CMU WRITING CENTER QUICK TIPS GUIDE: WRITING IN CHICAGO MANUAL (CMS) AND TURABIAN STYLE I. CMS AND TURABIAN: A SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE TWO STYLES

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1 1 CMU WRITING CENTER QUICK TIPS GUIDE: WRITING IN CHICAGO MANUAL (CMS) AND TURABIAN STYLE I. CMS AND TURABIAN: A SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE TWO STYLES The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) is most often used by editors, proofreaders, indexers, copywriters, publishers, and historians. Turabian Style is a modified form of CMS that has been adapted to help students prepare academic papers of all types. Turabian style is slightly more flexible than CMS, and there are subtle differences in some of the rules that govern each style. This outline of CMS/Turabian style guidelines is written in Turabian style. Outlines in Turabian Style follow this format: I. (Roman numeral) A. (Capital letter) 1. (Number) a) (Lowercase letter followed by closing parenthesis) (1) (Number enclosed in parenthesis) (a) (Lowercase letter enclosed in parenthesis) i) (Roman numeral with lowercase letters followed by a closing parenthesis) II. GUIDELINES & BASIC FORMATTING from The Chicago Manual of Style, 16 th edition and A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 7 th edition Remember, even if your professor asks you to use CMS or Turabian style, he or she may have additional or unique requirements that are not included in the two styles. In all cases, follow your professor s instructions, even if they differ from the recommendations of the CMS and Turabian style guides. A. TITLE PAGE Start with a title page (if required by your professor). About a third of the way down the page, type the title of your paper in 12 pt., Times New Roman font and in ALL CAPS. If there is a subtitle, introduce it with a colon. Directly beneath the title, include your name. Your professor may require you to include additional information, such as the name of your university, the course information, and/or the date; type them each on their own line. Ask him or her if you are uncertain. 1. The title page usually does not count toward the total number of pages or total word count required by your professor; however, it is paginated along with the

2 2 rest of the document. So, your title page will be page 1 and the first page of the essay, page 2. Do not include the page number on the title page; to do so, make sure Show number on first page is not clicked. Page numbers go in the upper right-hand corner of each page, 0.5 from the top 2. Do not capitalize articles (a, an, the), or the words to and as unless such a word is the first or last word in the title or subtitle. Do not capitalize prepositions (of, in, at, above, against, etc.) unless they are emphasized or used as adverbs, adjectives, or conjunctions. 3. You must capitalize short verbs (is, are), adjectives (old), personal pronouns (it, we), and relative pronouns (that, who, which). 4. Do not capitalize the second or subsequent parts of a hyphenated compound, unless it is a proper noun or adjective. a) To Have and to Hold: A Twenty-first-century View of Marriage b) The Economic Effects of the Civil War in the Mid-Atlantic States 5. Do not capitalize parts of proper nouns that are ordinarily in lowercase, such as de in Alexis de Tocqueville or van in Ludwig van Beethoven. 6. For titles in languages other than English, use sentence-style capitalization. For example: Feminist Symbolism in La reine du silence 7. For titles of works published in the eighteenth century or earlier, retain the original capitalization (and spelling); however, words spelled out in all capital letters should be given with an initial capital only. For example, A Treatise of mall philosophy Contaynyge the saying of the wyse. 8. Use quotation marks and underline or italicize when referring to other works in your title, just as you would in your text, e.g., a) Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas as Morality Play b) Human Weariness in "After Apple Picking" B. DOCUMENTING SOURCES: FOOTNOTES, ENDNOTES, & BIBLIOGRAPHY Footnotes are appropriate when it is important to view the sources and text on the same page, whereas endnotes are more appropriate if you wish to include substantive information in your notes. In this case, the notes should not be lengthy. It is always a good idea to check with the instructor to see what he/she prefers.

