Usng starvatons of cvlans as a mthod of warfar by dprvng thm of objcts ndspnsabl to thr survval, ncludng wlfully mpdng rlf suppls Makng non-dfndd localts and dmltarsd zons th objct of attack Slavry and dportaton to slav labour Collctv punshmnt Dspolaton of th woundd, sck, shpwrckd or dad Attackng or ll-tratng a parlmntar or barr of th flag of truc Launchng an attack aganst works or nstallatons contanng dangrous forcs n th knowldg that such attack wll caus xcssv loss of lf, njury to cvlans or damag to cvlan objcts Usng human shlds Makng cvlan objcts th objct of attack Us of prohbtd wapons Srous volatons of Protocol II to th 1954 Hagu Cultural Proprty Convnton Chld soldrs Mthods of ncorporatng war crms nto Norwgan lgslaton Concluson FICHL Publcaton Srs Othr Volums n th FICHL Publcaton Srs x

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15 FINAL SEMINAR PROGRAMME 12:00 Introducton, by Trygv Nordby (Scrtary-Gnral, Norwgan Rd Cross). 12:10 Ovrvw of ways to mport cor ntrnatonal crms nto natonal crmnal law, by Stéphan J. Hankns 1 (Lgal Advsr, Intrnatonal Commtt of th Rd Cross). 12:40 Th Canadan modl, by Josph Rkhof 2 (Snor Counsl, Crms aganst Humanty and War Crms Scton, Canadan Dpartmnt of Justc). 13:10 Th Grman modl, by Profssor Claus Krß 3 (Profssor, Unvrsty of Cologn). 1 2 Stéphan J. Hankns s a graduat from th Law Faculty of th Unvrsty of Pars I (Panthéon Sorbonn) and from th Cntral Europan Unvrsty n Pragu. H has bn workng for th Intrnatonal Commtt of th Rd Cross snc 1994 as rgonal lgal advsr basd succssvly n Moscow, Budapst, Bangkok and Kuala-Lumpur. H s currntly workng wth th ICRC Advsory Srvc on ntrnatonal humantaran law at ICRC Hadquartrs n Gnva. Josph Rkhof (BCL, Unvrsty of Njmgn, Th Nthrlands; LL.B, McGll Unvrsty; Dploma n Ar and Spac Law, McGll Unvrsty) tachs th cours Intrnatonal Crmnal Law at th Unvrsty of Ottawa. H s Snor Counsl, Managr of th Law wth th Crms aganst Humanty and War Crms Scton of th Dpartmnt of Justc, Canada. H has also srvd as Spcal Counsl and Polcy Advsor to th Modrn War Crms Scton of th Dpartmnt of Ctznshp & Immgraton btwn 1998 and Hs ara of xprts ls n th ara of th law rlatd to organzd crm, trrorsm, gnocd, war crms and crms aganst humanty, spcally n th contxt of mmgraton and rfug law. H has wrttn a numbr of artcls xplorng ths aras of ntrnatonal crmnal law and mmgraton/rfug law and has lcturd on th sam topcs n Canada, th Untd Stats, Europ and th Mddl East. 3 Claus Krß (Dr. jur. Cologn; LL.M. Cantab.) s Profssor for Crmnal Law, Crmnal Procdur, Intrnatonal Crmnal Law and Publc Intrnatonal Law. H s Drctor of th Insttut for Crmnal Law and Crmnal Procdur at Cologn x

16 13:40 Brak. 14:00 Dscusson on partcular problms n conncton wth th mport of cor ntrnatonal crms nto natonal crmnal law, ncludng (but not ncssarly lmtd to): (a) (b) (c) Rol of th ICC Elmnts of Crm documnt (wth a short ntroducton by Josph Rkhof); Modfyng lmnts of crms whn mportng cor ntrnatonal crms (Håkan Frman, Dputy Had of Dvson, Swdsh Mnstry of Justc); and War crms not ncludd n th ICC Statut (Mads Harlm, Lgal Advsr, Norwgan Rd Cross). 15:45 Concluson, by Tørrs Jægr (Had, Intrnatonal Humantaran Law Unt, Norwgan Rd Cross). x Unvrsty whr h holds th Char for Crmnal Law, Crmnal Procdur, Europan Crmnal Law and Intrnatonal Crmnal Law. Hs wrtngs covr most aras of ntrnatonal crmnal law and procdur. Hs pror practc was n th Grman Fdral Mnstry of Justc on mattrs of crmnal law and ntrnatonal law. Snc 1998 h rprsnts Grmany n th ngotatons rgardng th Intrnatonal Crmnal Court. H was mmbr of th Exprt Group on th Grman Cod of Crms undr Intrnatonal Law (2000/2001). H actd as War Crms Exprt for th Proscutor Gnral for East Tmor (2001) and as Had of th ICC's Draftng Commtt for th Rgulatons of th Court (2004).

17 MINUTES OF THE PROCEEDINGS Prpard by (shown n alphabtcal ordr) * : Crstn M. Dlany, Mastrs studnt, Norwgan Cntr for Human Rghts Yassn Kaarsh, Faculty of Law, Unvrsty of Oslo Andras Kaby, Mastrs studnt, Norwgan Cntr for Human Rghts Andras M. Kravk, Rsarch Assstant, Norwgan Cntr for Human Rghts Vbk Musæus, Studnt, Faculty of Law, Unvrsty of Oslo Ingvld Dønnm Søysth, Rsarch Assstant, Norwgan Cntr for Human Rghts Elln Stnsrud, Rsarch Fllow, Faculty of Socal Scncs, Unvrsty of Oslo Compld and dtd by: Nobuo Hayash, Lgal Advsor, Norwgan Cntr for Human Rghts * Profssonal ttls as pr Octobr 2006.

