Theoretical study of the application of Phase Change Materials (PCM) on the envelope of a typical dwelling in Cyprus

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1 Archimedes Solar Energy Laboratory (ASEL) Theoretical study of the application of Phase Change Materials (PCM) on the envelope of a typical dwelling in Cyprus Gregoris P. Panayiotou, Soteris A. Kalogirou, and Savvas A. Tassou 8 th of October 2013 POEM Conference, Nicosia

2 Presentation Outline Introduction Main Aim Model Design Input Data Methodology Results and Discussion Conclusions

Introduction Thermal storage in building envelopes inclusion or integration of PCM General principle of operation of PCM: they store heat using their chemical bonds when they change phase from liquid

3 Introduction Thermal storage in building envelopes inclusion or integration of PCM General principle of operation of PCM: they store heat using their chemical bonds when they change phase from liquid to solid and release heat in the opposite way. Suitable melting temperature range for buildings: o C. Great potential on reducing the energy for covering heating and (mainly) cooling demands in Cyprus. Microencapsulated PCM can be included into construction materials such as concrete (new buildings). Macroencapsulated PCM can be applied over conventional brick structures (existing buildings).

4 Main Aim In this work the effect of the application of PCM in the thermal behavior of a typical dwelling in Cyprus will be theoretically investigated using a suitable model of TRNSYS software. Due to the complexity of the model used the simulations are carried out for a test cubicle and the results are then extrapolated for the typical dwelling. It should be noted that this is the first time the application of such materials is evaluated for Cyprus.

5 Model Design TRaNsient SYstem Simulation (TRNSYS) PCM model: Type1270 (Thermal Energy System Specialists, TESS) Building model: Type56 Type1270 is designed to interact with Type56 and can model a PCM located in any position in the thickness of a Type56 wall. Two options for setting the physical properties of the PCM the manual option and the built-in option. The PCM layer can be applied in any structural element of a house such as external walls, internal walls and roof. In this work the model will only be applied to the external walls and the roof.

6 Input Data Test Cubicle Airnode 1 (North) 3 m Test building Airnode 4 (West) T PCM_W On top: Airnode 5 (Horizontal roof) T PCM_H 2 m Airnode 3 (East) T PCM_E Position of the PCM layer Airnode 2 (South) T PCM_S Outside Outside Inside Where: 1: Inner boundary wall 2: PCM layer 3: Outer boundary wall 4: External wall Outside Inside Where: 1: Inner boundary wall 2: PCM layer 3: Outer boundary wall 4: External wall Inside Where: 1: Inner bou 2: PCM layer 3: Outer bou 4: External w Physical properties and characteristics of the PCM Melting temperature * 29ºC Product M27 M51 M91 Weight per unit area (kg/m 2 ) Total unit thickness (mm) Dimensions/Width (mm) Latent heat storage capacity (J/g) ** Outside Inside

7 Methodology Basic case : the building is considered to have no insulation installed. The simulation is carried out for a complete typical year (8,760 hours). Energy rate control test: total energy demand for heating and cooling. Temperature level control: fluctuation of internal mean air temperature. The insulated cubicle is combined with the optimum PCM case and the temperature fluctuation is calculated.

8 POSITION III POSITION II POSITION I Results and Discussion_1 Heating and cooling energy PCM MATERIAL Q HEAT Q COOL Q HEAT Q COOL Q HEAT Q COOL Heating and cooling demand per m 2 (kwh/yr m 2 ) Total energy demand (kwh/yr m 2 ) savings per m 2 (kwh/yr m 2 ) Total energy savings (kwh/yr m 2 ) Heating and cooling energy savings percentage per m 2 (% kwh/yr m 2 ) 15.30% 32.97% 15.32% 33.19% 15.35% 33.38% Total energy savings percentage (% kwh/yr m 2 ) 21.65% 21.74% 21.83% Heating and cooling demand per m 2 (kwh/yr m 2 ) Total energy demand (kwh/yr m 2 ) Heating and cooling energy savings per m 2 (kwh/yr m 2 ) Total energy savings (kwh/yr m 2 ) Heating and cooling energy savings percentage per m 2 (% kwh/yr m 2 ) 14.93% 33.00% 14.96% 33.17% 15.01% 33.44% Total energy savings percentage (% kwh/yr m 2 ) 21.43% 21.50% 21.63% Heating and cooling demand per m 2 (kwh/yr m 2 ) Total energy demand (kwh/yr m 2 ) Heating and cooling energy savings per m 2 (kwh/yr m 2 ) Total energy savings (kwh/yr m 2 ) Heating and cooling energy savings percentage per m 2 (% kwh/yr m 2 ) 23.53% 37.31% 23.55% 37.42% 23.57% 37.52% The results of the energy rate control simulation for the base case are the following: the energy demand for heating is kWh/m 2 yr, for cooling is kWh/m 2 yr and the overall energy demand is kWh/m 2 yr. Total energy savings percentage (% kwh/yr m 2 ) 28.49% 28.54% 28.59%

9 Results and Discussion_2 Examined case Insulation case Combined case Q HEAT Q COOL Q HEAT Q COOL Heating and cooling demand per m 2 (kwh/yr m 2 ) Total energy demand (kwh/yr m 2 ) Heating and cooling energy savings per m 2 (kwh/yr m 2 ) Total energy savings (kwh/yr m 2 ) Heating and cooling energy savings percentage per m 2 (% kwh/yr m 2 ) 75.78% 34.52% 66.13% 66.26% Total energy savings percentage (% kwh/yr m 2 ) 60.95% 66.17%

10 Results and Discussion_3

Results and Discussion_4 The LCA is carried out for a complete typical dwelling of Cyprus by extrapolating the results of the energy rate control

11 Results and Discussion_4 The LCA is carried out for a complete typical dwelling of Cyprus by extrapolating the results of the energy rate control of the test cubicle. Cost of the optimum PCM case: 22,490. Payback period:14 ½ years Cost of the combined case: 23,259. Payback period: 7 ½ years

12 Conclusions Optimum energy savings achieved by applying a PCM material: 28.59%. PCM in combination with thermal insulation: energy saving of 66.17%. During winter conditions the optimum solution is the insulation only case (2.5-3 o C) followed by the combined case (2-2.5 o C). During summer time the optimum solution is the combined case (3-5ºC). The results show that the PCM only case is not considered to be a very attractive solution, in monetary terms, due to the high initial cost. It would be very interesting if in the near future an experimental unit is setup so as to validate the results of this work experimentally. The application of such material in Cyprus is very attractive and advantageous since they operate very well in the specific weather conditions of Cyprus.

13 THANK YOU FOR THE ATTENTION! QUESTIONS! ANSWERS! Contact: Tel.:

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