Error! Precision irrigation to make the best use of water resources

Transcription

1 Error! Precision irrigation to make the best use of water resources

2 Irrigation in complementary soil-climatic and crop conditions A partnership to develop precision technologies for better irrigation management A group of scientists and engineers capable of quickly applying these new technologies in the field The partners: - In France: ACMG, CEMAGREF, ANPN, HORTIS Aquitaine, CIREA - In Spain: IMIDA (Region of Murcia), IVIA (Region of Valencia), IRTA (Region of Catalonia) - In Portugal: ISA (Lisbon) Under the coordination of AREFLH Acknowledgements: We wish to thank the representatives of INTERREG III B SUDOE for their financial aid without which these very fruitful exchanges would not have taken place so effectively. We hope that when the next severe droughts occur, this knowledge will already be applied to mitigate the consequences.

3 Content I. Increasingly severe water constraints... 4 II. The results of the research with the irrigation community... 6 III. Managing irrigation more precisely using the concept of reference evapotranspiration (PET or ETo)... 8 IV. Manage indoor irrigation more precisely in hydroponics... 9 V. Manage irrigation more precisely for field crop legumes VI. Manage irrigation in arboriculture and viticulture VII. Other indicators for making a visual decision VIII. Precision irrigation and aerial remote sensing IX. Dissemination X. Partners Glossary Lysimeter: A weighing system capable of containing crops with their root system in a very big container to precisely measure the quantity of water actually flowing out from the plants. See for example: Diviner 2000: a portable soil moisture measurement system with capacitive sensors developed by the company Sentek (see EnvironScan :Fixed soil moisture measurement system with capacitive sensors developed by the company Sentek (see Evapo-transpiration: Water loss in plants due to evaporation through leaves during photosynthesis. PET or ETo: potential evapotranspiration or ETc: crop evapotranspiration. Reflectance: Portion of solar radiance reflected by a plant, for example. 3

4 I. Increasingly severe water constraints Though subject to ocean flow, southwestern Europe is very much affected by climate change which increases the variability of precipitation and the need for water in the face of increasingly frequent hot southern gusts. We observe a northward shift in water constraints that increases the average deficit during the main farming period from April to September (see Map 2) while rainwater resources from October to March are still insufficient for the entire Mediterranean perimeter (see Map 1). Du Sud-Ouest de la France à Murcie et Lisbonne, des cumuls moyens de pluie très différents pour refaire le plein des réserves hivernales Pluies moyennes d octobre à mars Agen = 351 mm Lérida = 158 mm Barcelone = 266 mm Castellón = 281 mm Valence = 302 mm Lisbonne = 579 mm Alicante = 260 mm Murcie = 166 mm Des pluies estivales et des besoins très variables d une région à l autre D où un déficit estival moyen de Agen = 342 mm Lérida = 526 mm Barcelone = 362 mm Castellón = 532 mm Lisbonne = 401 mm Valence = 590 mm Alicante = 711 mm Murcie = 776 mm 4

5 PRECIRIEG is born in meetings organised by AREFLH that have allowed us to take more fully into account the high degree of diversity in water irrigation management, historical results, climate, soil, and human resources. After forming a group bringing together researchers, experimenters and irrigation management consulting bodies, over an 18-month period in 2007 and 2008, the idea has been to: - Share the knowledge and assess it with the common interests of the partners in mind. - Select future control methods integrating precision agricultural standards capable of being applied on a large scale for irrigation communities or their consulting services. - Test one or several of these methods and draft application procedures for them that appear to ensure economic gain by decreasing water consumption and the risks of widespread pollution. - Publish as widely as possible the results to participants (technicians, component manufacturers, etc.) and the irrigation community/farmers. The purpose of this brochure is to share this knowledge by presenting the major contribution of each partner, its conclusions and/or the stances taken. Further details are available on the website or directly from the ten participants in this work whose contact information is listed on the final page. Under the administrative coordination of AREFLH, nine Portuguese, Spanish and French partners contributed to the success of PRECIRIEG. Each within its own skills area contributed cutting-edge knowledge in fields often complementary to water and irrigation management. We present this knowledge, not willing to assess the importance of their contribution, but following a path from the general to the particular and from research to field application. For each subject developed, we have attempted to summarise what an irrigator should retain to be able to apply these principles to production as soon at possible. 5