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19 I Introducton Th smnar opnd wth rmarks by Trygv Nordby, Scrtary Gnral of th Norwgan Rd Cross. H notd that, for th frst tm n human hstory, a unvrsal ntrnatonal crmnal court was stablshd n Th Rom Statut confrs upon th ICC jursdcton ovr th gravst crms affctng th ntr human knd, namly gnocd, crms aganst humanty and war crms. In Kof Annan's words, thr can b no halng wthout pac, thr can b no pac wthout justc, and thr can b no justc wthout rspct for human rghts and th rul of law. Justc s an mportant tool to a lastng pac, and th ICC s an mportant tool n fghtng mpunty for th most srous crms of concrn to th ntrnatonal communty. Th ICC cannot and should not, howvr, play ths rol alon. Ensurng justc s, frst and formost, th rsponsblty of natonal courts. For th purposs of a lastng pac, t s crucal that justc tak plac as clos as possbl to th plac whr th crm was commttd. Stats ar thrfor oblgatd to xrcs thr crmnal jursdcton ovr thos rsponsbl for ntrnatonal crms. Th purpos of ths smnar s to dscuss partcular challngs confrontng Stats n thr fforts to mport cor ntrnatonal crms nto thr natonal crmnal law. Nordby hghlghtd two ssus n ths rgard. Frst, should natonal crmnal law adopt sparat pnal provsons for war crms, crms aganst humanty and gnocd? It would not b suffcnt to crmnals ths offncs n accordanc wth th provsons contand n th pnal cod rlatng to homcd. As statd by th Appals Chambr of th Intrnatonal Crmnal Trbunal for Rwanda (ICTR), th crmnalsaton of gnocd, unlk that of homcd, s dsgnd to protct a natonal, thncal, racal or rlgous group as such, rathr than ndvduals. Thr should thrfor b spcfc provsons rlatng FICHL Publcaton Srs No. 1 (2010, Scond Edton) pag 3

20 Importng Cor Intrnatonal Crms nto Natonal Law to gnocd, crms aganst humanty and war crms n natonal lgslaton. Scond, what should consttut war crms, crms aganst humanty or gnocd n natonal lgslaton? Norway s n th procss of draftng a nw pnal cod. Encouragngly, ts pnal cod commsson has consdrd how th pnal provsons of th Rom Statut can b ncorporatd nto Norwgan law. Nonthlss, Norway's oblgatons go byond th Rom Statut. Natonal pnal provsons rlatng to gnocd, crms aganst humanty and war crms should comply not only wth th Rom Statut but also wth othr parts of ntrnatonal law, such as convntons prohbtng th us of crtan wapons n armd conflct. Th Norwgan govrnmnt s currntly takng an ntrnatonal ntatv to rgulat th us and ban crtan typs of clustr bombs, as t dd togthr wth non-govrnmntal and othr govrnmntal actors som tn to fftn yars ago to ban ant-prsonnl mns. Th smnar was chard by Arn Wlly Dahl, Judg Advocat Gnral of Norway. FICHL Publcaton Srs No. 1 (2010, Scond Edton) pag 4

21 II Ovrvw of Ways to Import Cor Intrnatonal Crms nto Natonal Crmnal Law 1 A. Introducton Stéphan J. Hankns, Lgal Advsor for th Intrnatonal Commtt of th Rd Cross, bgan hs prsntaton by mphassng ts focus on th subjct-mattr jursdcton of th ICC and ts mplcatons n th natonal lgslaton of Stats Parts. Hankns rcalld that th Rom Statut dos not drctly oblgat ts Stats Parts to ncorporat cor ntrnatonal crms nto thr domstc lgal ordr. Ths rmans th cas vn though th sam Stats may b bound to do so undr othr oblgatons rsultng from othr ntrnatonal trats to whch thy ar parts and/or customary ntrnatonal law. It was suggstd howvr that th Rom Statut dos st forth an ndrct oblgaton flowng from th prncpl of complmntarty of jursdcton btwn th ICC and domstc courts. Accordng to ths prncpl, th ICC s only a court of last rsort. If a natonal court s abl and wllng to proscut a cas, that court shall tak prorty ovr th ICC. Ths prsupposs that natonal courts hav th ncssary lgslaton n plac. Stats Parts should thrfor rvw thr domstc law n ordr to nsur that t rflcts as closly as possbl th trms of th Rom Statut, such as th dfnton of substantv crms, th gravty of crms n th dfnton of applcabl pnalts and dfncs aganst crmnal rsponsblty whch should not b broadr than thos prmttd undr th Statut. Hankns rfrrd n ths contxt to th Bagaragaza cas n whch th Appals Chambr of th ICTR dnd a moton by th Proscuton to transfr a cas for tral to Norway. It dd so on th grounds that Norway lackd th ncssary lgslaton and jursdcton to try th ac- 1 Ths part of th mnuts was prpard by Vbk Musæus. FICHL Publcaton Srs No. 1 (2010, Scond Edton) pag 5

22 Importng Cor Intrnatonal Crms nto Natonal Law cusd on chargs of grav volatons of ntrnatonal law ncludng gnocd and that n th absnc of domstc lgslaton, th accusd could only b chargd for ordnary crms. Ths, th Chambr dcdd, rskd trvalsng th natur and gravty of th crms n quston. Ths dcson, Hankns concludd, whl not ntrly rlvant to th dscusson at hand snc th ICC s wdly xpctd to show du dfrnc to th jursdcton of domstc courts unlss thr s a clar sgnal that natonal procdngs ar ntndd to shld an ndvdual from crmnal rsponsblty, was nvrthlss vry stmulatng. It stood as a strong rmndr of th gravty of th crms concrnd and of th rsponsblty for Stats undr ntrnatonal law to crat th condtons wthn thr domstc law to nvstgat and proscut th gravst ntrnatonal crms. Many of th Stats Parts to th Rom Statut (102 by th nd of Octobr 2006) hav adoptd, or ar ntndng to adopt, lgslaton ntroducng th cor crms nto thr domstc law. Among th wd rang of ssus th lgslator nds to tak nto consdraton ar th followng: Whch dfntons of th crms should b adoptd (.g. by rfrnc to th dfntons and catgorsatons of th Rom Statut or by draftng spcfc dfntons; by lmtng thr consdraton to th strct mplmntaton of th Rom Statut crms; or by lookng byond that to othr oblgatons of th Stat flowng from othr rlvant ntrnatonal nstrumnts or customary ntrnatonal law)? How, and whr n domstc law, should th crms b stpulatd (.g., wthn a stand-alon lgslaton or through amndmnts to xstng domstc pnal cods)? What pnalts should b ascrbd? On what bass should th Stat assrt jursdcton (for xampl, jursdcton on th bass of trrtoralty and/or natonalty, or unvrsal jursdcton; whthr to rqur th prsnc of th allgd prptrator on th natonal trrtory; and whthr jursdcton should b assrtd rtrospctvly or only prospctvly)? FICHL Publcaton Srs No. 1 (2010, Scond Edton) pag 6

