ADVANCED PLACEMENT CHEMISTRY

Transcription

1 ADVANCED PLACEMENT CHEMISTRY AP Chemistry Course Objectives: The Canoga Park High School AP Chemistry course is designed to meet the requirements and curriculum of a year long, 2semester general chemistry course usually taken during the freshman year of college. This course gives the college freshmen second-year work in chemistry sequence at their institution or to register in courses in other fields where general chemistry is a pre-requisite. This course is structured around the six big ideas articulated in the AP Chemistry curriculum framework provided by the College Board. A special emphasis will be placed on the seven science practices, which capture important aspects of the work that scientists engage in, with learning objectives that combine content with inquiry and reasoning skills. AP Chemistry is open to all students that have completed a year of chemistry who wish to take part in a rigorous and academically challenging course. Advanced Placement Chemistry will meet the objectives of a good general chemistry course. Students in such a course can attain a depth of understanding of fundamentals and a reasonable competence in dealing with chemical problems. The course should contribute to the problem solving development that was learned in their prerequisite first year high school class and prepare them for college level classes that require such skills. The college course in general chemistry differs qualitatively from the usual first secondly school course in chemistry with respect to the kind of laboratory work done by students. Quantitative differences appear in the number of topics treated, the time spent on the course by students, and the nature and the variety of experiments done in the laboratory. Required Texts: Zumdahl, Steven and Susan Zumdahl. Chemistry, Seventh Edition. Belmont CA: Cengage Learning, Zumdahl Study Guide Zumdahl Experimental Chemistry All students must provide the following: Graphing Calculator 3 inch three-ring binder dedicated to AP Chemistry A composition lab book with graph paper Pen, Pencil, Paper, etc. Homework: Homework assignments will be assigned daily in both the regular class as well as the support/lab class. All assignments must be clearly identified by page number, assigned questions, and date. Answers must be clearly stated whether they are qualitative or quantitative (including units and significant figures). Each homework has a possible value of 10 points.

2 Exams & Quizzes: Exams will be given at the end of each of the 6 major units. Each exam will be worth 150 points with AP type multiple choice and free response questions. Quizzes, including pop quizzes will be given intermittently to assess the student s progress while covering the major topics. Labs/Experiments Students are expected to abide by all laboratory safety regulations. Safety glasses, gloves, and aprons will be provided and are required for most lab experiments. Approximately 25% of the course time will be spent on lab acitivities. At least 42 of 150 days will be devoted to lab experiments. Seven of the labs have been designated Guided Inquiry and are denoted with a double asterick (**) throughout the course outline. All lab reports will be written in ink in the student s laboratory notebook as required by the College Board. The lab notebook will be collected and graded the day after an experiment is completed. The format as suggested by the College board is as follows: A specific format will be given to the student for each lab. Students must follow that format and label all sections very clearly. AP Chemistry lab reports are much longer and more in depth than the ones completed in the first year chemistry course. Therefore, it is important that students don t procrastinate when doing pre-lab and postlab work. Late labs will not be accepted. Labs not completed in class must be done at lunch or before/ after school by appointment. Pre-Lab Work Pre-lab work is to be completed and turned in on the day the lab is performed. 1. Title The title should be descriptive. For example, ph Titration Lab is a descriptive title and Experiment 5 is not a descriptive title. 2. Date This is the date the student performed the experiment. 3. Purpose A purpose is a statement summarizing the point of the lab. 4. Procedure Outline Students need to write an outline of the procedure. They should use bulleted statements or outline format to make it easy to read. If a student is doing a guided inquiry lab, they may be required to write a full procedure that they develop. 5. Pre-Lab Questions Students will be given some questions to answer before the lab is done. They will need to either rewrite the question or incorporate the question in the answer. The idea here is that when someone (like a college professor) looks at a student s lab notebook, they should be able to tell what the question was by merely looking at their lab report. It is important to produce a good record of lab work. 6. Data Tables Students will need to create any data tables or charts necessary for data collection in the lab.

