A PEOPLE and A NATION. EIGHTH EDITION Norton Katzman Blight Chudacoff Paterson Tuttle Escott Bailey Logevall
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1 A PEOPLE and A NATION EIGHTH EDITION Norton Katzman Blight Chudacoff Paterson Tuttle Escott Bailey Logevall Chapter 26: The United States in a Troubled World,
2 Ch. 26: United States in a Troubled World, Pursue stable world order via independent internationalism, not withdraw from world Isolationist only in that USA want to avoid war/entanglements, esp. in Europe Try non-military methods to shape world Depression & foreign aggression undermine US efforts to build stable world FDR & others argue German/Japanese expansion (for autarky) threaten USA Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 26 2
3 I. Searching for Peace & Order in the 1920s WWI devastate Europe; new League weak Many peace societies form in USA Women also form groups (Addams & WILPF) Peace groups differ over how to prevent war Washington Conference ( ) = US attempt to slow arms race & stabilize Asia 5-Power Treaty (on capital ships) slow arms race between USA, England, and Japan Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 26 3
4 I. Searching for Peace & Order in the 1920s (cont.) 9-Power Treaty affirm Open Door in China In 4-Power Treaty, USA, England, Japan, & France respect each other s Pacific possessions Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) outlaw war Like Washington Treaties, no enforcement power Washington Conference & Kellogg Pact reflect popular disillusionment with war Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 26 4
5 II. Economic & Cultural Expansion US leaders assume US economic expansion abroad will create stable world By 1920s, USA = prominent world creditor, manufacturer, exporter, investor US products, including movies, saturate globe Foreign reaction to Americanization mixed USGov t assist cultural & economic expansion ITT, RCA, AP, Pan American Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 26 5
6 III. War Debts & German Reparations Allies owe $9.6 billion to US Gov t Want USA to forgive debt; US leaders refuse German reparations to Allies = $33 billion USA fear German default, then radicalism Triangle: US banks make loans to Germany; Germans pay Allies; then Allies pay US Gov t When US banks prefer stocks, system weaken Collapse with onset of Depression Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 26 6
7 IV. Decline in Trade In response to high US tariffs, other nations hike tariffs; global trade decline Hull (FDR s Secretary of State) insist lower tariffs will help US economy Prevent wars caused by economic competition Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act (1934) institute most-favored-nation principle US Export-Import Bank help trade with loans Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 26 7
8 V. US Recognition of the Soviet Union (1933) During 1920s, US Gov t refuse to recognize USSR Late 1920s, US businesses trade with USSR FDR hope recognition will increase trade Also hope to deter Japanese Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 26 8
9 VI. US Dominance in Latin America US dominance (economic, military, political) grow after 1920 (see Map 26.1) In response to growing nationalist protests, USA use less overt means to keep control FDR s Good Neighbor Policy Withdraw troops (Haiti, Nicaragua) Endorse non-interventionism, consultation Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 26 9
10 VI. US Dominance in Latin America (cont.) USA back local dictators (Trujillo, Batista) Use dictators to protect/promote US interests Mexico offer most serious challenge to USA Mexico seek control of its raw materials Fearing Mexican-Axis trade, FDR compromise Mexico can control its land/oil (1942) FDR reduce anti-americanism without loss of US power/influence Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved
11 VII. German Aggression under Hitler During Depression, Germans turn to Hitler (1933) & fascism (supremacy of state) Nazis revive economy/military for expansion Reject Versailles Treaty; ally with Italy, Japan, 36 England & France respond with appeasement Hitler continue to expand (Rhineland, 1936; Austria, 1938; Sudeten, 1938; Czech, 1939) Hitler & Mussolini help Franco win, Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved
12 VIII. Isolationist Views in the USA Oppose another war; diverse movement Attract majority of Americans Nye Committee ( ) reflect suspicions about WWI & animosity to war industries Neutrality acts try to avoid repeat of WWI 1935 Act ban arms sales to belligerents 1936 Act ban loans to belligerents 1937 Act ban US travel on belligerent ships Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved
13 IX. Roosevelt s Evolving Views 1937 Act also mandate cash-&-carry trade Prior to WWI, FDR an interventionist After WWI, FDR share isolationist views But FDR increasingly worry that German, Italian, & Japanese aggression threaten USA Begin rearmament Cautious in response to Hitler s anti- Semitism Voyage of St. Louis (1939) Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved
14 X. Poland & the Outbreak of World War II After Munich agreement fail in 1939, France & England warn Hitler not to invade Poland FDR agree appeasement dead with fall of Czech Hitler & Stalin agree to divide East Europe Hitler attack Poland (Sept. 1939) England & France declare war on Germany USA repeal 35 Act to allow arms sales (1939) FDR want to aid Allies with methods short of war Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved
15 XI. Japan, China, & a New Order in Asia US interests: possessions, missionaries, trade, Open Door, & friend to China Like Japanese, Chinese resist westerners Anticommunist Jiang (Chiang) gain US support (late 1920s) but this threaten Japan Japan want to secure control of raw materials Also push white imperialists out of Asia Japan/USA conflict over immigration & trade Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved
16 XII. Manchurian Crisis; FDR s Quarantine Speech Japan s conquest (1931) upset USA No power to stop it; use nonrecognition Sino-Japanese tensions result in war (1937) FDR allow China to buy arms (not invoke Neutrality Acts); denounce aggressors Late 1930s, USA help China (loans) Hesitate on economic sanctions against Japan Fear provoking war when Hitler greater threat Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved
17 XIII. Foreign Policy Debate, Public opinion ambiguous Oppose aggression, aid Allies, but stay out of war Vigorous debate with widespread participation New organizations (America First Committee) Debate escalate after dramatic German victories, esp. Fall of France (May/June, 1940) Many Americans fear that if England fall, Germany could threaten USA Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved
18 XIV. FDR & Aid to Allies FDR gradually move USA from neutrality to undeclared war against Germany Fall 1940: USA swap 50 destroyers for bases Also institute first peacetime draft Spring 1941: pass Lend Lease (loan materials to Allies without US entry into war) FDR order Navy to patrol ½ of Atlantic Offer Lend Lease to USSR after June 1941 Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved
19 XV. Atlantic Charter (Aug. 1941); Greer Incident (Sept.) FDR & Churchill agree on war aims FDR tell Churchill he will force an incident FDR use German attack on Greer (see Legacy) Announce Navy will escort ships to England and will shoot on sight Congress scrap cash-&-carry completely Allow armed US merchant ships to transport munitions to England Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved
20 XVI. FDR & Japan, Not want war with Japan (Hitler = greater threat) But oppose Japanese expansion Embargo aviation fuel & scrap metal after Japan sign Tripartite Pact (Sept. 1940) When Japan take French Indochina (July 41), USA embargo oil Reject Konoye-FDR summit Before any summit, insist Japan honor Open Door (withdraw from China) Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved
21 XVII. US Demands on Japan; Attack on Pearl Harbor (1941) FDR accept Hull s hard-line policy on Japan Risk war to thwart further aggression Japan launch surprise air attack (Dec. 7) Kill 2403; wound 1178 Sink/damage 8 battleships; destroy 160 aircraft US carriers escape damage Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved
22 XVIII. Explaining Pearl Harbor Mistakes & lack of information explain tragedy No back door conspiracy by FDR Intercepts tell USA war imminent, but no military plans & no mention of Pearl Harbor Assume Hawaii safe because it s so far from Japan US leaders expect attack in Southeast Asia Warning message to put Pearl Harbor on red alert mistakenly sent by slow method Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved
23 XIX. Clash of Systems Germany & Japan want to divide world into closed spheres of influence (autarky) USA seek liberal capitalist world with free trade Want to expand democracy Axis embrace authoritarianism & militarism Axis charge USA with double standard USA claim its expansion/empire (Latin America) benefit USA and whole world Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved
24 XX. Avoidable War? Incompatible objectives block diplomacy Still debate on whether the USA could have avoided war Esp. with Japan via greater US flexibility, fall 41 Delay war with Japan to concentrate on Europe Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved
25 Summary: Discuss Links to the World & Legacy New uses of radio by FDR & by Hitler? Growth of radio news, late 1930s? Increase link of Americans with events abroad How FDR deceive media, public, & Congress in Greer incident (1941)? Legacy for later presidents to mislead Vietnam, Iran-contra Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved
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