23 Ovrvw of Ways to Import Cor Intrnatonal Crms nto Natonal Crmnal Law Should th xstng ruls on crmnal rsponsblty b amndd n lght of th provsons of th Rom Statut? How, f at all, should th Elmnts of Crms documnt b usd? B. Mthods of rflctng cor ntrnatonal crms n domstc law Hankns consdrd a numbr of ways n whch Stats mght dfn cor ntrnatonal crms wthn thr jursdctons. Stats may frst tak th tradtonal and mnmalst approach of applyng xstng mltary or ordnary crmnal law (a mthod stll favourd n svral countrs, such as Grmany pror to th adopton of ts Cod of Crms Undr Intrnatonal Law of 2002). Th dsadvantags of ths approach ar wll known. Ths nclud th fact that, frquntly, th offncs concrnd corrspond only vry roughly to th dfntons and rqurmnts forsn undr ntrnatonal law and that th pnalts provdd for n ordnary crmnal law may prov napproprat to th srousnss of ntrnatonal crms Altrnatvly and Stats ar ncrasngly consdrng to do so n th procss of mplmntng th Rom Statut cor ntrnatonal crms may b th subjct of xprss and spcfc ncrmnaton n domstc law. Wthn ths approach, onc agan, Hankns dntfd dffrnt optons opn to th lgslator: Th frst mthod of spcfc ncorporaton s that of crmnalsaton through a gnral and opn-ndd rfrnc to ntrnatonal trats to whch th Stat s a Party, to ntrnatonal law n gnral or to th laws and customs of war, whl spcfyng a rang of pnalts for th crms n quston. It was suggstd, howvr, that ths may prov nsuffcnt wth rgard to th prncpl of lgalty. Th scond mthod s to xprssly crmnals ach and vry crm outlnd n rlvant ntrnatonal trats and/or rcognsd undr customary ntrnatonal law: FICHL Publcaton Srs No. 1 (2010, Scond Edton) pag 7

24 Importng Cor Intrnatonal Crms nto Natonal Law - Explct crmnalsaton may frstly tak th form of a statc or ltral transcrpton, nvolvng a transcrpton of th offncs nto domstc law usng an dntcal wordng to that of th ntrnatonal traty, whl sttng out th pnalts applcabl to th crms n quston. Statc transcrpton accords wth th prncpl of lgalty bcaus t sts forth clarly and prdctably whch conduct s consdrd crmnal and what punshmnt s nvsagd thrfor. It also facltats th task of thos rsponsbl for applyng th law and rlvs thm of th burdn of rsarchng and ntrprtng ntrnatonal law. It was notd howvr that such an approach, f th crmnalsaton s too dtald and spcfc, may nhbt th ablty of domstc courts to proscut crms n consdraton of nw dvlopmnts n ntrnatonal law. Ths statc transcrpton mthod s nhrnt n th approach of common-law Stats n mplmntng ntrnatonal trats, such as England and Wals. Svral Stats of th cvl law tradton hav also optd for ths approach (such as, for xampl, th rcnt Frnch draft law to ntroduc amndmnts to th Crmnal Cod and othr rlvant lgslaton). - A scond opton of xplct crmnalsaton s what may b dscrbd as dynamc transcrpton, whrby th typs of conduct consttutng offncs undr th Rom Statut ar rdfnd, rformulatd and rdraftd n domstc law. Ths approach assums that th Statut dfntons and catgorsatons ar not fully consstnt wth convntonal or customary ntrnatonal law. On th on hand, dynamc transcrpton nabls th lgslator to complmnt th dfntons undr th ICC Statut n consdraton of th lst and wordng of crms n rlatd ntrnatonal nstrumnts, such as Addtonal Protocol I to th Gnva Convntons of On th othr hand, t may prov a major task for th lgslator and ntal an xtnsv rvw of domstc crmnal law. FICHL Publcaton Srs No. 1 (2010, Scond Edton) pag 8

25 Ovrvw of Ways to Import Cor Intrnatonal Crms nto Natonal Crmnal Law Grmany and th Nthrlands, among othrs, hav adoptd such an approach albt to varyng dgrs. - A thrd and last opton of xplct crmnalsaton s to combn mthods. On mxd approach may combn xplct and spcfc crmnalsaton of crtan ntrnatonal offncs wth a gnrc and rsdual claus covrng, for xampl, othr grav or srous volatons of ntrnatonal humantaran law undr trats to whch th Stat s a party. Fnnsh crmnal law (prsntly undrgong a rform procss) may b consdrd to typfy a mxd approach, n whch som cor ntrnatonal crms ar xprssly dfnd (th Fnnsh Crmnal Cod contans a Chaptr 13 on War Crms and Crms aganst Humanty ), whras othrs ar ncorporatd through an opn-ndd rfrnc to Fnland's ntrnatonal oblgatons (through an xprss prohbton of any acts whch othrws volat th provsons of an ntrnatonal agrmnt on warfar bndng upon Fnland or th gnrally acknowldgd and stablshd ruls and customs of war undr publc ntrnatonal law ). Ths mxd approach combns statc transcrpton wth dynamc transcrpton. To put t dffrntly, t combns spcfc crmnalsaton wth gnral rcours to rlvant ntrnatonal law. Hankns thn xamnd th form and plac of crmnalsaton. Should th lgslator adopt sparat nactmnts covrng substantv ssus on th on hand and ssus rlatd to co-opraton wth th ICC on th othr? Or should on addrss ths mattrs n a sngl lgslaton? Should th crms b smply nsrtd nto xstng pnal cods or stpulatd sparatly n a spcal statut? Adoptng a spcal, stand-alon nactmnt may notably nabl all domstc ruls on th mplmntaton of ntrnatonal trats covrng ntrnatonal crms to b contand n on pc of lgslaton. Ths approach also affords an opportunty to brng togthr undr on act both th dfnton of th crms and th varous gnral prncpls of crmnal law applcabl thrto. In contrast, ncorporatng ntrna- FICHL Publcaton Srs No. 1 (2010, Scond Edton) pag 9

