ECOLOGY UNIT 2--F98: ECOLOGY HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE WHAT IS IT??? DEFINE DISCIPLINE INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF OLOGIES
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1 UNIT 2--F98: ECOLOGY CHAPTERS IN TEXT READ CHAPTERS 48, 49 FIRST CHAPTERS 46, 47, 50 FOLLOW HAND-OUT NOTES ALPINE TUNDRA ALPINE BOREAL FOREST--CLINGMANS DOME WHAT IS IT??? DEFINE DISCIPLINE INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF OLOGIES HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ARISTOTLE--4 th CENT B.C. ATTEMPTS TO EXPLAIN PLAGUES OF MICE & LOCUSTS CYCLES OF POPULATIONS HIGH/LOWS TIED TO WEATHER CONDITIONS NATURAL HISTORY APPROACH VARIOUS WORKERS: s TO PRESENT ECOLOGY SCIENCE WHICH FORMULATES AND TESTS HYPOTHESES ABOUT ENVIRONMENTS NOT SYNONYMOUS WITH ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS, I.E., CONSERVATION EARTH DAY--APRIL 22,
2 ECOLOGY: THE STUDY OF RELATIONSHIPS ERNST HAECKEL (1866) THOREAU (1858)-USED WORDS IN VARIOUS LETTERS, NOT DEFINITION OTHER PUBLICAITONS RE: ISSUES IN 1600 s, 1700 s ECOLOGY: DEFINITION THE STUDY OF RELATIONSHIPS OF ORGANISMS......TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT ODUM: THE STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF NATURE THE SCIENCE OF THE LIVING ENVIRONMENT CHAS. KREBS THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF THE ABUNDANCE DISTRIBUTION OF ORGANISMS LEAVES OUT RELATIONSHIPS--- INTERACTIONS THAT DETERMINE THE DIST/ABUND OF ORGANISMS REAL ISSUES IN NATURE WHERE ARE THE ORGANISMS??? HOW MANY ARE THERE?? WHY??? WHAT ARE THE FACTORS THAT AFFECT DISTRIBUTION??? BASIC APPROACHES TO ECOLOGICAL STUDY DESCRIPTIVE NATURAL HISTORY APPROACH FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIPS, IDENTIFICATION & ANALYSIS OF PROBLEMS COMMON TO ALL AREAS POPULATION & COMMUNITY STUDY EVALUATE CAUSE/EFFECT RESPONSES OF POPULATIONS/COMMUNITIES TO ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE ALLOWS US TO ASK--HOW DOES THE SYSTEM OPERATE??? BASIC APPROACHES (CONT D) EVOLUTIONARY ORGANSISMS ARE HISTORICAL PRODUCT OF EVOLUTIONARY PORCESS & INTERACTION ALLOWS FOR STUDY OF ULTIMATE CAUSES WHY NAT. SELECTION FAVORS A PARTICULAR ADAPTATION WHY DOES NAT. SEL. FAVOR A PARTICULAR ECOLOGICAL SOLUTION?? 2
3 PORTION OF EARTH S SURFACE AND ATMOSPHERE WHICH CONTAIN LIVING SYSTEMS LIKENED TO THE SKIN OF AN APPLE TO TOTAL VOLUME OF EARTH BIOLOGICAL HIERARCHY BIOSPHERE ECOSYSTEM COMMUNITY POPULATION INDIVIDUAL. ATOM BIOLOGICAL HIERARCHY ECOLOGY PRIMARILY CONCRNED WITH 3-4 LEVELS ECOSYSTEM COMMUNITY POPULATION GOOD ECOLOGISTS HAVE FOUNDATIONAL UNDERSTANDING OF ALL LEVELS CONCEPT OF ECOSYSTEM AN AREA IN NATURE...WHERE THERE IS INTERACTION......AND EXCHANGE OF MATERIALS ENERGY & NUTRIENTS BETWEEN BIOTIC (LIVING) AND ABIOTIC (NON-LIVING) COMPONETS ENERGY FLOW IN AN ECOSYSTEM 3