6 II. The results of the research with the irrigation community Charged with the task of drafting the research questionnaire, CEMAGREF was able to highlight once again major differences in operations from one region to another and that are explained by History. The Mediterranean regions have a long history and water resources (around 4000 m 3 /ha ) are attached to the land and are included in its purchase price. Gravity-assisted irrigation is an ancestral technique with a low operating cost, but whose effectiveness is as mediocre as the efficiency of the water. More recently, south-western France and the Lisbon region have developed pressure irrigation through sprinkling or drop-by-drop networks and watering systems. In these regions, water resources are not always guaranteed because storage construction to have resources available during periods of low water has been slow for a decade due to environmental constraints. Ironically, these are the irrigation development areas that have the highest demand for precision water management tools. Photo C. Isbérie In Spain, the replacement and development of an irrigation system that uses less water is ongoing, but it is currently running up against a price increase in KWh of electricity driven by high demand for air-conditioning. These are the climatic crises and most of all the long periods of drought or the hot southerly gusts that sound the alarm for water management stakeholders and stimulate them to make the necessary investments. Among the 1691 farmers surveyed, 366 responded, representing around 23,300 ha of farming surface area, of which 17,500 ha is irrigated. Sixty-six responses to the survey came late and could not be completely taken into account, but they will be used for the scientific publication expected on the overall survey results. All irrigation systems have been represented, though the majority is localised irrigation in all the regions. Technical assistance and/or incentives have significant influence on the decision whether to introduce more rational irrigation management. However the continuity of efforts made (technical supervision, enterprises or associations, financial and/or regional incentives), their regularity and frequency adapted to needs will prove to be essential for the farmer to continue the effort on his part and remain motivated. This is still an important point to highlight in recommendations to agencies and administrations at the conclusion of the project. An effort that is too sporadic quickly loses its pertinence, and a little less but consistent investment is better. For many farmers, improvements in the distribution material are associated with awareness of management techniques. The tendency is (still) towards an increase in localised irrigation apace with the formation of reservoirs, indispensable in some regions (Murcia) to ensure water quality and control of frequent doses, and towards better control of inflow (flow meters, counters). 6

7 Water supply, collective equipment and individual outtake are nearly equal throughout the survey, but with regional differences. It is likewise interesting to note the very wide water price disparities reported (table below). Average price/m 3 Lowest price/m 3 Highest price/m 3 Catalonia Valencia Murcia SO France In the face of water restrictions, the southern regions (Murcia) rather tend to reduce their surface area under cultivation, when it is possible (market gardening), while the more northerly regions (France) reduce the amount of water. As for the reasons for improving their irrigation management, the first response from a large majority of the farmers is the desire to make the best use possible of the water available. As for actual data gathering methods, measurement methods are still very traditional, with a majority of manual reports on paper in the field. As for their technical environment, farmers demand first of all customised turn-key projects, and only later seek training, advice on specific crops or plots being particularly valued. Likewise, another significant reason for improvement is the issue of sub-irrigation, especially in southwest France and in the region of Valencia. While many irrigation practitioners are familiar with irrigation management methods, few apply them systematically, except when their water resources are limited, expensive or insufficient. For some it is a guide, for others a way to prop themselves up or decide the best time to start up, shut down and resume a water cycle, while yet others desire a simple method for moving forward from measurements to making an optimal decision. A large majority is aware of the need to better manage a limited resource. Many wait for aid from the public authorities to apply trusted and precise methods for their irrigation management and few realise that they could already begin to finance their system based on the water economies achieved. For me, an irrigating producer, the cost of water, certain years its scarcity, the rising cost of electricity, associated with the fact that well-irrigated farming is the guarantee of a more regular and satisfying yield and quality, make me think about optimising my irrigation management. 7