26 Importng Cor Intrnatonal Crms nto Natonal Law tonal crms nto xstng lgslaton oblgats th law-makr to dtrmn th plac (for xampl n ordnary crmnal cods, mltary crmnal cods, or both) and th form (for xampl as a spcal scton or chaptr) of thr ncorporaton. Grmany, th Nthrlands and Canada ar among thos Stats whch hav adoptd th spcal, standalon approach n mplmntaton of th Rom Statut crms, whras Franc s currntly rformng ts domstc crmnal law (wth amndmnts forsn to th Crmnal Cod, th Cod of Mltary Justc and th Frnch Law on th Frdom of th Prss, rspctvly). Hankns hmslf dd not xprss any prfrnc for on approach ovr th othr. H dd stat howvr that, at any rat, th lgslaton n plac should allow th Stat to bnft from th complmntarty prncpl and nabl domstc courts to assrt jursdcton accordngly. Stats may also b ncouragd to adopt a dynamc approach by xtndng th jursdcton of domstc courts n ordr to both account for othr rlatd ntrnatonal oblgatons and rmdy som of th omssons or waknsss n th Rom Statut. C. Jursdctonal bass for th xrcs of natonal jursdcton Hankns procdd wth th dscusson of whthr Stats should assrt jursdcton on th bass of unvrsalty or on a mor lmtd bass such as trrtoralty and natonalty. It was rcalld that th mattr rmans th subjct of much dbat and was n rcnt yars brought to rnwd attnton n th contxt of hgh profl cass n th domstc courts of svral Stats (for xampl Blgum). Undr customary ntrnatonal law, som offncs ar consdrd subjct to unvrsal jursdcton. Traty provsons xprssly provd for unvrsal jursdcton n rspct of crtan othr offncs. It was xpland that dffrnt Stats hav approachd th mattr n dffrnt ways. In Hankns' vw, thy should tak ntr ala th followng factors nto consdraton: Thr oblgaton to assrt unvrsal jursdcton ovr crtan ntrnatonal crms; FICHL Publcaton Srs No. 1 (2010, Scond Edton) pag 10

27 Ovrvw of Ways to Import Cor Intrnatonal Crms nto Natonal Crmnal Law Th prncpl of complmntarty govrnng th rlatonshp btwn th ICC Statut and Stats Parts thrto, as wll as th ntrsts of forgn courts n a gvn cas (whch may hav a gratr ntrst and faclty to adjudcat ntrnatonal crms); and Th ntrsts of domstc courts n xrcsng or dclnng jursdcton n a gvn cas. Stats such as Grmany and th Nthrlands hav hnc sought to combn broad xtratrrtoral jursdcton ovr cor crms wth a numbr of procdural safguards srvng to prsrv a dgr of dscrton for domstc proscutoral and judcal authorts to procd wth n a gvn cas. Ths arrangmnts am to balanc rspct for th ntrnatonal oblgatons of th Stat, for th jursdcton of othr Stats and for th jursdcton of ntrnatonal courts. D. Gnral prncpls of crmnal law Hankns consdrd whthr th gnral prncpls of crmnal law n Part 3 of th Rom Statut should b duplcatd or othrws ncorporatd nto domstc law. Th Rom Statut dos not drctly rqur th Stats Parts to adopt th gnral prncpls dfnd thrn. Nor dos th prncpl of complmntarty dctat that natonal courts try cass n xactly th sam mannr or accordng to xactly th sam crtra as th ICC would. Most of th systms consdrd hr, ncludng n partcular thos of Canada, Grmany, th Nthrlands and th Untd Kngdom, ndcat that, whrvr possbl, th gnral prncpls of ordnary crmnal law should apply to ntrnatonal crms. It would appar that only crtan spcfc aspcts of th gnral prncpls nd transcrpton n domstc law. Exampls of such aspcts nclud: Th quston of statuts of lmtaton whch may xst n domstc law; Th quston of crmnal lablty of suprors; and Th quston of mmunts of forgn offcals. FICHL Publcaton Srs No. 1 (2010, Scond Edton) pag 11

28 Importng Cor Intrnatonal Crms nto Natonal Law E. Concluson Hankns obsrvd that thr s a dvrsty of approachs to th mplmntaton of cor ntrnatonal crms n th ICC Statut. A ky quston confrontng th lgslator s whthr to adopt a mnmalst approach strctly n kpng wth th rqurmnts of th complmntarty prncpl, or a dynamc approach movng byond th Rom Statut. FICHL Publcaton Srs No. 1 (2010, Scond Edton) pag 12

29 A. Introducton III Th Canadan Modl 1 Accordng to Josph Rkhof, Snor Counsl and Managr of th Law n th Crms aganst Humanty and War Crms Scton of th Dpartmnt of Justc, Canada, th Canadan modl s basd on th mplmntaton of ntrnatonal law rathr than th amndmnt of natonal law by dfnng crms n an ntrnatonal contxt. Hstorcally, Canadan courts hav had dffcults n dalng wth cor crms. Exprncs bfor ths courts n th 1980s and arly 1990s hav bn unsatsfactory. Each crmnal cas that was takn to court was lost. Ths problms wr partally du to th fact that Canadan judgs dd not hav a grat dal of ntrnatonal law xprnc, combnd wth vdntary fralts nhrnt n cass prtanng to stuatons ffty yars arlr. Canada has snc approachd ntrnatonal crmnal law wth a vw to gvng som clarr ndcators n th lgslaton whch could b usful for both proscutors and natonal courts. B. Hstory Rkhof rcalld that, by 1987, Canada had ncorporatd war crms and crms aganst humanty nto ts lgslaton. Thr hav bn four World War II-rlatd cass n whch an ffort was mad to lnk natonal lgslaton to ntrnatonal law. Ths ffort was not succssful; th Suprm Court of Canada n th Fnta cas n 1994 st th bar for provng ntrnatonal offncs so hgh that t bcam vry dffcult to attmpt furthr proscutons for such crms. Th outcom of th Fnta cas and th dms of th othr thr cass du to th lack of vdnc promptd th Canadan govrnmnt to amnd ts Crmnal Cod n th md-1990s. Whn th prospct of an ntrnatonal crmnal court bcam a ralty n th lat 1990s, th govrnmnt dcdd to ncorporat 1 Ths part of th mnuts was prpard by Crstn M. Dlany. FICHL Publcaton Srs No. 1 (2010, Scond Edton) pag 13