4 ECOSYSTEMS: STRUCTURE & FUNCTION EXCHANGE OF MATERIALS ENERGY NUTRIENTS TROPHIC STRUCTURE AUTOTROPHS PHOTOAUTOTROPHS--SUNLIGHT ENERGY; GREEN PLANTS CHEMOAUTOTROPHS--CHEMICAL En; CERTAIN BACTERIA HETEROTROPHS ANIMALS ; GET ENERGY FROM EXTERNAL (OTHER ORGANISM) SOURCES TROPHIC STRUCTURE AUTOTROPHS PRODUCERS PRIMARY PRODUCERS--CAPTURE ENERGY FROM SUNLIGHT TRANSFORM SUNLIGHT En TO SOME OTHER FORM OF CHEMICAL En USEFUL TO ORGANISMS SUGARS, STARCH, ATP HETEROTROPHS CONSUMERS TROPHIC STRUCTURE HETEROTROPHS PRIMARY CONSUMES HERBIVORES SECONDARY PRODUCERS En SOURCE: FROM PRIMARY PRODUCERS-- GREEN PLANTS SECONDARY CONSUMERS CARNINVOIRS En SOURCE: PRIMARY CONSUMERS TROPHIC STRUCTURE TERTIARY CONSUMERS CARNIVORES En SOURCE: PRIMARY/SECONDARY CARNIVORES, HERBIVORES DECOMPOSERS DETRITIVORES BACTERIA, FUNGI En SOURCE: DEAD ORGANISMS (DEAD ORGANIC MATTER) 4
5 TROPHIC STRUCTURE PRODUCERS CONSUMERS DECOMPOSERS ENERGY FLOW LOWER TROPHIC LEVEL NEXT HIGHEST TROPHIC LEVEL CROSS-FEEDING BETWEEN TROPHIC LEVELS BY CARNIVORES FOOD CHAIN FOOD WEB CONCEPT ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS TRIANGLE CONCEPT ONE TROPHIC LEVEL, WITH GREATER ENERGY, BELOW NEXT HIGHEST TROPHIC LEVEL ENERGY PYRAMID: ALWAYS LARGEST AT BOTTOM OLD FIELD FOOD WEB ENERGY PYRAMID ENERGY PYRMAMID DECOMPOSERS SECONDARY PRODUCERS HERBIVORS PRIMARY PRODUCERS 5
6 ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS ENERGY BIOMASS NUMBERS NUMBERS PYRAMIDS SIMILAR SHAPE TO ENERGY & BIOMASS PYRAMIDS SHAPE DETERMINED BY SAME LAWS THAT GOVERN ENERGY & BIOMASS PYRAMIDS ALL BASED UPON ENERGY TRANSFER & EFFICIENCY BIOMASS PYRAMID NUMBERS PYRAMID TRIANGULAR SHAPE LARGER BASE---WHY??? BASED UPON LAWS OF ENERGY TRANSFER, UTILIZATION BY NEXT HIGHEST TROPHIC LEVEL BIOMASS PYRAMID BIOMASS AND (NUMBERS) PYRAMID 6
7 ENERGY TRANSFER EFFICIENCY ENERGY BUDGET 10% EFFICIENT BETWEEN TROPHIC LEVELS WHAT HAPPENS TO OTHER 90%??? HOW IS IT DISPERSED IS IT LOST??? ACCOUNT FOR IT ENERGY PYRAMID DECOMPOSERS SECONDARY PRODUCERS HERBIVORS PRIMARY PRODUCERS ENERGY FLOW: 10 % EFFICIENCY NUTRIENT TRANSFER & RECYCLING NUTRIENTS, SUCH AS NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS, ETC. FLOW THROUGH ECOSYSTEM AS PART OF BIOMASS FOLLOW FLOW OF ENERGY ARE RECYCLED (BACK INTO SOIL) BY DECOMPOSERS NITROGEN CYCLE ECOSYSTEMS DYNAMICS ENERGY TRANSFERED BETWEEN TROPHIC LEVELS 10% EFFICIENCY 90% DISPERSED (HEAT, DEAD ORGANIC MATTER) NUTRIENTS TRANSFERED BETWEEN TROPHIC LEVELS RECYCLED FROM DEAD ORGANIC MATTER BY DECOMPOSERS 7
8 NUTRIENT BUDGET & RECYCLING GRAZING FOOD WEB DETRITAL FOOD WEB BIOACCUMULATION/ BIOCONCENTRATION ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS (CHEMICALS) CONCENTRATE IN BIOLOGICAL TISSUES FATTY TISSUE OF ORGANISMS NOT BROKEN DOWN BY METABOLISM OF ORGANISM TEND TO REMAIN IN BODY TISSUE FOR A LONG TIME (BIOCONCENTRATE) DDT (INSECTICIDE) APPLIED IN SMALL AMOUNTS TO SWAMPS FOR CONTROL INSECTS (MOSQUITOES) CONCENTRATIONS OF 0.01 PPM ABSORBED BY GREEN ALGAE--PRIMARY PRODUCES OF AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM EATEN BY WATER BUGS, WHO ARE FED UPON BY SMALL FISH SMALL FISH EATEN BY LARGER FISH LARGE FISH EATEN BY MAN DDT BIOCONCENTRATES IN FATTY TISSUE THROUGH OUT FOOD CHAIN HEALTH EFFECTS ON MAN??? 8
9 OSPREY: POPULATIONS HAVE SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED IN NUMBER SINCE THE BANNING OF CERTAIN PESTISIDES, SUCH AS DDT & RELATED CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS (I.E., PCBs) 9
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