Definitions. Metamorphic Rock. heat, pressure, and fluid activity into a new rock ( daughter ). - "Meta"= Change (Grk) - "Morph"= form (Grk)
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1 Metamorphic Rocks Definitions Metamorphic Rock - "Meta"= Change (Grk) - "Morph"= form (Grk) - a rock that has been changed from its original form ( parent ) by heat, pressure, and fluid activity into a new rock ( daughter ).
2 Heat Sources Include... Magma - temperature of magma - composition of magma Geothermal gradient - temperature increases with depth of burial - core of Earth is warmer than outer crust
3 Uniform Pressure vs Directed Pressure Lithostatic - "Lithos"= rock, static= unchanged (pressure) - uniform (aka non-directed) - equal intensity from all directions by rocks
4 Directed Pressure one direction of squeezing is much stronger than the others Minerals align themselves to reduce stress.
5 Types of Metamorphism Contact - caused by igneous activity Dynamic - aka cataclastic - associated with faults & earthquake zones Regional - caused by tremendous pressures associated with tectonic plate activity
6 Contact Metamorphism Igneous Intrusions - size and type of magma important > mafic magma hotter than felsic - heat decreases away from magma > forms a zone of altered country rocks called Aureoles Sometimes creates a metamorphic rock called a hornfels -in essence a cooked rock
7
8 Dynamic Metamorphism aka Cataclastic Metamorphism associated with Fault Zones - Places where the Earth's crust ruptured - Rock pulverized > heat and pressure come from movement along the Fault resultant rock is known as a Mylonite
9 Regional Metamorphism Most common form of metamorphism caused by large scale forces - lithospheric plate collision covers very large areas - metamorphic belts or zones - Zones are characterized by Index Minerals > form under specific temperatures and pressures > metamorphic facies commonly associated with - Shields shields: and stable Mountains: areas areas of crystalline of crystalline rocks rocks
10 Shields of the World
11 Foliated Metamorphic Textures - Folios = page or leaf-like - rock has distinct banding or layering > often not smooth like in sedimentary rocks - formed under directed pressure Non-foliated - no distinct layering character - often a massive crystalline texture - formed under uniform pressures
12 Foliated Texture
13 Foliated Textures Slatey - looks like blackboard > dull surface - smooth, thin layering - breaks into flat slabs > referred to as slatey cleavage - no mineral grains visible Phyllitic - looks like waxed surface > has a "sheen" to it - may have little "waves" on surface > referred to as crenulations - some small grains visible Schistose - distinct bands of minerals - visible grains mineral grains > garnets, staurolites - may have shiny appearance > due to mica minerals Gneissic - larger grains - may look like igneous rock - may have crude banding > intensely distorted - different minerals than schistose
14 Foliated MM Rocks slate phyllite schist gneiss MM Rocks that could form as a shale (sedimentary) parent rock is MM Rocks that could form as a shale (sedimentary) parent rock is exposed to increasing directed pressure and temperature
15 Non-foliated Rocks Marble: - metamorphosed limestone Quartzite: - metamorphosed quartz sandstone
16 Environment of Formation- EOF look for specific minerals Map out where those minerals are found reconstruct T & P for given minerals Find a modern setting that has similar T & P using Uniformitarianism
17 Metamorphic Zones
18 Metamorphic Zones-Map
19 Metamorphic Facies distinctive metamorphic lithologies that occur in well defined areas and named after the key rocks found
20 Metamorphic Zones Metamorphism is common along most plate boundaries like this.
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