3 3 1. Creating Footnotes/Endnotes and the Bibliography a) When citing a source in the text, insert a superscript number, like this one. 1 Many programs will automatically do this when you insert a note. b) Whether or not you superscript the numbers in the notes themselves is a matter of your (or your instructor s) preference. 2. Books a) Your notes and bibliographic entries should follow this basic format for books: Author Name, Name of Book, (Location of publication: Publishing House, year of publication), page number(s). If the author s name is unknown or guessed, but not included on the title page of the book, use brackets. If the author s name is not known, you can begin the entry with the article or book title. 1 Michael Pollan, The Omnivore s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals (New York: Penguin, 2006), [Samuel Horsley?], On the Prosodies of the Greek and Latin Languages (London, 1776). Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York: Penguin, [Horsley, Samuel]. On the Prosodies of the Greek and Latin Languages. London, b) Book with only an editor 1 Joel Greenberg, ed. Of Prairie, Woods and Water: Two Centuries of Chicago Nature Writing (Chicago University of Chicago Press, 2008), 42. Greenberg, Joel, ed. Of Prairie, Woods and Water: Two Centuries of Chicago Writing. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Superscripts are positioned higher than the rest of the text.

4 4 c) Book with three or fewer authors 11 Joyce Heatherton, James Fitzroy, and Jackson Hsu, Meteors and Mudslides: A Trip through 34 Dana Barnes et al., Plastics: Essays on American Corporate Ascendance in the 1960s Heatherton, Joyce, James Fitzgilroy, and Jackson Hsu. Meteors and Mudslides: A Trip through Barnes, Dana, Terri Graham, Stephen Rousseau, Angelo Moreno, Alfred Austin, Angela Pohlman, and Sherri Blalock. Plastics: Essays on American Corporate Ascendance in the 1960s d) Book with a translator or chapter in an edited book with a translator 63 Gabriel García Marquez, Love in the Time of Cholera, trans. Edith Grossman (London: Cape, 1988), Theodore Silverstein, trans., Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974), Theodor W. Adorno and Walter Benjamin, The Complete Correspondence, , ed. Henri Lonitz, trans. Nicholas Walker (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999), 87. Marquez, Gabriel García. Love in the Time of Cholera. Translated by Edith Grossman. London: Cape, Silverstein, Theodore, trans. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Adorno, Theodor W. and Walter Benjamin, The Complete Correspondence, Edited by Henri Lonitz. Translated by Nicholas Walker. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, e) Chapter in a edited book (English) 45 Glenn Gould, Streisand as Schwarzkopf, in The Glenn Gould Reader, ed. Tim Page (New York: Vintage, 1984), 324. Gould, Glenn. Streisand as Schwarzkopf. In The Glenn Gould Reader, edited by Tim Page, New York: Vintage, 1984.

5 5 8 John Samples, The Origin of Modern Campaign Finance Law, chap. 7 in The Fallacy of Campaign Finance Reform (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006). Samples, John. The Origin of Modern Campaign Finance Law. Chap. 7 in The Fallacy of Campaign Finance Reform. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Articles in Journals and Periodicals a) For journals and periodicals, include volume and issue number, if available. 76 Walter Blair, Americanized Comic Braggarts, Critical Inquiries 4, no. 2 (1977): 335. Blair, Walter. Americanized Comic Braggarts. Critical Inquiries 4, no. 2 (1977): b) For magazines, include the author and title of the article, the name of the magazine, the date of publication, and the page number. Page range does not need to be included. 26 Paul Saulnier, From Vine to Wine, Cornell Alumni Magazine, September/October 2008, 48. Saulnier, Paul. From Wine to Vine. Cornell Alumni Magazine. (September/October 2008). c) When using articles found online, use the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) if available. Otherwise, just use the URL instead. 16 William J. Novak, The Myth of the Weak American State, American Historical Review 113 (June 2008): 758, doi: /ahr Wilfried Karmus and John F. Riebow, Storage of Serum in Plastic and Glass Containers May Alter Serum Concentration of Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Environmental Health Perspectives 112 (May 2004): 645, Novak, William J. The Myth of the Weak American State. American Historical Review 113 (June 2008): doi: /ahr Karmaus, Wilfried and John F. Riebow. Storage of Serum in Plastic and Glass Containers May Alter the Serum Concentration of Polychlorinated Biphenyls. Environmental Health Perspectives 112 (May 2004):