8 III. Managing irrigation more precisely using the concept of reference evapotranspiration (PET or ETo) Two teams work with this approach, one in Lisbon (ISA) to determine water exchange flows between the surface (soil and plants) and the atmosphere to derive crop coefficients (ETc=Kc ETo), and the ACMG that provides an eight-day PET forecast. Above the canopy of a pear orchard, the ISA team precisely measured the instantaneous flows of water vapour (evapotranspiration) corresponding to the crop evaporation in comfortable water conditions (ETc), which it compared to sap flows measured directly in the tree trunk (the Granier Method) and to the soil losses due to evaporation (gravimeter method). The use of complementary techniques ensured the obtainment of accurate absolute values and for the entire season. After establishing a precise balance between the soil water losses due to evaporation, including the water consumed by the turf and the water effectively passing through the sap towards the leaves where it evaporates, they conclude that the actual consumption of fruit trees (in this case pears) is much lower than the recommendations that are generally found in the manuals currently in use (e.g. FAO 56 1 ). For example in August, it was demonstrated that the average daily tree transpiration rate was only 1.3 mm, to which we have to add 1.3 mm for soil evaporation (that continues during the night, especially when the soil is hotter than the air), for a combined total of only 2.6 mm per day on average compared to an ETo calculated at 3.5 mm per day. Therefore there is a certain path for water economy since the Kc coefficient obtained is only 0.7 (in this case, adjusted for local conditions) compared with the 1.0 coefficient often used. Moreover one could still make use of deficit irrigation, as the IVIA team demonstrates later on. In tandem with this very in-depth research, ACMG put in place for southwestern France a daily PET calculation model based on an algorithm derived by the University of Davis in California. This index, valid for an eight-day forecast, is published twice a week in the ACMG bulletins sent to more than 3,500 people (see the example attached). The comparative test with the measurements taken at the Adcon and Cimel stations demonstrates some optimism on the order of 10% which was adjusted in To bring just the amount of water needed, I have to estimate the plant s needs today, the days past, but most of all anticipate the demand for water in the coming days. Since the resource has really decreased, then, I need to try to apply these deficit irrigation principles, at least for short periods. 1 Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D. & Smith, M. (1998). Crop Evapotranspiration Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56. Rome, Italy, 300 p. 8

9 IV. Manage indoor irrigation more precisely in hydroponics The issue of irrigation management in soil-free greenhouses has been worked by the Hortis Aquitaine team, Sainte-Livrade. Their purpose is to offer producers reliable measuring tools capable of being automated so as to reduce water consumption and limit waste discharge. They tested several probes capable of tracking humidity in three types of substrata (peat plus pine bark, peat and rockwool slab), tracking two cultivation systems (with 20%-30% drainage and without drainage). They conclude that the effectiveness of these capacitative probes allow for 20%-30% watering economy, but they now have to specify the management methods for the other types of substratum and undoubtedly integrate the salinity sensors. The fertilisers are very expensive and I know that the roots need air to work well. I myself can install the sensors to automate the fertilisation-irrigation, that will economise the water, the fertiliser and the work. 9

10 V. Manage irrigation more precisely for field crop legumes Two partners specialised in this area have made their contribution, IMIDA, on artichoke and lettuce crops in the region of Murcia, and HORTIS Aquitaine on asparagus crops in Landes. First, the IMIDA team demonstrated the interest in reducing irrigation volumes by as much as 50% of ETc to avoid nitrates losses through drainage towards water-tables, ensuring normal production. To this end, they used lysimeter cases equipped with EnviroScan capacitative probes for tracking the development of soil volume humidity at 50 cm of depth. At the same time, Hortis Aquitaine tracked an asparagus plot at a producer in Landes where they installed six Watermark tensiometer probes with a Monitor recording device and 14 measurement tubes with a Diviner 2000, a portable soil moisture measuring device based on capacitative measurement, capable of tracking up to 99 tubes up to more than one meter of depth. 10

