Outline. Thermal storage for low carbon buildings. Effect of global warming on design summer year. Environment impacts of buildings
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1 Thermal storage for low carbon buildings Kenneth Ip Centre for Sustainability of the Built Environment Outline Background Basic principles of thermal storage in buildings Recent thermal storage projects undertaken by CSBE Conclusions School of Environment and Technology Built Environment Division Kenneth Ip Environment impacts of buildings Effect of global warming on design summer year Buildings consume or are responsible for 4% of the world's total energy use 35% of the world s CO 2 emissions 3% of raw materials consumption 5% of ozone-depleting 4% of municipal solid waste. In the UK approx. 5% total energy consumption and CO 2 emissions Over 2% used to maintain indoor thermal comfort Based on records of past 25 years (Source: Worldwatch Paper #124, UK DTI statistics) DUNSTER, B. (25) UK Housing and climate change - heavy weight vs. lightweight construction, London, Ove Arup & Partners Ltd. Solution for summer overheating? Impact of global warming to thermal comfort Domestic living room Source:B&Q web site CIBSE (25) TM36 Climate change and the indoor environment: impacts and adaptation, London, CIBSE. 1
2 Lightweight Impact of global warming to thermal comfort 1 Shading at 95% + ventilation up to 6 air changes per hour Lightweight Design options for applying thermal storage in buildings Mediumweight Heavyweight Heavyweight DUNSTER, B. (25) UK Housing and climate change - heavy weight vs. lightweight construction, London, Ove Arup & Partners Ltd. Basic options: Seasonal or diurnal storage Sensible heat or/and latent heat storage Sensible thermal storage for buildings By increasing/decreasing the temperature of storage medium without phase change Key factors: temperature difference, specific heat capacity Examples of storage media: concrete, brick, water Latent heat storage By latent heat due to phase change of storage medium Key factors: latent heat capacity, phase change temperature Potential added benefit: improved thermal comfort Examples of storage media (phase change materials PCM): salt hydrates and organic wax What are phase change materials (PCM)? Common PCMs used are organic paraffin waxes and inorganic salt hydrates, encapsulated in numerous different media Storage capacity kj//kg Benefits of using PCM 334 Note 284 Figures are for 1 kg of material with 252 a temperture rise of 1 degree kelvin Water Stone Concrete EPS LTD A4 Climator C24 Cristopia TEAP TH Rubitherm Glaubers salt PCM PCM SN6 PCM PCM S27 PCM PCM Material High thermal storage capacity Phase change temperature can be used to maintain thermal comfort 2
3 Recent thermal storage research projects A. Seasonal thermal storage sensible heat 1. Earth-sheltered buildings - Earthship 2. Ground heat exchanger - Earthduct B. Diurnal thermal storage latent heat 3. Solar PCM underfloor space heating 4. Solar/heatpump PCM hot/chilled water storage 5. PCM wallcovering 1. Seasonal storage: Earthship Location: Stanmer Park, Brighton (EU Durabuild case study) Earthship in Stanmer Park, Brighton Thermal storage by solid wall behind glass Thermal storage by rammed-earth tyre-wall 3
4 Temperature monitoring Rear wall in Main room Side wall in kitchen Soil temperature sensors at different depths and heights Provide a thermal grid of the Earthship N Hut module Earthship Monitoring Nest module / main room Conservatory / sun space 1 metre Soil temp Air temp humidity Solar Weather station and datalogger Photovoltaic panel Dome solarimeter Ambient air temperature sensor solar radiation in kw.m Measured Data: Global radiation and internal air temperatures Conservatory air temperature Main room air temperature External air temperature Global solar radiation temp in C Data logger 8/1/5 8/1/5 9/1/5 1/1/5 1/1/5 11/1/5 11/1/5 12/1/5 date Building unfinished, not occupied. little planting Temperature band Computer thermal simulation Building unfinished, not occupied, little planting Average Store Temperature Degrees Celcius o C Weeks from
5 Eco-heaven: a 5, mud house (Sunday Times 22 nd April 27) The 16 buildings hillside overlooking the Channel near Brighton marina, called Earthships.. made of mud, old tyres and tin cans.britain s first selfsustaining eco-houses.. as much as 5, for three bedrooms Electricity will be provided by wind turbines and solar panels. One metre thick outside walls will be made of earth-filled tyres Internal partitions will be made from old bottles and cans 2. Seasonal storage: Earthduct Source: Soil temperature - Brighton Soil Temperature profile Brighton (1-1m depth) 2 SoilT@1m SoilT@1m SoilT@2m SoilT@3m SoilT@4m 16 SoilT@5m First UK application - Butterfield Business Village, near Luton Temperature (oc)