3 During the Lab 7. Data Students need to record all their data directly in their lab notebook. They are NOT to be recording data on their separate lab sheet. They need to label all data clearly and always include proper units of measurement. Students should underline, use capital letters, or use any device they choose to help organize this section well. They should space things out neatly and clearly. Post-Lab Work 8. Calculations and Graphs Students should show how calculations are carried out. Graphs need to be titled, axes need to be labeled, and units need to be shown on the axis. To receive credit for any graphs, they must be at least ½ page in size. 9. Conclusions This will vary from lab to lab. Students will usually be given direction as to what to write, but it is expected that all conclusions will be well thought out and well written. 10. Post Lab Error Analysis Questions Follow the same procedure as for Pre-Lab Questions. Advanced Placement Chemistry The Laboratory Notebook A record of lab work is an important document, which will show the quality of the lab work that students have performed. Missed Notes, Homework, Assignments, Labs: Students are responsible for missed notes, homework, and assignments due to absence. All homework assignments will be posted on the XXXX web site on my page. This make-up work must be completed within (2) school days. If you are out for an extended time, assignments may be ed or dropped off in my mailbox by a parent or a friend. Reporting Period Grade Evaluation: Labs/Lab Notebook 20 % Homework and class assignments 20 % Exams and Quizzes 55 % Class Participation 5 % AP Chemistry Class Procedure Class Profile: AP Chemistry is a year-long, 88 minute course meeting even and odds on our blocked schedule. A typical week is organized to provide: 2-3 days of lecture focused on the key objectives listed in the syllabus, including teacher demonstrations

4 1-2 days of lab activity. Labs may exceed one 90 minute class, depending on the requirements of the specific lab activity. In addition, some sections/objectives are more conducive to lab activity than others and will have more lab activity. 1 day of review, support, additional activities to enhance the AP Chemistry experience. AP Chemistry Topics: 1. Structure of Matter (20 percent) a) Atomic theory and atomic structure b) Chemical bonding c) Nuclear chemistry 2. States of Matter (20 percent) a) Gases b) Liquids and solids c) Solutions 3. Reactions (35 40 percent) a) Reaction types b) Stoichiometry c) Equilibrium d) Kinetics e) Thermodynamics 4. Descriptive Chemistry (10 15 percent) a) Chemical reactivity and products of chemical reactions b) Relationships in the periodic table c) Introduction to organic chemistry 5. Laboratory (5 10 percent) a) Making observations of chemical reactions b) Recording data/communicating effectively the results c) Calculating/interpreting results based on the quantitative data obtained. Unless otherwise noted, each laboratory will be hands-on and will involve: a) physical manipulation of equipment and materials in order to make relevant observations and collect data b) use the collected data to form conclusions and verify hypotheses c) communicate and compare their results and procedures (informally to classmates and in a formal, written report to the teacher)

5 AP CHEMISTRY COURSE OUTLINE This course is given in terms of the Zumdahl Chemistry textbook (7 th Edition). The problems at the end of the chapters are very challenging and serve as an excellent tool for students to use to truly comprehend the material. The problems also indicate the depth of coverage required for each topic. Introduction & Expectations: 1 day (August 13) Unit 1: Review of Chemistry I Honors Topics August 14 (Chapters 1-5, 11) September 12 Chemical Foundations: Measuring and units Use of significant figures Dimensional analysis Classification of matter Atoms, Molecules, and Ions: Early history of chemistry Law of Conservation of Mass Law of Definite Proportion Law of Multiple Proportions Dalton s Atomic Theory Avogadro s Hypothesis Early experiments to characterize atomic structure Modern view of the atom Introduction to the Periodic Table Naming compounds Stoichiometry: Atomic mass, moles and molar mass Percent composition of compounds Empirical formula determination Chemical equations and stoichiometric calculations Limiting reagent, theoretical yield, percent yield 1 day 2 days 10 days Lab: Determination of the Empirical Formula of a Compound (LO 1.1, 3.3, 3.6; SP 1, 2, 3, 5, 6) Students will gain an understanding of the relationship between moles, mass and the chemical/empirical formula of a compound. The student will better understand the distinction between a chemical and empirical formula and how they are often the same. (2 days) **Guided Inquiry Lab: Composition of Hydrates Lab (LO 1.1, , 3.6; SP 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) - Students will not be given a procedure and will have to develop that themselves prior to beginning the lab. The student will learn to determine the percentage of water in a hydrate as well as calculate the ratio of water to copper

6 sulfate using stoichiometric calculations and determine the empirical formula of copper sulfate hydrate. (2 days) Gases: Pressure Gas Laws of Boyle, Charles, and Gay-Lussac Ideal Gas Law Gas Stoichiometry Dalton s Law of Partial Pressure Kinetic Molecular Theory Effusion and diffusion Real gases/atmosphere 6 days Lab: Determination of the Molar Volume of a Gas (LO 1.3, 1.4, 2.6; SP 1, 2, 3, 5, 6) Students will learn to obtain and extrapolate data to confirm/repeat Avogadro s Law and the volume of 1 mole of any ideal gas at STP is 22.4L. Also, using the ideal and combined gas laws, they will adjust experimentally obtained values to STP. (2 days) **Guided Inquiry: Charles Law Experiment (LO 1.3,1.4, 2.6; SP 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) Students will not be given a procedure and will have to develop that themselves prior to beginning the lab. The student will write a procedure for a lab to determine the relationships between the volume of a gas and its temperature in Kelvin. Also, they will have to construct a graph from data to confirm their results. (1 day) EXAM REVIEW (CHAPTERS 1 5) 1 day - September 13 EXAM (CHAPTERS 1 5) 1 day - September 16 Go Over Exam after all make ups are done. 1 day - TBD Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Chemistry: 10 days - Sept Composition of solutions Acid/base reactions Oxidation/reduction reactions (time permitting) Stoichiometry problems involving solution chemistry Predicting Reactions, Net ionic equations**** (continual) Lab: Types of Chemical Reactions (LO 1.3, 1.4, 2.6; SP 1, 2, 3, 5, 6) Students will learn to obtain and extrapolate data to confirm/repeat Avogadro s Law and volume of 1 mole of any ideal gas at STP. Also, using the ideal and combined gas laws, they will adjust experimentally obtained values that relate to STP. (2 days)

7 **Guided Inquiry: Mole to Mole Relationships in Chemical Reactions (LO 3.1,3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6; SP 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) Students will not be given a procedure and will have to develop that themselves prior to beginning the lab. The student will write a procedure for a lab to determine the relationships between the volume of a gas and its temperature in Kelvin. Also, they will have to construct a graph from data to confirm their results. (2 days) Properties of Solution: 5 days Oct 1-7 Energies of solvation Factors affecting solubility Vapor pressures and Raoult s Law Boiling-point elevation and freezing-point depression Osmotic pressure Colligative properties Colloids Lab: Colligative Properties Lab (LO 2.15, 2.16; SP 1, 2, 3, 5, 6) In this lab the students will observe and evaluate the affect solutes have on boiling point, freezing point and the osmotic potential of a solution. (2 days) Lab: Determination of Molar Mass by Freezing Point Depression (LO 2.15, 2.16; SP 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) Using the skills and knowledge of what they have learned about colligative properties, students will learn to determine the molar mass of a compound by the freezing point depression method. (2 days) EXAM REVIEW (CHAPTERS 4, 11) Oct 8 Exam (CHAPTERS 4, 11) Oct 9 Go Over Exam after all make ups are done. 1 day - TBD Unit 2: Atomic Structure and Bonding: (Chapters 7, 8, part of 9) 8 Days Oct Atomic Structure and Periodicity Electromagnetic radiation Planck, photon, E=mc 2 Dual nature of light DeBroglie equation Continuous vs. line spectra Bohr atom Modern view of the atom (wave function and probability) Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Quantum numbers Orbital shapes and energies Electron spin, Aufbau Principle, Pauli Principle History of Periodic Table Periodic trends