30 Importng Cor Intrnatonal Crms nto Natonal Law ths latst dvlopmnt n ntrnatonal law nto ts lgslaton by passng a sparat nactmnt, th Crms Aganst Humanty and War Crms Act of 2000, two yars aftr th adopton of th Rom Statut n Th Act draws havly on th Rom Statut, whl nsurng that som of th mor undsrabl aspcts of th Fnta cas wr also addrssd. C. Th Crms Aganst Humanty and War Crms Act 2000 Th Act marks Canada's frst acknowldgmnt of th crm of gnocd. Prvously, Canada had ncorporatd th Gnocd Convnton only to th xtnt that nctmnt of gnocd was ncludd n th Canadan Crmnal Cod. Th Act also rcognsd, for th frst tm, that war crms can b commttd n both ntrnatonal and nonntrnatonal armd conflcts, whl t mad supror/command rsponsblty a spcfc offns rathr than a mod of lablty. Canada's arlr rcognton of supror/command rsponsblty was lmtd to usng th concpt of adng and abttng n th commsson of war crms or crms aganst humanty. Pror to 2000, Canadan law dstngushd btwn crms commttd n Canada and thos commttd outsd of Canada. Th 1987 lgslaton only allowd proscuton of th lattr. Th Act provds for both stuatons but lmts Canada's ablty to proscut cor crms commttd wthn Canada only to acts commttd aftr 2000; t dos not, howvr, mpos any such tmporal lmtatons rgardng crms commttd n othr countrs. Any offnc commttd outsd Canada bfor 2000 can b proscutd, as long as t consttutd an offnc undr Canadan or ntrnatonal law or was crmnal accordng to th gnral prncpls of law rcognsd by th communty of natons at th tm of ts commsson. Ths xcpton to th lgalty/nonrtroactvty prncpl and to th lgal rghts of accusd prsons s spcfcally statd n th Canadan Chartr of Rghts and Frdoms and rflcts th sam approach st out n Artcl 15 of th Intrnatonal Covnant on Cvl and Poltcal Rghts. Th Act combns two complmntary approachs to ncorporatng ntrnatonal crms nto Canadan law. It rfrs to ntrnatonal FICHL Publcaton Srs No. 1 (2010, Scond Edton) pag 14

31 Th Canadan Modl law but also dfns spcfc crms at tms. Th thr cor crms ar dfnd by mmdat rfrnc to customary ntrnatonal law, convntonal ntrnatonal law and gnral prncpls of law. Canada's dfnton of gnocd provds th spcfc mns ra st out n both th Gnocd Convnton and th Rom Statut, but dos not dscrb any actus rus. Nor dos t nclud th four typs of group assocatons to whch th Gnocd Convnton rfrs and, as a rsult, broadns th crm's scop to nclud an dntfabl group. For th actus rus aspct, a rfrnc s mad to ntrnatonal crmnal law. As rgards crms aganst humanty, th Act follows th Rom Statut for th most part n dscrbng th undrlyng crms, whl rfrrng agan to ntrnatonal law for th ntrnatonal or chapaux lmnts. On notabl xcpton s that th Act dos not mnton nforcd dsapparancs and aparthd. Ths was don bcaus th lgal status of ths two crms aganst humanty was consdrd uncrtan undr th Rom Statut and has not yt bn tstd for lgalty and, n partcular, vs-à-vs th prncpl of non-rtroactvty. Th Act also xpands th catgory of vctms by not only usng th noton of cvlan populaton as n ntrnatonal crmnal law but also by addng th concpt of any dntfabl group. Whl th Act rls partally on th Rom Statut and ntrnatonal law to dfn gnocd and crms aganst humanty, t dos not dfn war crms at all. Rathr, t rfrs to war crms as a concpt; t assums that ntrnatonal law and practc wll srv as th paramount sourc of judcal gudanc rgardng ths crms. Th Act has two ntrprtatv provsons to clarfy crtan aspcts of customary ntrnatonal law n rlaton to Canadan law. Frst, t xplctly ndcats that th Rom Statut s ts prmary tool for all dfntons n th Act by statng that, for gratr crtanty, crms dscrbd n artcls 6 and 7 and paragraph 2 of artcl 8 of th Rom Statut ar, as of July 17, 1998, crms accordng to customary ntrnatonal law, and may b crms accordng to customary ntrnatonal law bfor that dat. Ths dos not lmt or prju- FICHL Publcaton Srs No. 1 (2010, Scond Edton) pag 15

32 Importng Cor Intrnatonal Crms nto Natonal Law dc n any way th applcaton of xstng or dvlopng ruls of ntrnatonal law. Ths nabls th futur jursprudnc to us th Rom Statut as a startng pont for what consttuts customary ntrnatonal law, whl at th sam tm allowng nw dvlopmnts n ths ara of ntrnatonal law to b takn nto account. Scondly, t addrssd an ssu rgardng customary ntrnatonal law rasd by th Suprm Court of Canada n th Fnta cas. That court consdrd whthr crms aganst humanty xstd durng World War II and ruld that t was not convncd of thr xstnc at th tm. It dd hold howvr that th trrbl natur of th acts justfd punshmnt n any vnt. In ordr to sttl ths ssu, th Act stats that crms aganst humanty ar wr part of customary ntrnatonal law as of August 8, 1945, th dat on whch th Intrnatonal Mltary Trbunal was stablshd n Nurmbrg. Th Act s tghtly and fundamntally connctd to th Rom Statut. For that rason, th Act contans as appndcs th txt of th Statut's Artcls 6, 7 and 8(2), to b usd for drct rfrnc. D. Currnt cass Rkhof rfrrd to on on-gong cas n Canada n whch th suspct was arrstd n Octobr Th judg ruld that th suspct must rman n custody untl th bgnnng of hs tral n March Ths unusually lngthy pr-tral dtnton was ordrd not on th bass of th dangr that th suspct would pos to th communty or bcaus h would b a flght rsk, but solly on th vry srous natur of th war crms for whch h had bn ndctd, namly gnocd, war crms and crms aganst humanty. Ths rulng xmplfs th Act's arly mpact. E. Challngs Rkhof notd that ntrnatonal crmnal law has bn and wll contnu to b n a stat of flux. For nstanc, th lmnts of th crm aganst humanty of tortur hav changd ovr tm. Ths would man that, undr th prsnt Act n Canada, a proscuton aganst prsons who FICHL Publcaton Srs No. 1 (2010, Scond Edton) pag 16

