Uneven-aged management and climate change
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1 Uneven-aged management and climate change Sauli Valkonen & Riikka Piispanen FFRI (METLA)
2 Contents 1. Resilience mixed stands, complexity winthrow Heterobasidion Ips typographus 2. Carbon balance stand density and growth better wood, more use in sustainable products soil carbon retention no site preparation 3. Source of sustainable wood products
3 Principal methods, spruce: Single tree and group selection Juha Varhi
4 Principal methods, pine: A hybrid of two-storied and selection Satu Rantala
5 1. Resilience mixed stands, complexity wind, snow Heterobasidion Ips typographus
6 Intolerant species cannot thrive in spruce selection stands no regeneration no growth, no survival very heavy selection harvest (G < 8 m 2 /ha) helps only temporarily LARGE gaps required Metla/Erkki Oksanen
7 Spruce predominance in selection stands Spruce tends to invade and take over all sites, except the very poorest (rocky outcrops, sand) Riikka Piispanen Erkki Salo
8 Spruce predominance in selection stands Natural succession at work: spruce invasion at its final stages (a reserve in this case) Riikka Piispanen Riikka Piispanen
9 Continuous-cover management with pine single tree selection will not work with the intolerant species a hybrid between uneven-aged and two-storied systems harvest to regenerate (shelterwood) rapid emergence of pine regeneration little or no problems with spruce retention of large trees for continuous cover throughout development Sauli Valkonen
10 UEAM with broadleaves and mixed stands? very low stand density required for intolerants (birch, aspen, oak ) more tolerant broadleaves easier (lime, maple, rowan ) spruce invasion! Sauli Valkonen
11 Patch harvesting for intolerant species rather large gaps required: with d>50 m SOME birch can grow at patch center partial harvest in edge stands Juhani Mäkinen
12 Solution: combine selection and patches to sustain species diversity Juha Varhi
13 Wind and snow Metla/Erkki Oksanen Stands with repeated selection harvests and constantly low growing stock: NOT SUSCEPTIBLE Strong thinning/selection in a dense stand (e.g. for conversion): SUSCEPTIBLE
14 Wind and snow Small gaps within forest matrix: NOT SUSCEPTIBLE Narrow tree belts around gaps, especially when bordering on open areas: SUSCEPTIBLE
15 Root rot (particularly Heterobasidion) If there is H. the stand, it s not suited for UEAM remains in infected stumps and roots will infect seedlings If it s not in the stand yet, invasion can be prevented harvesting in cold season only - but shorter winters ahead Metla/Erkki Oksanen
16 European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) accepts large spruces only thrives at sun-drenched stand edges with heat-stressed and windtrown large trees = clearcut edges uneven-aged stands less susceptible shaded conditions small trees present and spared but some risk exists with poor tree vigor e.g. large weakened trees released to stand alone in heavy selection harvests Juha Siitonen
17 2. Carbon balance growing stock and growth soil carbon retention no site preparation
18 Volume growth Conclusions from experiments (FIN, SWE, NOR) reasonably high growth rates for years with several selection harvests but lower level than in evenaged (planted) spruce stands uneven-aged management is not the way to maximize volume production but its economics may still be OK it depends Volume growth m 3 ha -1 year uneven-aged even-aged Uneven-aged: ERIKA plots, 20-year period Even-aged: a rotation (70 years) of planted spruce (Tapio s best practice)
19 Uneven-aged stands CAN and MUST be thinned heavily regeneration, vigor of saplings and smaller trees economy (low standing stock = higher relative return (ROCE %) Metla/Erkki Oksanen
20 Key to sustainable production in selection stands: vigorous smaller trees high capability to speed up growth after partial release good stand growth after strong thinning/ selection harvest high resilience to damages Riikka Piispanen
21 Most stands are currently even-aged - conversion problematic and risky Riikka Piispanen Many stands thinned from below and advance growth cleared for easier harvesting no vigorous smaller trees Riikka Piispanen Structural elements often present but problematic (e.g. spruce on poor site)
22 3. UEAM as a response to ecological capacity and wood quality Aim: Increasing production efficiency and coping with climate change, while ensuring sustainability and resilience Riikka Piispanen
23 Wood density (kgm -3 ) Annual ring width (mm) Wood density (kgm -3 ) Annual ring width (mm) Forest management Growth rate (annual ring width) Wood density Wood quality Radius at 0.6 m mm Riikka Piispanen/Metla 86.3 mm Cambial age (ring number from the pith) 0
24 Wood density in UEA spruce Piispanen et al Can. J. For. Res.
25 UAS EAS Without d/d dom with d/d dom without d/d dom with d/d dom Coefficient of determination 47 % 53 % 49 % 49 % Relative importance Ring width Cambial age Ring width Cambial age d/d dom Site Plot Tree Calendar year Residual variation Sum
26 Product properties Uneven-aged Norway spruce Good material for panels and joinery Cannot yield large volumes of strong beams and planks needed for load-bearing structures with high strength standard Scots pine Excellent material for mechanical processing? Even-aged Norway spruce First commercial thinning pulp wood, fibres Final cutting All production lines Scots pine Too fertile soil for pine and low planting density following thinning from below Low quality with large branches, not suitable for construction wood
27 Scenario with quality aspects High quality Flop Riikka Piispanen Sauli Valkonen Riikka Piispanen
28 Management orientation for future value added products? Pulp wood Pekka Saranpää/Metla? Long fibres from the outer part of the stem Strong beams and planks Do we concentrate on high wood quality production for the demand of construction industry? Small branches High wood density High MOE Large diameter timber
29 More info Sauli Valkonen Finnish Forest Research Institute (Metla) P.O.Box 18, FI Vantaa tel Riikka Piispanen
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This document is scheduled to be published in the Federal Register on 12/24/2014 and available online at http://federalregister.gov/a/2014-30158, and on FDsys.gov [3410-11- P] DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE