Chapter: Forces Shaping Earth
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1
2 Table of Contents Chapter: Forces Shaping Earth Section 1: Earth s Moving Plates Section 2: Uplift of Earth s Crust
3 Section 1: Earth s Moving Earth s interior layers Plates How plates in the lithosphere will move and the consequences of this movement
4 Clues about Earth s interior To understand how Earth is inside, geologists study: Rocks formed under the Earth surface exposed by erosion Earthquakes
5 Earthquakes Earthquakes have waves that will carry energy without carrying matter. The speed of the wave depends on the media where this wave is travelling
6 Seismic Waves Earthquake waves are called seismic waves Waves travel faster in solids than in liquids
7 Seismic Waves By analyzing the wave s speed, geologists can understand: if the wave is travelling in a liquid, semisolid or in a solid material. and understand what type of material is inside the earth
8 1 Earth s Moving Plates Earth s Layers Based on evidence from earthquake waves and exposed rocks, scientists have produced a model of Earth s interior. The model shows that Earth s interior has at least four distinct layers the inner core, the outer core, the mantle, and the crust. Guided reading
9 Guided Reading Open the textbook page 288 and answer the following questions :
10 1) Describe the inner core: density, composition, temperature and pressure. 2) Describe the outer core: composition and state of matter 3) Describe the mantle: location, size compared to the other layers and state of matter. 4) Describe the crust: location and variation on the thickness of the crust.
11 Earth s Moving Plates 1)Inner Core Dense Composed mostly of solid iron Very hot - 5,000 C
12 Why the interior of the Earth is hot? Temp inside the Earth can be higher than the temp. on the surface of the Sun
13 Why the interior of the Earth is hot? Heat left over from the energy needed for the formation of the Earth the Earth s core is under strong pressure ( due to gravity and surrounding material) radioactive material contributes to the high temperature
14 2) Outer Core The outer core lies above the inner core composed mostly of molten metal.
15 Earth s Moving Plates 3) Mantle The layer above the outer core is the mantle. is the largest layer of Earth s interior. It is semi solid (silly putty)
16 Earth s Moving Plates 4) Crust Earth s outermost layer is the crust. Earth s crust is thin when compared to the outer layers Its thickness vary:
17 Crust Ranges from about 5 miles thick beneath the oceans oceanic crust Ranges from about 25 miles thick beneath the continents continental crust
18 Crust Continental Crust is less dense than the oceanic crust Continental Crust floats higher on the mantle Density depends on the composition
19 Earth s Crust Thicker and less dense
20 It is a region of the Earth that will not receive seismic waves from an earthquake. Some waves are absorbed or refracted by the materials in the Earth s interior. Shadow Zone
21 Guided Reading 5) Look at the pie graph on page 291 and make a list of the Earth s layers and their percentages. 6) Look at the 2 graphs on page 291. What happens to the temperature and pressure as one goes deeper beneath earth s surface?
22 Questions 5 and 6
23 5) List of Earth s layers with percentages is the Distribution of Earth s Mass : Crust 0.5% Mantle 67% Outer Core 30% Inner Core 2.5%
24 6) The graphs on page 291 show that the deeper you go into the Earth, the higher the temperature and the pressure will be.
25 Book page 289 answer question on Figure 3 Book page 290 answer question on Figure 4
26 Earth s plates Youtube: Lithosphere and Asthenosphere e&type=b111us0d &p=youtube+ lithosphere+facts 1:17 min
27 1 Earth s Plates The crust in the lithosphere is broken into plates Currents in the mantle have broken the crust into plates The plates that move around on the asthenosphere.
28 The Lithosphere floats on the Asthenosphere **The discovery of the Asthenosphere allowed geologists to explain why the plates move.
29 Earth s crust
30
31 Self Check book page 297 Question 1,3 and 4 page 312 questions
32 You tube video : Pangea the history of continents X5-ytOg
33 Continental Drift Theory published in the early 20 th century by a German scientist called Alfred Wegener. He said: 1) 250 million years ago one continent Pangea all lands in Greek 2) Pangea was broken into plates 3) Plates drift across the Earth
34 Continental Drift Evidences that the continents were joined: South America and Africa continents fit like a puzzle Fossils of similar organisms are found in both continents
35
36 Continents are still moving today. Evidence of this is: Seafloor spreading is the process of new crust forming between two plates that are moving apart. It usually happens under the ocean.
37 1 Earth s Plates Important Terms Earth s plates are called Tectonic Plates Tectonic Plates are large, moveable segments of the lithosphere Plate boundaries - the places where the edges of different plates meet Plates are in constant movement
38 Book page 292 answer the Reading Check Look at figure 6 on page 293 and answer the question on figure 5
39 Guided reading 1) Explain what a fault is. 2) Explain what happens when plates move apart. 3) Explain what happens when plates collide and what subduction is. 4) Explain what happens when plates slide past
40 1 Faults Faults are large fractures in rocks along which movement occurs. The movement can cause earthquakes.
41 2) Explain what happens when plates move apart from each other. - Plates that move apart are called Divergent Plate Boundary - the force that pull them apart is called Tension - It usually happens under the ocean
42 2) Explain what happens when plates move apart from each other. 1) formation of new crust seafloor spreading 2) the formation of new crust under the ocean, can cause a high ridge to form called mid-ocean ridge ( mountains) 3) Rift valleys
43
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45 Rift Valley Is another result of continental plates moving apart the land drops down between the plates Read page 294
46 Rift Valley in Africa if it continues expanding, East Africa could break apart from the mainland pg 294
47
48 3) Explain what happens when plates collide and what subduction is. - Plates that move towards each other are called Convergent Plate Boundary - the force that brings them together is called compression - Different things can happen
49 a) 2 continental crusts collide both plates have same density: crust piles up mountains can form
50 The tallest mountain on Earth is still rising due to plate movement
51 b) two oceanic plates collide or an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate The more dense one plunges underneath the less dense -Subduction
52 Subduction creates trenches and volcanic arcs: Trenches are long, steep-sided valleys on the ocean floor. Volcanic Arc is a chain of volcanoes
53 Volcanic Arcs 1) the sinking plate moves deeper into the mantle, 2) the new magma rises and may erupt violently to form volcanoes
54
55
56 4) Explain what happens when plates slide past two plates moving in opposite directions - Transform Plate Boundary The force involved in this process is called Shearing Shearing causes earthquakes Read book fig 9, page 296
57 Chapter 10 review Questions
58
59 Why do plates move? Basically 2 reasons:
60 1)Convection forces inside the Earth 2) Ridge push and Slab-pull
61 1)Convection forces inside the Earth Convection forces inside the mantle could be responsible for the movement of the plates. Convection = Materials that are colder and denser tend to sink and the hotter and less dense tends to rise
62 Ridge push Occur at mid-ocean ridges ( which are a result of divergent plates). Mid ocean ridges are higher than the surrounding ocean floor. Mid-ocean ridges suffer the pull of gravity and tend to slide down.
63
64 Slab-pull As plates move apart due to the Ridge push, they cool and became more dense. If they are denser than the plates around it, it will tend to sink.
65
66 Chapter 10 review - Questions Chapter 10 page 312 questions 6 8 Workbook pg 35 except 7,16
67 The Ring of Fire is a ring of volcanoes around the Pacific Ocean that result from subduction of oceanic plates beneath lighter continental plates.
68 Tectonic Plates - large, moveable segment of the lithosphere Plate Tectonics - movement and interaction of the Earth's plates. Plate Boundaries - places where the edges of different plates meet
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