11 Taking into account the dissimilarity of the plots and the variability of the root development, they concluded that it is a good idea to install three measurement points. They demonstrate that this crop, especially the Darlise variety, is capable of adapting to water constraints with almost an overconsumption after irrigation or heavy rains, and a capacity to reduce its needs during dry periods. However they were only able to conclude that this is only one path to explore because these stress periods had no effect on yields in the following year. The IMIDA team closely studied the consumption behaviour of lettuce in the spring and the relation between leaf surface and the need for water. Their objective was to adjust the water consumption crop coefficients to the surface shaded by foliage and to the vegetation index. 70 Evolution du pourcentage de zone de sol ombrée % SS y = -0,0971x 3 + 1,9452x 2-4,9819x + 11,53 R 2 = 0,9929 %SS Polinómica (% SS ) Jours après la greffe They observed that at the end of 25 days after planting the leaf surface covers around 20% of the soil and that, according to the device chosen, it reaches the 50% threshold at the end of 70 days and up to a maximum of 60% as of the 80 th day. The tensiometer method applies perfectly to this type of management where the flow trigger thresholds have been set between 20 and 25 KPa. I too do not want to pay so much for fertiliser that is going to get lost below the roots. Instead, it is better for me to spend more time tracking the actual soil humidity of my plot at root depth. The investment in time and material will be quickly profitable. 11

12 VI. Manage irrigation in arboriculture and viticulture Four partners worked on ways of more carefully managing irrigation with the objective of, if not to reduce usual flows, to at least bring just the amount of water needed, when needed, and where needed : IVIA of Valencia on citrus fruits, IRTA on vines, peaches and apples, CIREA on apples, and ACMG on its walnut trees, apple trees, and plum trees. IVIA applied the principles of Regulated Deficit Irrigation to reduce the quantities of water brought during periods where some water stress does not cause a reduction in yield, i.e. from July to September, when the fruits reaction to physiological decline has terminated. The principle is to simultaneously track the soil s water status with the aid of EnviroScan probes and to resume normal irrigation, following the advice of IVIA Irrigation Technology Division, when the leaf potential, measured in the middle of the day on enclosed leaves at least one hour before the measure in the pouches, reducing photosynthesis, attain 1.3 MPa. Starting with a summer measurement cycle including a period almost without rain from May to August, they conclude that Regulated Deficit Irrigation (RDI) allows for 20%-33% less water flow with no impact on the size of the fruit, with a slight improvement in quality on one variety and no difference on another. Now they need to monitor the impact on tree growth and check the possibility of directly managing with EnviroScan probes because use of a pressure vessel (leaf potential) is clumsy to implement for routine use or in the framework of a consulting project. Pursuing a similar objective, to know just the necessary quantity of water, CIREA compared the yield results of test apple tree plots managed with the aid of the Diviner 2000 and advice from ACMG, ensuring at the same time that controls are made with the help of tensiometers and a sensor for micromeasurement of the diameter of Pepista type branches. Error! 12

