The ATLAS Radiation Dose Measurement System
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1 The ATLAS Radiation Dose Measurement System Jochen Hartert Graduiertenkolleg Seminar Freiburg, 15 October 2008 Jochen Hartert The ATLAS Radiation Dose Measurement System 1 / 23
2 The ATLAS Experiment ATLAS Proton-proton collisisions at s = 14 TeV and L = cm 2 s 1 Jochen Hartert The ATLAS Radiation Dose Measurement System 2 / 23
3 ATLAS Radiation Environment at LHC and SLHC Motivation and Measured Quantities Why care about radiation dose levels? Irradiation changes the performance of detectors and electronics! Measured quantities: 1 Total Ionizing Dose (TID) Mainly due to photons, electrons and positrons Measured in Gray (Gy), 1 Gy = 1 J/kg Problem to MOS and bipolar devices 2 Non Ionizing Energy Loss (NIEL) / equivalent fluence (Φ eq ) Hadrons cause displacement damage in silicon Expressed in 1 MeV neutron equivalent fluence (n/cm 2 ) Φ eq = κφ = R D(E)φ(E) de D(E n=1 MeV) 3 Thermal neutron fluence Jochen Hartert The ATLAS Radiation Dose Measurement System 3 / 23
4 ATLAS Radiation Environment at LHC and SLHC Radiation Field in ATLAS Exposure of electronics to: radiation from pp-collisions (mainly pions) neutrons from interactions of hadrons with detector material After 10 years of LHC operation electronics irradiated up to: Total Ionizing Dose: TID > 100 kgy Non Ionizing Energy Loss Φ eq > MeVn/cm 2 Monitoring of radiation levels needed in order to: cross check simulations understand change in detector performance and as independent measurement Non Ionising Energy Loss in the ATLAS Inner Detector FLUKA simulation by Ian Dawson Jochen Hartert The ATLAS Radiation Dose Measurement System 4 / 23
5 ATLAS Radiation Environment at LHC and SLHC Radiation Field at SLHC Luminosity: L(SLHC) 10 L(LHC) Ionizing dose scales with luminosity: TID(SLHC) 10 TID(LHC) Upgrade of ATLAS tracker to full silicon loss of moderating effect of the Transition Radiation Tracker NIEL not expected to scale with luminosity as compensation introduce a 5 cm thick moderator Non Ionising Energy Loss at the SLHC Ian Dawson Jochen Hartert The ATLAS Radiation Dose Measurement System 5 / 23
6 Online Measurement Techniques in Use Total Ionizing Dose Total Ionizing Dose (TID) Measurement - RadFETs RadFET: Radiation Field Effect Transistor Electrons escape, holes are trapped in SiO 2 -Si boundary. Higher negative gate voltage needed to open transitor. Measure gate voltage increase at given drain current. V = a (TID) b Sensitivity depends on oxide thickness Three RadFETs used in ATLAS to cover large range of doses: 0.01 Gy to 10 Gy: 1.6 µm from CNRS LAAS, Toulouse, France up to 10 4 Gy: 0.25 µm from REM, Oxford, UK up to 10 5 Gy: 0.13 µm from REM, Oxord, UK Jochen Hartert The ATLAS Radiation Dose Measurement System 6 / 23
7 Online Measurement Techniques in Use Total Ionizing Dose Response curves of RadFETs in use 1.6 µm LAAS RadFET 0.01 Gy to 10 Gy 0.25 µm REM RadFET up to 10 4 Gy Jochen Hartert The ATLAS Radiation Dose Measurement System 7 / 23
8 Online Measurement Techniques in Use Non Ionizing Energy Loss Non Ionising Energy Loss (NIEL) Measurement (1) First Method: Bulk damage in forward biased p-i-n diode NIEL causes bulk damage in silicon reduced minority carrier lifetime in a p-i-n diode increase of resistance measure voltage change at given forward current Φ eq = k (V V 0 ) p-i-n diodes used in ATLAS: to n/cm 2 : CMRP from University of Wollongong, Australia to n/cm 2 : OSRAM BPW34 Silicon PIN photodiode Jochen Hartert The ATLAS Radiation Dose Measurement System 8 / 23
9 Online Measurement Techniques in Use Non Ionizing Energy Loss Response curves of p-i-n diodes in use CMRP p-i-n diode BPW34 p-i-n diode 10 8 to n/cm 2 up to n/cm 2 The BPW34 diodes that are used in ATLAS were pre-irradiated with n/cm 2 Jochen Hartert The ATLAS Radiation Dose Measurement System 9 / 23
10 Online Measurement Techniques in Use Non Ionizing Energy Loss Non Ionising Energy Loss (NIEL) Measurement (2) Second Method: Bulk damage in silicon Increase of leakage current (I leakage ) in reverse biased diode: Φ eq = I leakage /(αv ) (V: sensitive (depleted) Volume) to n/cm 2 higher fluences with higher voltage Pad diode with guard ring structure on epitaxial silicon 25 µm thin fully depleted at voltages < 30 V also after irradiation Federico Ravotti Jochen Hartert The ATLAS Radiation Dose Measurement System 10 / 23