33 Th Canadan Modl mght b chargd for ths crm commttd n th 1970s wll nd to prov mor lmnts than for th sam crm commttd mor rcntly. Concptually, ths mght not b asly accptabl to Canadan judgs although a smlar dvlopmnt wth natonal crms s not unusual. As wll, judgs may b rluctant to xamn and us dfntons dvlopd for crms n ntrnatonal crmnal law whch hav thr quvalnt n Canadan law, such as murdr or rap. Thy wll b mor naturally nclnd to tak domstc law as a pont of dpartur and us th domstc dfnton of a crm rathr than ts ntrnatonal countrpart. For ths lattr aspct, anothr Suprm Court of Canada dcson mght provd som gudanc n that t appars to favour an ntrnatonal approach ovr a natonal on. In th cas of Mugsra, th court xamnd an mmgraton cas, namly th dportaton ordr aganst a prmannt rsdnt for th crm of hat spch commttd n Th spch was drctd aganst Rwandan Tutss and amountd to an nctmnt to commt gnocd and murdr, as wll as th commsson of th crm aganst humanty of murdr and prscuton. Th court dfnd murdr n a mannr vry smlar to that found n th jursprudnc of th Intrnatonal Crmnal Trbunal for th Formr Yugoslava (ICTY). Rulngs such as ths wll gv som confdnc that courts may apply ntrnatonal dfntons. F. Concluson Th Canadan approach has both advantags and dsadvantags. Its advantag s that, by tyng th rgulaton of cor crms vry closly to ntrnatonal crmnal law, t wll b assurd that Canada wll nvr b out of stp wth nw dvlopmnts n th ntrnatonal sphr. By vrtu of ths lnk, ths nw dvlopmnts automatcally bcom part of Canadan law wthout th nd of lgslatv amndmnts. Th dsadvantag s that ths lnkag rqurs all actors n crmnal proscutons to b contnually up to dat wth changs n th ntrnatonal jursprudnc. As wll, th xact rlatonshp btwn domstc and ntrnatonal law s not crtan at ths pont, ncludng th status of domstc law whr t has alrady gon byond th rqurmnts of ntrnatonal crmnal law such as was don n dfnng th vctms of gnocd and FICHL Publcaton Srs No. 1 (2010, Scond Edton) pag 17

34 Importng Cor Intrnatonal Crms nto Natonal Law crms aganst humanty. Th Act has not bn tstd n th courts yt, and ths qustons wll no doubt b answrd n th nar futur. FICHL Publcaton Srs No. 1 (2010, Scond Edton) pag 18

35 IV Th Grman Modl 1 A. Introducton Claus Krß, Profssor, Unvrsty of Cologn, notd that Grmany ratfd th Rom Statut on 11 Dcmbr 2000 and ts Bundstag and Bundsrat passd th Cod of Crms Undr Intrnatonal Law (CCUIL) (Völkrstrafgstzbuch) on 21 Jun Th CCUIL, whch ntrd nto forc on 26 Jun 2002, provds for unvrsal jursdcton ovr gnocd, crms aganst humanty and war crms. 2 B. Cod of Crms Aganst Intrnatonal Law Krß dscrbd th CCUIL as comprhnsv, laborat and maxmalst. It contans thr ky lmnts. Frst, th CCUIL adopts a standalon approach n rlaton to Grmany's xstng crmnal cod. Scond, t ncorporats crms undr ntrnatonal law through autonomous translaton. Thrd, t dos not rstrct ts scop to th Rom Statut. Grmany dcdd aganst ncorporatng crms undr ntrnatonal law nto ts ordnary pnal cod. Ths dcson was basd on th dffcults n fttng spcal prncpls, such as thos on supror ordrs and command rsponsblty, nto on chaptr of th gnral cod. Thr was also a poltcal ratonal. By assmblng cor ntrnatonal crms n a sparat lgal corpus, Grmany would nhanc thr vsblty and transmt an mportant and rassurng sgnal to th ntrnatonal communty as rgards th srousnss of ths crms. 1 2 Ths part of th mnuts was prpard by Andras M. Kravk. Act Introducng th Cod of Crms Undr Intrnatonal Law (Gstz zur Enführung ds Völkrstrafgstzbuchs), BGBl.2002 I, P 2254 (Fdral Law Gaztt of th Fdral Rpublc of Grmany), 26 Jun FICHL Publcaton Srs No. 1 (2010, Scond Edton) pag 19

36 Importng Cor Intrnatonal Crms nto Natonal Law Whl basd on th Rom Statut, th CCUIL dfns crms undr ntrnatonal law va ndpndnt translaton. It uss trmnology famlar n Grman law, thrby mprovng accssblty to Grman jursts not usd to dalng wth ntrnatonal crmnal standards. Autonomous translaton nabls Grman lgslators to b mor prcs than th Rom Statut as rgards th dfntons of crms. Ths approach would also allow for a mor convncng structur than that contand n th Rom Statut's substantv law (cf., n partcular, th dffrnt lsts n Artcl 8). Th CCUIL ncorporats not only offncs numratd n th Rom Statut but also thos crms as thy ar frmly groundd n gnral customary law. For xampl, for poltcal rasons, th Rom Statut dos not lst th us of bologcal or chmcal wapons as on of th cor crms. Yt, ths crm undr gnral customary ntrnatonal law s a war crm undr Scton 12 of th CCUIL. C. Crms undr th CCUIL and th Rom Statut Krß wnt on to dscuss th spcfc crms.., gnocd, crms aganst humanty and war crms as thy appar n th CCUIL and n th Rom Statut. Gnocd (CCUIL, Scton 6). As rgards gnocd, Grmany's ntnton has bn to rman fathful to th txt of th Rom Statut. Ths s manly du to th txt's long tradton. Th Rom Statut rproducs word for word Artcl II of th Gnocd Convnton, a provson wdly consdrd to rflct custom. Thr s on mnor dffrnc, howvr. Th wordng of th CCUIL allows for gnocd to hav occurrd vn f th conduct n quston affcts only on prson (.g. th kllng of a mmbr of a group; s CCUIL, Scton 6(1)(1)). In contrast, th Rom Statut, on th fac of t, nvsags svral prsons bng affctd (.g. th kllng of mmbrs of th group; s Rom Statut, Artcl (6)(a)). 3 3 How th ICC wll ntrprt ths provson rmans to b sn. FICHL Publcaton Srs No. 1 (2010, Scond Edton) pag 20

