Omic Science in Nutrition An Introduction

Transcription

1 Omic Science in Nutrition An Introduction Siswanto Pusat Teknologi Terapan Kesehatan dan Epidemiologi Klinik Badan Litbang Kesehatan Disampaikan pada Temu Ilmiah Internasional PERSAGI, 26 November 2014, The Sahid Rich Jogja Hotel Yogyakarta 1

2 Omic? The term omics represents the rigorous study of various collections of molecules, biological processes, physiologic functions and structures as systems. It deciphers the dynamic interactions between the numerous components of a biological system to analyze networks, pathways, and interactive relations that exist among them, such as genes, transcripts, proteins, metabolites, and cells 2

3 Vocabularies in omic Science Terms (vocabularies) in omic science Genomics the study of genomes Transcriptomics the study of m-rna Epigenomics the study of phenotype expression of gene Proteomics the study of protein formation and its functions Metabolomics the study of metabolite formation and its function Bioinformatics the study of bio-information related to human body functions 3

4 Monozygous twins share a common genotype and are genetically identical There is significant phenotypic discordance: Mental disorders Cancer Why??? 4

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6 Mitochondrial DNA is renponsible for a number of degenerative diseases (diabetes, cardiomyopathy, etc) Almost always inherited from the mother 6

7 Epigenetics 7

8 The dynamic interrelationship between bioactive food components and genes (DNA) for promoting a disease-free phenotype 8

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10 Basically, Epigenetics is the interaction of gene determination with nutrition, environment, exercise, and emotional health 10

11 Epigenetics The term epigenetics refers to changes in gene expression (active versus inactive genes) that does not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence; a change in phenotype without a change in genotype. Epigenetic change is a regular and natural occurrence but can also be influenced by several factors including age, the environment/lifestyle, and disease state. Mechanism of epigenetics: DNA methylation, histone modification and non-coding RNA (ncrna) 11

12 Modulation of Epigenetics for Disease Prevention and Theraputic Purposes 12

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14 Metabolic stress: including excessive energy intake, low physical activity, saturated fatty acids [SFAs] generating Type 2 DM 14

15 Nutrigenetics: the science of the effect of genetic variation on dietary response (ex: PKU / genetic disorder) Nutrigenomics: the science of the effect of nutrients and bioactive components on gene expression (ex: antioxidants) 15

16 Nutrigenetics, Nutrigenomic, Nutritional Epigenomics Nutrigenetics: genetic variation (i.e., SNPs, CNVs, VNTRs) that can affect how nutrient and non nutrient bioactives are assimilated, partitioned and utilized to impact metabolism and physiology Nutrigenomics: Diet that can change gene expression to influence network interactions and cellular information flow Nutritional epigenomics: Diet that modifies epigenetic modifications of chromatin (DNA methylation and histone acetylation) that can alter gene function and long term health outcomes 16

17 DNA Is Not Destiny The new science of epigenetics rewrites the rules of disease, heredity, and identity 17

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19 How nutritional intervention can modify genes expression for weight loss (nutrigenomics) 19

20 How gene mutation can affect nutrient metabolism (nutrigenomics) 20

21 Personalized Nutrition 21

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23 Contributions of metabolomic analysis to nutrigenomic and nutrigenetic research. 23

24 Functional Foods and Epigenetics Mechanism 24

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26 Mechanism of Epigenetics through Histone Modification 26

27 Diseases Programming Exposure to behavior, stress, temperature, species density, and radiation during the fetal and early childhood periods induce epigenetic changes in the offspring that persist across the lifespan. Physical exposures act primarily through tissue-specific DNA methylation or altered DNMT activity. Maternal supplementation with an antioxidant rich diet prior to and during pregnancy and lactation decreased the impact of concomitant radiation exposure on DNA methylation. 27

28 Conclusion Omic science is a new era to understand how physiological status (ill-health) can be understood at biomolecular level, including Food-omic The interaction of nutrition and genes to express physiological functions are consisting of nutrigenetics, nutrigenomics, and nutritional epigenetics DNA Is Not A Destiny, the new science of epigenetics rewrites the rules of disease, heredity, and identity To prevent diseases and to be healthy, it is important to understand someone genes, as a base of personalized nutrition 28

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