11 Online Measurement Techniques in Use Thermal Neutron Fluence Thermal Neutron Fluence Measurements DMILL transistors are used in readout electronics in parts of the Inner Detector (SCT). Base current at fixed collector current sensitive to fast and thermal neutrons: I b I c = k eq Φ eq + k th Φ th k eq and k th known Φ eq measured with diodes determine Φ th Jochen Hartert The ATLAS Radiation Dose Measurement System 11 / 23
12 Online Measurement Techniques in Use Radiation Monitoring Sensor Boards Thermal Neutron Fluence Inner Detector: 14 Modules that contain: 3 RadFETs for different dose ranges 2 PIN diodes for low and high fluences 1 Epitaxial (large fluence range) 2 DMILL bipolar transistors NTC temperature sensor resistive pad for heating on the back side Outside the Inner Detector region: 48 modules 1 high sensitivity PIN diode (CMRP) 1 RadFET NTC temperature sensor Jochen Hartert The ATLAS Radiation Dose Measurement System 12 / 23
13 Readout Readout and Online Monitoring Usage of standard ATLAS components for straight forward integration: ELMB: 64 adc channels, CAN bus communication ELMB-DAC: current source, 16 channels Sensors are only biased during readout PVSS based detector control system (DCS) Integration in ATLAS DCS and data base archiving Jochen Hartert The ATLAS Radiation Dose Measurement System 13 / 23
14 Readout and Online Monitoring Jochen Hartert The ATLAS Radiation Dose Measurement System 14 / 23
15 Readout and Online Monitoring Jochen Hartert The ATLAS Radiation Dose Measurement System 15 / 23
16 Tests in Mixed Radiation Field Tests in Mixed Radiation Environment at CERN PS Mixed high energy particles in IRRAD6 environment at CERN PS. Two modules (Inner Detector style) are irradiated since mid May. Test of readout setup/procedure and calibration constants. F. Ravotti, M. Glaser et. al Jochen Hartert The ATLAS Radiation Dose Measurement System 16 / 23
17 Tests in Mixed Radiation Field PIN diodes in Mixed Radiation Environment Secondary Emission Counter (SEC) counts number of protons conversion factors to TID and NIEL from previous measurements not useful for very small doses (unstable beam conditions) CMRP PIN diode also sensitive to low fluences ( MeV neq/cm 2 ). Good agreement between PIN diodes (20 % uncertainty). Jochen Hartert The ATLAS Radiation Dose Measurement System 17 / 23
18 Tests in Mixed Radiation Field RadFETs in Mixed Radiation Environment High sensitivity RadFET (LAAS 1.6 µm) Medium sensitivity RadFET (REM 0.25 µm) LAAS RadFET sensitive already at doses 10 2 Gy But: reduced response of LAAS in proton rich environment recalibration for this special case Jochen Hartert The ATLAS Radiation Dose Measurement System 18 / 23
19 Tests in Mixed Radiation Field DMILL Transistors in Mixed Radiation Environment β = collector current base current thermal neutron fluence Directly measure degradation of DMILL transistor performance. Determine neutron fluence (using Φ eq from PIN diode as input). Improvement of the readout timing to avoid noise Jochen Hartert The ATLAS Radiation Dose Measurement System 19 / 23
20 Tests in Mixed Radiation Field ATLAS Baseline Measurements Jochen Hartert The ATLAS Radiation Dose Measurement System 20 / 23
21 Summary Summary Radiation monitoring important to cross check simulations determine the correlation between dose levels and luminosity monitor electronics performance changes - particularly in the inner detector The system in ATLAS allows online monitoring of radiation levels: TID in SiO 2 from cgy up to 100 kgy NIEL in Si from 10 8 neq/cm 2 up to neq/cm 2 thermal neutron fluence and degradation of DMILL bipolar transistors Integration in ATLAS Detector Control System Test and optimization in mixed radiation field at low dose rates Jochen Hartert The ATLAS Radiation Dose Measurement System 21 / 23
22 Summary Backup Jochen Hartert The ATLAS Radiation Dose Measurement System 22 / 23
23 Summary Jochen Hartert The ATLAS Radiation Dose Measurement System 23 / 23
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