8 Alkali metal properties Lab: Flame Test for Metals (LO 1.5, 1.6, 1.7; SP 1, 3, 6, 7) Using a number of solutions of salts, students will determine the metal/cation of the salt by the color of the flame. (1 day) Lab: Spectral tubes/diffraction grating to view spectra (LO 1.5, 1.6, 1.7; SP 1, 3, 6, 7) The student will observed various gases in the excited state in a spectral tube through a spectroscope/diffraction gradient and observe the spectral lines of each of the gases. The student will also estimate the wavelength of each line observed and determine the frequency and energy of each band of light.(1 day) Activity: Graphing Periodic Trends (LO 1.9, 1.10, 1.11; SP 1, 3, 6, 7) students will graph values for electronegativity, atomic radius and ionization energy explain the organization of the periodic table. Bonding: General Concepts: 6 Days Oct Types of bonds Electronegativity, electron affinity, & ionization energy Bond polarity and dipole moment Electron configuration and sizes of atoms and ions Formations of ionic compounds Ionic character of covalent bonds Model of covalent bond energies Bond energies, enthalpy, and chemical reactions Localized electron bonding model Lewis structures Exceptions to octet rule Resonance VSEPR model Hybridization Lab: Molecular Model Lab (LO 2.20, 2.21, 2.22; SP 1, 3, 6, 7) (LO 2.20, 2.21, 2.22; SP 1, 3, 6, 7) Building structure using a molecular model kit, identifying bonding type, drawing Lewis Structure, identifying molecular shape and molecular force (2 days) Activity: Atomic Theory (LO 2.20, 2.21, 2.22; SP 1, 3, 6, 7) Students draw a series of molecules. From those drawings they will predict geometry, hybridization and polarity. Activity: Effect on biological systems (LO 2.20, 2.21, 2.22; SP 1, 3, 6, 7) Students examine a demonstration size model of DNA or an alpha helix, and use their fingers to identify which atoms / base pairs are particularly involved in hydrogen bonding within the molecule, causing the helical structure. Students

9 then discuss how the increased UV light because of ozone depletion can cause chemical reactions and thus mutations and disruption of hydrogen bonding. EXAM EVIEW (CHAPTER 7-9) Oct 30 EXAM (CHAPTER 7-9) Oct 31 (Friday) Go Over Exam after all make ups are done. 1 day - TBD Unit 3: Chemical Equilibrium (Chapters 13-15) Chemical Equilibrium: 5 days - Nov 1 7 Equilibrium condition Equilibrium constant Kp (pressure) Heterogeneous equilibria Solving equilibrium problems Le Chatelier s Principle **Guided Inquiry: Stresses Applied to Equilibrium Systems (Le Chatelier s Principle) (LO 5.16, 5.17; SP 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) Students without a procedure will design an experiment to investigate the variables (temperature, pressure, concentration, etc.) that can affect the equilibrium of a system. (2 days) Lab: Determination of Equilibrium Constant for a Chemical Reaction (LO 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.7; SP 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7) Students, without a procedure, will design an experiment to investigate the variables (temperature, pressure, concentration, etc.) that can affect the equilibrium of a system. To do this they will be reacting calcium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid. (2 days) Acids and Bases: 10 Days - Nov 10 Nov 22 Nature of acids and bases (Week of Nov NO SCHOOL Acid strength ph scale Calculating ph of strong and weak acid solutions Bases and base strength Polyprotic acids Acid/base properties of salts and oxides Lewis acid/base Solving acid/base problems Lab: Hydronium Ion Concentration and ph (LO 6.11, 6.12; SP 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7) Using a digital ph meter, students will estimate the ph of various solutions. Then, they will determine the hydrogen and hydroxide ion concentrations. (1 day)

10 Lab: Determination of an Unknown Concentration by Acid/Base Titration (LO 6.11, 6.12, 6.13, 6.14, 6.15; SP 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7) Using a acid/base titration buret students will determine the hydrogen and hydroxide ion concentrations of unknown solutions using known concentration acid-base solutions (2 day) **Guided Inquiry: Titration of Weak Acid/Strong Base, Strong Acid/Strong Base, Weak Base/Strong Acid (LO 6.11, 6.12, 6.13, 6.14, 6.15; SP 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) Students without a procedure provided will design an experiment involving the titration of various strength acids and bases, measure ph as experiment proceeds and eventually graph the data to produce titration curves for each of their trials. (3 days) Application of Aqueous Equilibria 8 Days - Dec 2 11 Acid or base solutions with common ion Buffered solutions Buffer capacity Titrations and ph curves Choosing an appropriate indicator for titrations Solubility equilibria and solubility product Precipitation behavior as ph is varied Equilibria involving complex ions **Guided Inquiry: (LO 1.20, 6.12, 6.13, 6.14; SP 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) Determination of the Dissociation Constant of a Weak Acid and Base - In the laboratory investigation the student will first design a procedure to determine the K value for a weak acid ad base given only the basic materials. They will have to determine the Ka of acetic acid and kb for ammonia. (1.5 days) Lab: Solubility Product (Ksp) of Ca(OH)2 (LO 6.21, 6.22, 6.23; SP 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7) The student, using the titration method, will determine the solubility product constant for calcium hydroxide. Using stochiometric methods, they will determine the molarity of the solution, then the solubility product constant.(1.5 days) Activity: Online Gas Phase Equilibrium Activity - In the online inquiry activity, students are able to manipulate the environment and produce stresses that verify the tendency of Le Chatelier s principle. FINAL EXAM REVIEW (ALL FALL SEMESTER MATERIAL) Dec FINAL EXAM (ALL FALL SEMESTER MATERIAL) Dec 17 (?) Unit 4: Thermodynamics and Electrochemistry Chapters 6, 16, and 17)

