Ecosystems (Ch 20; p in ch. 18)
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1 Ecosystems (Ch 20; p in ch. 18) Interactions of organisms with each other and their environment: Driving force behind much of natural selection & evolution. Pivotal concept in biology.
2 The Ecosystem Concept Ecosystem: An interacting system consisting of all organisms plus the physical (abioltic) environment. Community: all the organisms present; the living component of an ecosystem. Ecology: Scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environment (p. 374). Different from 'environmentalism' (p. 374) But may help solve environmental problems.
3 Interactions Between Organisms (p ) Competition: Struggle for resources (light, nutrients, water, space, habitat, etc). Within & between species. both partners inhibited (p. 429) Mutualism: both partners benefit (p. 430). Mycorrhizae. Many plant-pollinator interactions. Corals. Lichens.
4 Interactions Between Organisms (p ) Herbivory: heterotroph consumes autotroph (p. 431). Plant-herbivore interactions: Defense mechanisms: thorns, tough leaves, distasteful or toxic substances. Predation A heterotroph kills & eats another (p. 430). Parasitism: (p. 432). Parasite: lives on, gets nourishment from host organism Often small or microscopic. Pathogen: disease-causing parasite. Autotrophs or heterotrophs may be parasitized.
5 Structure of Ecosystems: Trophic Structure (p. 422) Trophic = energy /feeding relationships. Energy enters ecosystem via photosynthesis. Flows through ecosystem as organisms consume each other. Trophic level = feeding level. Food chain: Sequence of energy transfer (feeding) from organism to organism (P. 432; Fig ).
6 Autotrophs or Producers (P.432): Photosynthetic autotrophs: Plants. Algae. Photosynthetic bacteria. Chemo-autotrophs: Certain bacteria. Energy Flow in Ecosystems: (p. 438) Primary Production (productivity): Energy captured by photosynthesis in an ecosystem. Or organic material (Biomass) accumulated as result of photosynthesis. Globally, roughly 165 billion tons.
7 Consumers or Heterotrophs (p.433): Consume food (originally manufactured by autotrophs) Herbivores Carnivores Parasites Omnivores Detritivores mainly animals: Scavenge non-living organic matter. Decomposers (especially fungi & bacteria) consume non-living organic matter.
8 Food Web (p. 434): Pattern of energy flow (feeding). Series of possible food chains. Consumers Sunlight Producers Decomposers & Detritivores
9 Energy Pyramids (p. 438): Energy losses limit the number of possible trophic levels Roughly 90% energy lost from one level of food chain to another. 3rd-level consumers Sunlight: Roughly 1% captured 2nd-level consumers 1st-level consumers Producers
10 Disturbances and Ecological: Succession (p. 436). Change in community over time. Ecological response to disturbance: Human-caused. Natural. Denuded or disturbed area: Plants & animals colonize, & species change over time. Disturbance & Succession occur in all ecosystems: Enhance diversity: more kinds of habitat. Primary Succession (p. 436): Succession begins in virtually lifeless area with no soil. Secondary succession: (p. 437). Soil, other remnants of former community remain. Usually faster than primary succession.
11 Example of Secondary Succession: Bare Ground after Logging in in East Texas Recently Disturbed: Bare Ground Pioneer Stage: weeds, annuals. Early succession Stages: Perennial herbs, Shrubs
12 Succession Example: After logging, East Texas Early/ Mid-succession: Trees (pines/ sweetgum) invade. Mid-succession: Pinedominated forest. Late succession (Climax): broadleaf hardwood trees (oak, beech).
13 Primary Succession: Tolbachik (Толбачик) Volcano, Kamchatka, Russia Summer 2010: Succession following 1975 eruption.
14 Chemical Cycling in Ecosystems: Biogeochemical (nutrient) Cycles: (P. 442) Energy flows through a system; materials (essential elements) recycle. Biogeochemical cycles: Water (p. 391) Oxygen Nitrogen (p. 442) Carbon (p. 441) Potassium Phosphorus (p. 441) Others Hydrologic (water) cycle
15 The Carbon Cycle (p. 395; p. 441) Global distribution of carbon: Organic carbon Living organisms (600 GT*). dead organisms & soil organic matter (1,600 GT). Atmosphere (766 GT; mostly as CO2) Dissolved carbon-forms in oceans & other waters (40,000 GT). Long term carbon storage: Fossil fuels (4,000 GT) Ocean sediments, limestone rocks, etc (100,000,000 GT). Main source:1-celled protists with calciumcarbonate-rich cell walls * GT = gigaton =1 billion tons.
16 The Carbon Cycle (p. 395; p. 441) Atmospheric CO2 Combustion Photosynthesis Respiration Feeding Decomposition Rock weathering Dissolved C Fossil fuels Sedimentation; Limestone, etc.
17 Greenhouse Gases & Global Warming (p 395) Human activity---disrupting respiration/ photosynthesis balance: Fossil fuel burning Deforestation CO2 buildup, increased heat trapping (Fig Result: climate change, climate instability, rising sea levels, & flooding. Solutions??
18 Human threats to the Biosphere Problem: loss of biodiversity (p. 426) Extinctions Loss of ecosystem services (water/ air purification, climate regulation, erosion control as ecosystems are degraded. Four main Causes of Declining Biodiversity: 1)Habitat destruction & fragmentation 2)Introduction of invasive species In E. TX: pigs, privet, water hyacinth, hydrilla, Chinese tallow tree, giant salvinia 3)Overexploitation 4)Pollution
19 The Root Cause: Ever Expanding Size & Dominance of Human Population (p. 426) Exponential human population growth since 1700's Urbanization (red): San Francisco area
20 How the Science of Ecology Can Help Conservation Biology Goal-oriented science seeking to understand & counter biodiversity loss. Identify biodiversity hot spots to focus on. Research to determine Minimum /optimum preserve sizes. Restoration ecology: ecological principals to develop methods of returning degraded areas to natural or functional state. Kissimmee river project, Fl, (p. 447). Landscape Ecology: applying ecological principals to study of land use patterns (p. 445). Goal: make ecosystem conservation part of land use planning. Importance of corridors connecting otherwise fragmented habitat patches (p. 445) Biophilia & an Environmental ethic (p. 448)
21 The End Version 13.04
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