13 With a relative high pluviometry in season, the results in terms of yield, size and quality and the irrigation are almost identical using the two methods, with a lower stress period with the Diviner. 400 Relation entre les données du diviner et du Pépista T1 DIVINER 160 Diamètre de la branche (mm) Quantité d'eau entre 0-30 cm de profondeur (mm) /06 00H00 19/06 01H00 21/06 02H00 23/06 03H00 25/06 04H00 27/06 05H00 29/06 11H00 01/07 12H00 03/07 13H00 05/07 14H00 07/07 15H00 09/07 16H00 11/07 17H00 13/07 18H00 15/07 19H00 17/07 20H00 19/07 21H00 21/07 22H00 23/07 23H00 26/07 00H00 28/07 01H00 30/07 02H00 01/08 03H00 03/08 04H00 05/08 05H00 07/08 06H00 09/08 07H00 11/08 08H00 13/08 09H00 15/08 10H00 17/08 11H00 19/08 12H00 21/08 13H00 23/08 14H00 25/08 16H00 27/08 17H00 29/08 18H00 31/08 19H00 02/09 20H00 04/09 21H00 06/09 22H00 08/09 23H00 11/09 00H00 13/09 01H00 15/09 02H00 17/09 03H00 19/09 04H00 21/09 05H00 23/09 06H00 25/09 07H00 27/09 08H00 Moyenne T1 29/09 09H00 01/10 10H00 03/10 11H00 qté d'eau de 0-30 cm T1 This equipment shows that the portable Diviner 2000 tool allows for monitoring of the actual development of the soil s water reserve without disturbing the soil due to the measurement and for applying just the necessary dose of irrigation. Taking into account the particular features of each plot, such as variety, soil type, the root depth or the tree load, they indicate that a piece of general consulting cannot be as precise as an objective decision taken as a result of the analysis of the measurements in situ that several types of probes and sensors available today allow for. ACMG which, with the Lot-et-Garonne Chamber of Agriculture, is rightly at the origin of this information and technical support for irrigation practitioners is well aware of the limits of a general bulletin and for this reason it is working to modernise its irrigation management services by committing to the application of capacitative measures of soil moisture like those developed in Australia by the company Sentek with fixed EnvironScan and EasyAG probes or the portable Diviner 2000 system. 13

14 In the PRECIRIEG framework, it worked on the installation protocol for fixed digital probes to take into account the soil dissimilarities and to monitor the end and actual development of the vegetable outtake in the soil. To this end, it equipped orchards with EnvironScan fixed probes and tubes for supplemental measures using the Diviner 2000 with at least three measurement sites in each uniform zone taken beforehand by aerial remote sensing and where it carried out some localised monitoring of economic yield (see photograph below). Cartography of the walnut tree orchard vegetation index: left the result of the average price per kilo and right the gross revenue in /ha, showing that yield remains the main driver of revenue. Note that the high vegetation index zones (red) produce the most. The first stage is designed to develop a uniform zoning around one or two representative points where the measurements are made continuously to track with one one-hundredth precision changes in the soil s water reserve on several depths. The measurement of indicators such as the circumference of the trunks, the layout of the root profile, the vegetation index, the soil s clay rate, its water reserve, the tree fruit load (quality, the number and size at the end of the cycle) serves to specify the irrigation management methods to avoid all risks of stress on the plant. Now the work has demonstrated that it is not always stress due to lack of water which is the most damaging in the climatic conditions of southwestern France, but often stress due to the lack of air when the water reserve is higher than the field capacity. It is demonstrated that, in these conditions, the roots cannot transfer a sufficient flow rate to the surface part of the plant, leading to an evapotranspiration deficit that reduces functioning and can bring about a decrease in the effectiveness in the root system just short of asphyxiation. This situation is generally observed during the 24 to 48 hours after a major rain event or when the irrigation flow is higher than the volume available in the soil to collect this water. 14