6 Butterfield Business Village Feb 27 Performance evaluation Lack of design information although acknowledged as a Low or Zero Carbon Emission technology Current study Review of thermal models Analysis by computer thermal simulation Measurement and validation Performance optimisation Evaluate for potential use in the UK Temperature(oC) Simulated results of outlet air temperatures (a) Outlet air temperature for different tube diameter (3m Length, 2m depth, air-velocity 4m/s) 3 TAmbt. 1cm 2cm 5cm 6cm 8cm Temperature (oc) (b) Outlet air temperature for different tube lengths (.4m diameter, 4m/s air velocity, 2m depth) 3 3m TAmbt. 4m 5m 6m 7m 8m 3. Diurnal storage: Solar phase change thermal storage underfloor space heating Temperature (oc) Time(hrs) (C) Outlet temperature for different air velocity (.4m diameter, 4m/s air velocity, 2m depth) 3 TAmbt ms 4ms 5ms 6ms 8ms Temperature (oc) (d) Outlet air temperature for various depoths (3m length, 4 m/s air velocity,.4m diameter) 3 1m m 4m 3m TAmbt Experimental setup Solar panel and weather station 6
7 Recording and control equipment Test box Underfloor pcm module Heat exchange to pcm Results Results being analysed 4. Phase change thermal storage hot and chilled water Partner of an EU funded project - Endohouse Graph To Show Surface Floor Temperature Over Time Using A Solar Thermal PCM Space Heating System on 2/6/2 Graph To Show Solar Panel Water Temperature Output Over Time 2/6/2 8:43 9:23 1:3 1:43 11:23 12:3 12:43 13:23 :3 15:23 16:13 16:53 17:33 :13 :53 19:33 2:13 2:53 21:33 22:13 22:53 23:33 :13 :53 1:33 2:13 2:53 3:33 4:13 4:53 5:33 6:13 6:53 7:33 8:13 8:43 9:3 9:23 9:43 1:3 1:23 1:43 11:3 11:23 11:53 12:13 12:33 12:53 13:13 13:33 13:53 :13 :33 :53 15:13 15:33 15:53 16:13 16:33 16:53 17:13 17:33 17:53 Surface Floor Temperature C Temperature C Time Time 7
8 Phase change temperature C irculating pum p Circulating pump Cold store Cold store Heat distribution system Cooling system Heat pum p Heat pump Phase change region H ot w ater store Hot water Hot water store Hot water Hot store Hot store.42 kg/s temperature range 25 o C - 7 o C.19 kg/s temperature range 2 o C -.4 kg/s temperature range 19 o C - 68 o C M ains w ater M a in s w a ter PCM store inlet temperature 4 C - 71 C flow rate.42 kg/s 8 Temperature gap PCM temperature start point 7 o C PCM temperature start point 63 oc PCM temperature start point 57 o Phase change region Phase change temperature PCM store inlet temperature 1 o C flow rate.2 kg/s PCM temperature start point 53 o C Phase change region Flow from H/W cylinder to PCM Return from PCM store to H/W cylinder Temperature gap.38 kg/s temperature range 21 o C - 68 o C Heat pump - heating & cooling Mode 1: Charging Heating M ode Endothermic System Operation Mode 2: Delivery Prototype - PCM thermal store Mode 3: Backup Integrated roof collector Hot Water C ooling M ode Cooling Heating Store size reduced by up to 8% Cold Store Heatpump Hot Store Backup system 2m 3 Cold (-2C): 2m 3 Hot (3-5C): Average PCM temperature ( o C) Temperature ( o C) Results Percentage energy stored by PCM (%) 16 7% PCM 6% PCM Specific latent heat capacity % PCM kj/kg 1 8 4% PCM 6 3% PCM Temperature increase (deg C) 5. Diurnal storage: Phase change wallcovering To develop a Wallcovering containing PCM Funded by Teaching Company Scheme (now KTP) Industrial partner: Omnova Wallcovering Co. Ltd UOB Innovation award 26 Simulate optimum quantity of PCM Manufacturing of microencapsulated PCM Wallcovering North Microencapsulat ed PCM West kg kg kg kg kg kg kg kg 1.8 East Temperature (C) mm microencapsulated PCM Wallcovering South Date: Fri 1/Aug to Sun 31/Aug Air temperature: ROOM (londonheathrow-sf.aps) Dry-bulb temperature: (londonheathrow-sf.aps) 8
9 Performance evaluation Results being analysed C C ΔT = 3.61 C ΔT = 3.63 C C C 3. Temperature (deg.c) 25. b C ΔT =.52 C C Control chamber PCM chamber 2. a :43:53 19:38:53 21:33:53 23:28:53 1:23:53 3::53 5:13:53 7:8:53 9:3:53 1:58:53 12:53:53 :48:53 16:43:53 :38:53 2:33:53 22:28:53 :23:53 3::53 5:13:53 7:8:53 9:3:53 1:58:53 12:53:53 :48:53 16:43:53 :38:53 2:33:53 22:28:53 :23:53 2::53 4:13:53 6:8:53 8:3:53.5 C.43 C Time Conclusions Buildings are responsible for a significant proportion of greenhouse gas emissions Global warming is likely to cause summer overheating in some existing and new buildings New or refurbished buildings should be designed to avoid future dependence of air-conditioning to counteract summer overheating Thermal storage is a low or zero CO 2 emission technology for maintaining indoor thermal comfort. It can help to achieve the 6% UK CO 2 reduction target by 25 There are numerous research opportunities to explore novel and conventional thermal storage design options to enhance the sustainability of new and existing buildings Thermal storage group Thermal storage group Prof. Andrew Miller Dr. Kenneth Ip Ms. Dianne Dyball Mr. Abdullahi Ahmed Mr. Jonathan Gates For more information & publications Visit Centre for Sustainability of the Built Environment web site 9
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