11 Thermodynamics: 6 days - Jan Nature of Energy Three Law of Thermodynamics State functions Work, heat, and internal energy Enthalpy and Calorimetry Hess s Law Standard Enthalpies of Formation Present and future energy sources Lab: Observing Heat Changes (LO 3.10, , 5.6; SP 1, 2, 3, 5, 6) The student will perform three thermochemical reactions. They will be responsible for the identification of endothermic or exothermic and the identification as physical or chemical change.(1 day) **Guided Inquiry: Determining the Specific Heat of an Unknown Metal (LO 5.5, 5.6, 5.7; SP 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) Using the concepts learned in class on calorimetry, the student will design a procedure to determine the specific heat for 2 different unknown metals. To this they will need to use the Law of conservation of energy as well as the basic Calorimetry equations including enthalpy and the specific heat of water. (2 days) Lab: Thermochemistry and Hess Law (LO 5.8; SP 1, 2, 3, 5, 6) In this lab the student will perform and then calculate the H of the reaction of ammonia and hydrochloric acid to form ammonium chloride using the principals of Hess s law applied to calorimetry. (2 days) Lab: Measuring Energy Changes (Heat of fusion) (LO 5.4, 5.5, 5.6; SP 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) The student determine the temperature and heat changes that occur when ice melts and calculate the heat of fusion of ice.(1 day) Activity: Online Heating and Cooling Curves - Utilizing the eduweb lab simulation website, students heat an unknown and graph its temperature as it cools, giving them the ability to calculate the energy released. Spontaneity, Entropy, and Free Energy: 4 days Jan Spontaneous processes and entropy Free Energy Entropy changes and chemical reactionx Free energy and chemical reactions Dependence of free energy on pressure Free energy and equilibrium Free energy and work

12 Electrochemistry: 11 days Jan 28 Feb 11 Galvanic cells Standard reduction potentials Cell potential, electrical work, and free energy Cell potential and concentrations Batteries Corrosion Electrolysis Commercial electrolytic processes Lab: Redox Titration of Bleach (LO 3.9; SP 1, 2, 3, 5) In this lab the student will find the percent of sodium hypochlorite in a solution of bleach. To accomplish this task the technique of titration will be used. Activity: Utilizing Eduweb software, students have the opportunity to manipulate various factors that influence a redox titration. REVIEW (CHAPTER 6, 16, 17) Feb 12, 13 TEST (CHAPTER 17) Feb 14 Unit 5: Rate Kinetics (Chapter 12) 7 days Feb Reaction rates Rate laws Determining rate laws Integrated rate laws Reaction mechanism Catalysis **Guided Inquiry: Introduction to Reaction Rates (LO 4.1, 4.2; SP 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7) The students will design a procedure and experimentally investigate how changing the temperature of the reactants or how changing the concentration of potassium hydroxide will affect the rate of reaction of the indicator methylene blue. (2 days) Activity: Online Kinetics Activity - Using a web based simulation, students will study the elementary steps of a mechanism and how it relates to reaction rate and collision theory. Unit 6: Nuclear Chemistry (Chapter 18) 6 days Feb 27-Mar 6 Nuclear stability and radioactive decay Kinetics of radioactive decay Nuclear transformation

13 Detection and uses of radioactivity Thermodynamic stability of the nucleus Nuclear fission and fusion Effects of radiation REVIEW (CHAPTERS 12 & 18) Mar 7 & 10 TEST (CHAPTERs 12 &18) Mar 11 Unit 7: Review for AP Exam March 12- May 3 AP EXAM - MAY 6, 2014 Confirmation: I have thoroughly read and understand all of the information explained above! I also understand as a student and a parent that AP Chemistry is a serious undertaking that will require a dedication of time and energy. I will turn in this page only and keep the rest to serve as the first pages in my three-ring binder. Student s Name Student s Signature Parent s Name Parent s Signature Parent s Parent s Phone #