15 Example of water reserve tracking through the IrriMax software on four separate horizons, 10, 30, 50 and 80 cm (top curves) and accumulated below. The Y scale is in mm and the X represents June to November Apple tree plot in sandy, silty, clayey soil. The application of precision irrigation principles in the orchards studied in 2007, including the 8-day PET forecast, allowed in 2008 for a reduction in flow through sprinkling and drop-by-drop from 30% to 50% compared to what the farmer would have brought in, all to the benefit of fruit yield and quality. A big part of these gains came from the application of the principle of preventing the water reserve from ever falling above the field s capacity so as to sufficiently maintain air in the soil under all circumstances. This allows the root system to be permanently active and performing at the slightest stress on the tree. Now this excellent result needs to be confirmed under more stressful climatic conditions such as those in the summer of 2003 for example. Insertion of measurement probes IVIA also worked on the issue of the ideal place to install representative measurement probes and strongly suggests knowing the soil profile features very well before deciding on such a place. This investment of time during the vegetative rest period to examine the root development in different representative places of an irrigated plot is indispensable for making objective decisions (see photograph below). Example of a root profile taken before vegetation onset 15

16 In 2008, 220 irrigation practitioners with the support of ACMG and its subsidiary Agralis Services already applied the precision irrigation principles, notably the monitoring tube installation protocol and precision management protocol of which here an example is the drop-by-drop irrigated apple tree on clayey, sandy, silty soil. Changes in the accumulated reserve in the four measurement horizons of 10, 30, 50 and 70 cm without interpolation, i.e. FC = 123 mm = mm, 76 mm from AWC low = mm and 56 mm of WP = The soil is sandy and has a poor AWC up to 15 or 20 cm and then it is very clayey and hardly compact, allowing for good deep root exploration and also to wait for 23 July to start watering. Later we observe that the two daily inflows keep the part of the roots affected by them just below the field capacity, which is the objective. This work earned ACMG a Halcyon Award from the Adour-Garonne Water Board (see In my plots, do I have as much dissimilarity when I water uniformly? I would like to know if there is enough air and water at the same time in the roots. This winter, I will make a root profile comparing where it is good and where it is less good, and I will try to equip myself with the new irrigation management tools. 16

17 VII. Other indicators for making a visual decision The IRTA team of Lerida has initiated some interesting work. It is based on the fact that irrigation practitioners will not always have the means to equip themselves with precision probes or systems to provide them with objective data on the water level of the soil or a plant. The IRTA team currently makes very frequent visits to the plots during which the visual symptoms can be observed. With the aim of precisely measuring the plants water comfort status with the aid of a pressure vessel and other probes, the IRTA team seeks to profile peach trees, vines, and apple trees, particular plant states that could serve as red flags signalling, for example, the start of stress. Peach tree with a midday leaf potential of -0.8 MPa. Peach tree with a -1.9 MPa potential. For peach trees, several descriptive fact sheets of water status have now been set up and are available at the IRTA centre. The fact sheets for vines are being finalised now and the same work has started for apple trees in an orchard equipped with a lysimeter to measure consumption very precisely. It is true that I have often noticed these differences, but I have never taken the time to compare them to precise measurements of the water status or the air in the soil. This would be a good way of pay off my investment in probes on a very large surface. 17

18 VIII. Precision irrigation and aerial remote sensing To reduce the cost of making objective precision management decisions, another approach would be to spread out the cost of information from each point over the biggest area possible. Borrowing on ACMG s experience in the treatment of near infra-red imaging from the air, ISA and especially IMIDA, specialised in the treatment of data from space, have set up an experiment to test this principle on the ground. They have selected in an orchard some trees with a variable irrigation management to express symptoms that the reflectance in the visible and near infra-red would be capable of detect. Vertical false-colour image including the green, red and near infra-red wavelength above orchards in the Murcia region. Major work to finely and precisely measure the water status of citrus trees has been carried out. A pressure vessel has been used for the base leaf potential and, in the middle of the day, the gas exchanges have been measured at the level of the leaves to calculate the photosynthesis rate, the transpiration rate and stomal conductance of the capacitative probes to establish the soil s water status. After have provoked progressive water stress over a period of 50 days, the reflectance values and vegetation indices were compared with that precise information. They concluded that the visible band alone is not enough to establish a reliable relationship between the real state of stress and the image observed. In contrast, the infra red canal is rather highly correlated with stomal conductance and the transpiration rate. This allows for seriously entertaining the possibility of using the satellite or aerial sensing to use localized and quite expensive information collection to assess water status of vast zones. TELERIEG, one of the PRECIRIEG partners, has wanted to pursue this objective. Example of photosynthesis mapping with well irrigated trees alongside trees under water stress, obtained from a near infra-red aerial image. I can already use classical aerial imagery to better trace out the uniform soil or vegetation zones which would help me to select the installation points of digital measurement probes. 18