37 Th Grman Modl Crms aganst humanty (CCUIL, Scton 7). In th vw of Krß, ths scton of th CCUIL s lss than prfct. Its mprfctons, howvr, only mrror thos of Artcl 7 of th Rom Statut. To bgn wth, som spcs of crms aganst humanty ar dfnd by rfrnc to othr ruls of ntrnatonal law. For xampl, undr Scton 7(1)(4) of th CCUIL, t s a crm aganst humanty to dport or forcbly transfr a prson lawfully prsnt n an ara to anothr Stat or anothr ara, n contravnton of a gnral rul of ntrnatonal law. Ths formulaton s problmatc; th prncpl of spcfcty rqurs that crmnal provsons b as dtald as possbl and clarly ndcat th conduct thy prohbt. Nvrthlss, Grman lgslators found t mpossbl to attan gratr prcson than that found n Artcl 7 of th Rom Statut tslf. Anothr dffculty rlats to th wordng of Scton 7(1)(7) of th CCUIL. Ths provson crmnalss th causng of a prson's nforcd dsapparanc. Its problms manat from th Elmnts of Crms documnt adoptd by th Assmbly of Stats Parts. Ths offnc stablshs crmnal lablty as a rsult not only of a postv act (ltra a) but also of an omsson (ltra b). Crmnalsng an omsson mpls th xstnc of an affrmatv duty to act. And yt th prcs sourc of law from whch ths affrmatv duty stms rmans unclar. Krß suggstd that th crm of nforcd dsapparanc consttuts on nstanc n th procss of ncorporatng crms undr ntrnatonal law nto domstc crmnal law whr t would sm prfctly accptabl for natonal lgslators frst to wat for ntrnatonal cas law to dvlop. Artcl 7(1)(k) of th Rom Statut crmnalss othr nhuman acts of a smlar charactr ntntonally causng grat suffrng, or srous njury to body or to mntal or physcal halth. Accordng to Krß, Grmany vwd ths provson as an nvtaton to apply crmnal prohbtons by analogy. Consquntly, Scton 8(1)(9) of th CCUIL lmts th corrspondng offnc to thrats aganst a prson's physcal ntgrty. Krß consdrd ths as a succssful opraton of nhancng lgal crtanty. Anothr succss, n hs opnon, s th CCUIL's tratmnt of th crm of aparthd as a spcal and aggravatng nstanc of at last on othr spcs of crms aganst humanty. FICHL Publcaton Srs No. 1 (2010, Scond Edton) pag 21

38 Importng Cor Intrnatonal Crms nto Natonal Law War Crms (CCUIL, Sctons 8-12). War crms can b commttd n an ntrnatonal or ntrnal armd conflct. Unlk th Rom Statut, th CCUIL lmnats ths dstncton as far as possbl undr customary ntrnatonal law and, to that xtnt, stablshs on comprhnsv lst of crms. Ths approach to th concpt of war crms has nabld Grmany to mantan trmnologcal consstncy, a qualty wantng n th Rom Statut. For xampl, Artcls 8(2)(a)() and 8(2)(c)() of th Rom Statut us th xprssons wlful kllng and murdr, rspctvly, to rfr to xactly th sam act. Morovr, by abolshng th dstncton btwn two sparat lsts of crms accordng to th natur of th armd conflct, Grman judgs nd dtrmn only whthr on of th two crtra has bn fulflld. Ths s mportant, as n many cass th dstncton btwn th two catgors of armd conflct can b tnuous. D. Concludng rmarks By way of conclusons, Krß rflctd on hs xprnc n th draftng of th CCUIL. Th draftng commtt consstd of both crmnal and publc ntrnatonal lawyrs. Th two groups oftn prsntd dffrnt prspctvs on th rlatonshp btwn ntrnatonal and domstc law. Ths ld to frutful dscussons and dbats, a hghly rcommndabl nvronmnt for ndavours of ths natur. FICHL Publcaton Srs No. 1 (2010, Scond Edton) pag 22

39 V Dscusson on Partcular Problms n Conncton wth th Import of Cor Intrnatonal Crms nto Natonal Crmnal Law 1 A. Th rol of th ICC Elmnts of Crms documnt Th dscusson opnd wth a short prsntaton by Josph Rkhof on th ICC Elmnts of Crms documnt. Th documnt was dvlopd by th Prparatory Commtt followng th adopton of th Rom Statut n Whl th ICC tslf s not duty-bound to apply th lmnts of crms as thy ar formulatd n th documnt, t would b a usful mans of ntrprtaton. It would b spcally rlvant for thos Stats whch hav provsons of ntrnatonal crmnal law n thr natonal lgal systms. On partcpant n th audnc rfrrd to hr xprnc as a proscutor n Dnmark. Dnmark has not ngagd n any partcular dscusson on th mport of cor ntrnatonal crmnal crms nto ts domstc crmnal law. Intrnatonal crmnal law has smply not bn mportd nto Dansh law. Nor, as a proscutor, had th partcpant mssd t n hr natonal lgal systm. Sh notd that thos workng drctly wth ntrnatonal crms wr not as wll nformd about th Elmnts of Crms documnt as on would wsh. As a rsult, th documnt was not much usd. In rply, Claus Krß strssd that on would b ll-advsd not to us th Elmnts of Crms documnt whn applyng ntrnatonal crmnal law. Th documnt plays an mportant rol n th codfcaton of ntrnatonal crms. On must b carful, howvr. A cas n pont s th formulaton of th mntal lmnt n som crms. For xampl, proscutng war crms aganst chldrn nvolvs provng ntnt con- 1 Ths part of th mnuts was prpard by Ingvld Dønnm Søysth, Yassn Kaarsh and Andras Kaby. FICHL Publcaton Srs No. 1 (2010, Scond Edton) pag 23

