Variable-interval (VI) schedule. Higher-order conditioning. Variable-ratio (VR) schedule. Acquisition. Avoidance learning.
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1 Higher-order conditioning Variable-interval (VI) schedule Variable-ratio (VR) schedule Acquisition Antecedents Avoidance learning Behavioural contract Behaviour modification Classical conditioning Conditioned reinforcers
2 Conditioned response (CR) Conditioned stimulus (CS) Conditioning Continuous reinforcement Cumulative recorder Discriminative stimuli Elicit Emit Escape learning Evaluative conditioning
3 Extinction Fixed-interval (FI) schedule Fixed-ratio (FR) schedule Instinctive drift Instrumental learning Intermittent reinforcement Latent learning Law of effect Learning Mirror neurons
4 Negative reinforcement Observational learning Operant chamber Operant conditioning Partial reinforcement Pavlovian conditioning Phobias Positive reinforcement Preparedness Primary reinforcers
5 Punishment Reinforcement Reinforcement contingencies Renewal effect Resistance to extinction Schedule of reinforcement Secondary (conditioned) reinforcers Shaping Skinner box Spontaneous recovery
6 Stimulus discrimination Stimulus generalization Token economy Trial Unconditioned response (UCR) Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
7 A type of conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus. (261) A reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed. (271) A reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given after a variable number of nonreinforced responses. (271) The formation of a new conditioned response tendency. (257) In behaviour modification, events that typically precede the target response. (293) Learning that has occurred when an organism engages in a response that prevents aversive stimulation from occurring. (273) A written agreement outlining a promise to adhere to the contingencies of a behaviour modification program. (295) A systematic approach to changing behaviour through the application of the principles of conditioning. (292) A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus. (251) Stimulus events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers. (269)
8 A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning. (253) A previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response. (253) Involves learning associations between events that occur in an organism s environment. (251) Reinforcing every instance of a designated response. (270) A graphic record of reinforcement and responding in a Skinner box as a function of time. (264) Cues that influence operant behaviour by indicating the probable consequences (reinforcement or nonreinforcement) of a response. (268) To draw out or bring forth. (253) To send out. (264) A type of learning in which an organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation. (273) Changes in the liking of a stimulus that result from pairing that stimulus with other positive or negative stimuli. (255)
9 The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency. (258) A reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed. (271) A reinforcement schedule in which the reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses. (271) The tendency for an animal s innate responses to interfere with conditioning processes. (278) A form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences. (262) A reinforcement schedule in which a designated response is reinforced only some of the time. (271) Learning that is not apparent from behaviour when it first occurs. (281) The principle that if a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthened. (263) A relatively durable change in behaviour or knowledge that is due to experience. (249) Neurons that are activated by performing an action or by seeing another animal or person perform the same action. (290)
10 The strengthening of a response because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus. (272) A type of learning that occurs when an organism s responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models. (283) Also known as a Skinner box; a small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is systematically recorded while the consequences of the response are controlled. (264) A form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences. (262) A reinforcement schedule in which a designated response is reinforced only some of the time. (271) A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus. (251) Irrational fears of specific objects or situations. (250) Reinforcement that occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus. (272) A species-specific predisposition to be conditioned in certain ways and not others. (279) Events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs. (269)
11 An event that follows a response that weakens or suppresses the tendency to make that response. (274) An event following a response that strengthens the tendency to make that response. (264) The circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers. (264) Phenomenon that occurs if a response is extinguished in a different environment than it was acquired; the extinguished response will reappear if the animal is returned to the original environment where acquisition took place. (259) In operant conditioning, the phenomenon that occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer for it has been terminated. (266) A specific presentation of reinforcers over time. (270) Stimulus events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers. (269) The reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response. (266) A small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is systematically recorded while the consequences of the response are controlled. (264) In classical conditioning, the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus. (259)
12 The phenomenon that occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus. (260) The phenomenon that occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus. (259) A system for doling out symbolic reinforcers that are exchanged later for a variety of genuine reinforcers. (294) In classical conditioning, any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli. (254) An unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning. (253) A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning. (253)
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