19 IX. Dissemination The entire PRECIRIEG team has participated in numerous national and international (SIFEL) meetings, conferences on the issue of climate change and water resource management (ACMG), and presentations on irrigation management materials (CEMAGREF, CIREA, HORTIS). The CEMAGREF team organized a Science and Technology Day on irrigation material during which some presentations and simple experiments on irrigation management and soil water status measurement sensors were exhibited, with a film on the PRECIRIEG project (video on the site One of the partners, ANPN, invested a lot of time on this issue to help hazelnut and walnut producers of the UNICOQUE cooperative to improve their irrigation management. Already a user of EnviroScan probes since 2005, relayed to their centre via GSM modem, ANPN has developed an information transfer procedure from plot referentials to all the members of the cooperative. Using the new means available through the Internet, they have set up a server where advice is updated throughout the season, integrating the time forecast and precise consumption measurements on different and representative soils in the main soilclimatic production zones. Their ambition to develop production surfaces comes up against farmers whose water resources are often limited, and it reinforce in them the idea of applying precision irrigation principles to economise this resource to the maximum with a view to optimising their efficiency. As for Spain, each centre has a central server that hosts the information for irrigation that is adapted to the extent possible to the soil-climate context in its region. IMIDA hosts the website where the reports of each partner are easily accessible and complement this brochure. Well, there it is, I am going to visit their websites and if it is not fully what I expect, I could always contact them. Likewise, I should not forget to talk about it with my technician or at the Association. 19

20 X. Partners ACMG Aéroport d Agen Jean-François BERTHOUMIEU La Garenne Tel: +33 (0) Le Passage Fax: +33 (0) France acmg@acmg.asso.fr Website: ANPN Lamouthe Bruno SAPHY BP 10 Tel: +33 (0) Cancon Fax: +33 (0) France anpn@unicoque.com AREFLH 37 Av. du Gal de Larminat Jacques DASQUE Immeuble Point Centre Tel: +33 (0) Bordeaux Cedex Fax: +33 (0) France areflh@aquitaine.fr CEMAGREF 361 Rue JF Breton Carole ISBERIE BP 5095 Tel: +33 (0) Montpellier Cedex 1 Fax: +33 (0) France carole.isberie@aix.cemagref.fr CIREA Petit Carrère Didier POUZOULET Prayssas Tel: +33 (0) France Fax: +33 (0) mr.cirea47@wanadoo.fr HORTIS Aquitaine Domaine de Lalande Jacques LONGESERRE Ste Livrade sur Lot Tel: +33 (0) France Fax: +33 (0) jacques.longueserre@hortis.fr IMIDA Remote Sensing and GIS Team Irrigation Team C/ Mayor, s/n Manuel ERENA ARRABAL Luis RINCON SANCHEZ Murcia Tel: Tel: Spain Fax: Fax: manuel.erena@carme.es luisf.rincon@carm.es IRTA Irrigation Technology Department Centre UdL-IRTA Joan GIRONA Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191 Tel: Lleida Fax: Spain joan.girona@irta.es 20

21 ISA Tapada da Ajuda Maria Isabel FERREIRA Nuno CONCEIÇÃO Lisboa Tel: Portugal Fax: Teresa Afonso do PAÇO IVIA Cra. Moncada-Náquera km. 5 Juan Ramon CASTEL Pedro J. FERRER Moncada Tel: ferrer_pedtal@gva.es Spain Fax: jrcastel@ivia.es 21