40 Importng Cor Intrnatonal Crms nto Natonal Law crnng th vctm's ag. Intrnatonal crmnal law dfns th chld as a prson lss than ghtn yars of ag. Dfndants would oftn clam that thy wr unawar of th vctm's ag and thrfor hs or hr status as a chld. Should th proscuton fal to prov th dfndants' knowldg n ths rgard, thr would b no convcton. In ordr to ovrcom ths hurdl, a should hav known standard has bn dvlopd. Ths standard s dffrnt from th ICC Statut whch rqurs ntnt. Accordng to anothr partcpant n th audnc, th spcfc wordng of th Rom Statut would not crat srous problms as th crms contand n th Statut ar oftn vry smlar to thos contand n natonal law. Murdr, for nstanc, wll man th sam n natonal law as n ntrnatonal crmnal law. Problms ars whn much s lft to a judg's dscrton. Håkan Frman, Dputy Had of Dvson n th Mnstry of Justc, Swdn, statd that Swdn plans to ntroduc a sparat act on ntrnatonal crms nto ts natonal law. Th Elmnts of Crm documnt would b hlpful whn ntrprtng th Rom Statut. H was of th vw that th us of th documnt n Nordc countrs would provd nspratons for thos skng to clarfy th contnt of ntrnatonal crmnal law whch has bn mportd nto natonal law. Stéphan J. Hankns argud that judgs should tak th Elmnts of th Crm documnt nto account bcaus t can srv as a gudln. Th documnt should also b of sgnfcanc to natonal lgslators. B. Modfyng lmnts of crms whn mportng cor ntrnatonal crms Frman concdd that th lmnts of cor ntrnatonal crms hav not yt bn fully dvlopd. Consquntly, ach Stat must assss th nd of modfyng ths lmnts whn mportng thm nto ts own lgal systm. Thr ar consdratons both n favour of and aganst modfyng th lmnts of cor ntrnatonal crms. On th on hand, ntrnatonal crmnal law bcoms mor prcs through modfcaton and ths mght prov ncssary n ordr to satsfy th prncpl of lgal- FICHL Publcaton Srs No. 1 (2010, Scond Edton) pag 24

41 Dscusson on Partcular Problms ty n natonal systms. On th othr hand, thr wll always b a rsk of modfd provsons dpartng from th ntrnatonal dfntons and of waknng ntrnatonal law as a rsult. On commnt from th audnc rasd th prospcts of all Stats modfyng th lmnts of ntrnatonal crms and, n so dong, adoptng dffrnt approachs n thr domstc law. Krß rpld that changs mght b tchncal only and nsung problms mght b solvd through ntrprtaton. Essntally, thr ar two approachs to mportng ntrnatonal crmnal law: on can thr accpt that thr ar dffrncs or go back to th lgslaton and chang th law. Frman agrd that thr ar dffcults n brngng ntrnatonal and natonal law togthr. Ths dffcults bcom ncrasngly acut as ntrnatonal law, ncludng th jursprudnc of ntrnatonal courts, contnus to dvlop. On mmbr of th audnc askd: What knd of ntrnatonal crmnal law wll on hav f vry Stat modfs t? Krß was of th opnon that ntrnatonal law mght b modfd n dffrnt ways. Rgardlss of th approach takn, howvr, on would always rsk adoptng provsons that dffr from thr orgnal. How ntrnatonal crmnal law wll volv n th futur s a quston of grat mportanc, but unfortunatly thr ar no asy answrs to t. Frman statd that ntroducng modfd lmnts of crms nto domstc law s a poltcal quston that vry Stat must consdr. H proposd a lst of pros and cons of lmnts modfcaton. Thr ar two tms on th pro lst: Modfd crms ft bttr wthn th gnral pnal law and lgal tradton of th Stat n quston. Ths wll mak thm mor accssbl to domstc courts and practtonrs; and Modfcaton may provd gratr prcson to th dfnton and hnc gratr complanc wth th prncpl of lgalty as t s undrstood n th Stat concrnd (thr ar dffrncs among FICHL Publcaton Srs No. 1 (2010, Scond Edton) pag 25

42 Importng Cor Intrnatonal Crms nto Natonal Law dffrnt lgal tradtons as to what th prncpl of lgalty rqurs). On Frman's contra lst wr: Th rsk that modfd dfntons would dpart from th dfntons n th Rom Statut; Th rsk that varous modfcatons and thr ntrprtatons by th Stats concrnd mght contrbut to th fragmntaton of substantv law and th waknng of ntrnatonal law; and Th rsk that modfyng dfntons mght man falng th complmntarty tst (whl th Rom Statut dos not drctly oblgat Stats Parts to brng thr substantv provsons n ln wth ts own, such an oblgaton may wll stm from othr sourcs of ntrnatonal law). Frman found t dffcult to plac som factors n th pro or con lst. For xampl, thr s a dsparty among th ICTY jursprudnc, th ICTR jursprudnc and th Rom Statut n th dfnton of lmnts. In som rspcts, th Elmnts of Crms documnt appars to dpart from th xplct provsons of th Rom Statut; n othr rspcts, th formr dos not rad vry wll wth th lattr or, at last, lavs room for ntrprtaton. Ovrcomng ths uncrtants may promot and nhanc th prncpl of lgalty. Rdraftng problmatc provsons may not always gnrat th dsrd outcom, howvr. It may vry wll rsult n rfrncs to dffrnt, but qually flud, concpts. Frman wnt on to stat that t s n th ntrst of Stats to nsur that thy ar abl to proscut crms to th sam xtnt as th ICC would. It s so bcaus thy mght consdr crtan cass vry snstv and, rathr than to s th ICC ntrvn, wsh to dal wth ths cass thmslvs undr thr own domstc law. Howvr, th complmntarty tst gvs Stats som lway whn dcdng how to mplmnt th crms nto domstc law: Th Rom Statut contans provsons on admssblty and non bs n dm that ar arguably mor lnnt for Stats than thos n th ICTY and ICTR Statuts. FICHL Publcaton Srs No. 1 (2010, Scond Edton) pag 26