6 6 d) If an organization issues a publication that carries no author s name on the title page, the organization is listed as the author in the bibliography, even if it is also provided as the publisher. This is not necessary in the note. 45 The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010). University of Chicago Press. The Chicago Manual of Style. 16th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, e) Revised editions or editions other than the first must be noted in your citations and bibliography. It is not necessary to include the original publication date, but you may do so. 5 Karen V. Harper-Dorton and Martin Herbert, Working with Children, Adolescents, and Their Families, 3rd ed. (Chicago: Lyceum Books, 2002), Florence Babb, Between Field and Cooking Pot: The Political Economy of Marketwomen in Peru, rev. ed. (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989), Kate Turabian, A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 7th ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007), 57. Harper, Karen V. and Martin Herbert. Working with Children, Adolescents, and Their Families. 3rd ed. Chicago: Lyceum Books, Babb, Florence. Between Field and Cooking Pot: The Political Economy of Marketwomen in Peru. Rev. ed. Austin: University of Texas Press, Turabian, Kate. A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. 7th ed. Revised by Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M. Williams. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, f) For works published before 1900, it is not necessary to include the publisher s name; include only the place and date of publication. 1 Oliver Goldsmith, The Vicar of Wakefield (Salisbury, 1766). 1 Florence Babb, Between Field and Cooking Pot: The Political Economy of Marketwomen in Peru, rev. ed. (n.p.: University of Texas Press, 1989), 199. Goldsmith, Oliver. The Vicar of Wakefield. Salisbury, Babb, Florence. Between Field and Cooking Pot: The Political Economy of Marketwomen in Peru. Rev. ed. n.p.: University of Texas Press, 1989.

7 7 4. Formatting Footnotes/Endnotes: Shortened Notes a) In the first footnote from a source, provide the full bibliographic reference, including page numbers. Use a shortened version of the notes in subsequent references following this method: Baker stated that images of women were marked by bandanas and strong arms. 1 She suggested that women s roles were complicated by a military presence. 2 Baker extensively explored the role of women in war and especially noted the wearing of bandanas as a symbol for women working in traditional male jobs. 3 First reference to the source 1 Joyce Baker, Images of Women in Film: the War Years, (Lexington: UP of Kentucky, 1985), Second and next reference to same source and page number, or immediately following another Ibid. 2 Ibid. Second and next reference to same source, or immediately following another Ibid, in both cases with new page number 3 Ibid.,175 2 Later reference to same source, but separated by different source references or pages 5 Baker, Women, 180. b) If all your quotes and paraphrasing come from one source, the first note should be the full bibliographic reference. Use parenthetical references for any other cited source material. In the parenthetical references, include only the page number(s); it is not necessary to add the author s name or the title of the work, as they will be understood from the first bibliographic reference. Although this is true to the latest CMS/Turabian styles (as of 2012), your instructor may still want you to use footnotes or endnotes. 2 Ibid., meaning in the same place, in this case refers to the Baker source and is used because it is referenced immediately after the same source first introduced or immediately after another Ibid. that itself immediately references the source material.

8 8 5. Formatting the Bibliography Page a) In the bibliography, each entry is single-spaced and the spacing between entries is double. Entries appear in alphabetical order. Bibliography is centered. A hanging indent of.5 inches is used in each entry that in longer than one line. Bibliography Book, single author Book, single author (with an editor) Two authors Translated book Blackbird, A.J. History of the Ottawa and Chippewa Indians of Michigan. Petoskey: Little Traverse Regional Historical Society, Barsch, Russel Lawrence. The Challenge of Indigenous Self- Determination. Native Americans and the Law: Native American Sovereignty. Edited by John R. Wunder. New York: Garland, Deloria Jr., Vine and Clifford M. Lytle. The Nations Within: The Past and Future of American Indian Sovereignty. Austin: University of Texas Press, Fanon, Frantz. The Wretched of the Earth. Translated by Richard Philcox. New York: Grove, Chapter in a book Subsequent edition of a book Visual media, video recording Online source, URL, nonpaginated Hirst, Paul. The International Origins of National Identity. In Politics and the End of Identity, ed. Kathryn Dean, Brookfield: Ashgate, Jones, Judy and William Wilson. An Incomplete Education. 3rd edition. New York: Random House, Inc., Journey to Sovereignty. Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians. DVD. Harbor Springs, MI: Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa, Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians. Tribal History. Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians.

9 9 Legislation Online source, URL, paginated Senate Committee on Indian Affairs. Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Act and the Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians and the Little River Band of Ottawa Indians Act. 103 rd Cong., 2d sess., 1994, S. Hrg Washburn, Wilcomb. A Fifty-Year Perspective on the Indian Reorganization Act, The American Anthropological Association, C. STYLISTICS 1. Verb Tense a) Present Tense: Use the present tense to express a habitual action (e.g., the dog howls) or a general truth (e.g., the sun shines brightly); to refer to timeless facts, such as memorable persons and to works of the past that are still extant or enduring (e.g., Julius Caesar describes his strategies in The Gallic War); and to narrate a fictional work s plot (e.g., the scene takes place aboard the Titanic). Remember, characters in works of fiction do things not did them. b) Past Tense: Use the past tense to express an act, state, or condition that occurred or existed at some explicit or implicit point in the past (e.g., the auction ended yesterday) or when using a signal phrase to introduce a quote (e.g., Schmidt lamented that no data had been submitted ). The past tense is used more frequently in historical disciplines, as events or actions that have taken place at a definite point in the past have already occurred they are not still occurring. To speak about a past event that comes up to and touches the present, use the present perfect form of the verb (e.g., I have been playing cards for the last two hours). 2. Active and Passive Voice: Generally, but not always, passive voice (e.g. the matter was given careful consideration) is considered inferior to active voice (e.g., the Board considered the matter carefully), especially in scientific and historical disciplines. However, the choice between active and passive voice can depend on what perspective you as the writer want to emphasize. Compare: The criminal was caught by the police. The police caught the criminal. The first sentence describes the criminal s experience, whereas the second describes the police s. As always, check with your instructor. 3. Headings: CMS and Turabian styles offer an optional heading format. If you prefer to use your own, make sure that it is consistent. Check with your instructor to make sure he or she does not prefer you use a different style. Level 1 heading Level 2 heading Level 3 heading Centered, Boldface or Italic Type, Headline-style Capitalization Centered, Regular Type, Headline-style Capitalization Flush Left, Boldface or Italic Type, Headline-style

10 10 Level 4 heading Level 5 heading Capitalization Flush left, roman type, sentence-style capitalization Run in at beginning of paragraph (no blank line after), boldface or italic type, sentence-style capitalization, terminal period. Beat Generation (Level 3) Contemporary Literature (Level 1) What Are the Major Movements? (Level 2) Significant figures, elements, and events (Level 4) Kerouac as the leader. The role of founding Beat Generation poet was filled by Jack Kerouac (Level 4) 4. Block Quotations: Any quotation that is five lines or longer should be offset from the text, single-spaced, indented in its entirety four spaces from the left margin with no quotation marks at the beginning or end. Do not indent the first line of the block quotation. However, if the block quotation contains several paragraphs, indent subsequent paragraphs. For example: Recognizing the role the hegemony plays in defining the limits of identity-claims, fracturing them into warring, disparate entities, is absolutely essential to deconstructing sexuality and gender. Furthermore, it is equally important to expose the role of the hegemony in the classroom: to glorify hetero (meaning other or different ) sexual (referring to sex both in its so-called biological and cultural forms and sexual orientation) normalcy. Katherine Raymond, author of Reflections on Sexual Non-Identity, argued that it s hard enough to be queer in a heterosexist, homophobic society, and to feel the pressure of constantly asserting your sexuality, as a defined entity, in a society where straightness as the unmasked term, is assumed until proven otherwise. It s hard enough to be unsure what exactly this monolithic sexual identity of yours is, and constantly wonder whether it makes sense to out yourself, again and again in an endless stream of new situations, when it s not even clear exactly what you re outing. It s bad enough

11 11 feeling like you re living a lie if you allow straight people to assume you re totally straight and gay people to assume you re totally gay Signal / Lead-in Verbs: When you use a source in your writing, demonstrate your evaluation of the source's reliability by carefully choosing a signal verb to show your understanding of the author's purpose, intentions, and the degree to which he affirms his or her statement. By using signal verbs, you let readers know the context in which the source's statement should be viewed. The following page contains a list of examples (in past tense). accepted acknowledged added affirmed agreed argued asserted believed cautioned challenged claimed commented contended contradicted conceded declared denied described disagreed discussed disputed emphasized endorsed explained granted highlighted implied insisted maintained negated noted observed outlined proposed refuted rejected reported responded showed suggested thought urged verified wrote/written For example: In Das Kapital, Karl Marx insisted that Capitalism would alienate the working class from the surplus value its labor created. 1 III. ADDITIONAL RESOURCES A. CMU Virtual Reference Collection, Style Guides: B. University of Wisconsin Writing Center: C. Purdue University s Online Writing Lab (OWL): D. CMU Writing Center: Park Library 400 ( ); Anspach 003 ( ); Wheeler Hall basement ( ) E.