IONIC BONDS: OBSERVING CHARGED OBJECTS
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1 IONIC BONDS: OBSERVING CHARGED OBJECTS Get 2 balloons & rub both of them on your hair. Let go of the balloons & walk away from them. 1. What happens to the balloons? The balloons move apart, or repel each other. 2. Offer an explanation for the behavior of the balloons. Rubbing caused the balloons to gain a similar charge. 3. Predict which subatomic particle is most likely to be transferred during the rubbing. Give a reason for your choice. Electrons are most likely to be transferred based on their location in atoms and their motion. 3/31/14 Chapter 6: Chemical Bonds 1
2 IONIC BONDS: OBSERVING CHARGED OBJECTS Get 2 balloons & rub both of them on your hair. Let go of the balloons & walk away from them. 1. What happens to the balloons? balloons move apart, or repel each other. 2. Offer an explanation for the behavior of the balloons. Rubbing caused the balloons to gain a similar charge. 3. Predict which subatomic particle is most likely to be transferred during the rubbing. Give a reason for your choice. Electrons are most likely to be transferred based on their location in atoms and their motion. 3/31/14 Chapter 6: Chemical Bonds 2
3 CHAPTER 6: CHEMICAL BONDS Li C F Ne 6.1 IONIC BONDING 6.2 COVALENT BONDING 6.3 NAMING COMPOUNDS AND WRITING FORMULAS 6.4 THE STRUCTURE OF METALS 3/31/14 Chapter 6: Chemical Bonds 3
4 6.1 ORGANIZING THE ELEMENTS n n Vocabulary: electron dot diagram, ion, anion, cation, chemical bond, ionic bond, chemical formula, crystals Objectives: n Recognize stable electron configurations. n Predict an element s chemical properties using number of valence electrons & electron dot diagrams. n Describe how an ionic bond forms and how ionization energy affects the process. n Predict the composition of an ionic compound from its chemical formula. n Relate the properties of ionic compounds to the structure of crystal lattices. 3/31/14 Chapter 6: Chemical Bonds 4
5 8A IONIC BONDING n Why is argon very inactive yet oxygen is highly reactive? 6A 7A 3/31/14 Chapter 6: Chemical Bonds 5
6 Group 8A STABLE ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS n Chemical properties depend on # of valence electrons n When is an atom stable & least likely to react? when the highest occupied energy level of an atom is filled with electrons 3/31/14 Chapter 6: Chemical Bonds 6
7 electron dot diagram - model of an atom in which each dot represents a valence electron He Symbol represents - nucleus & all other electrons in atom Valence electrons 3/31/14 Chapter 6: Chemical Bonds 7
8 ELECTRON DOT DIAGRAMS FOR SOME GROUP A ELEMENTS 3/31/14 Chapter 6: Chemical Bonds 8
9 IONIC BONDS: TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS - CHLORINE 3/31/14 Chapter 6: Chemical Bonds 9
10 IONIC BONDS: TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS - SODIUM 3/31/14 Chapter 6: Chemical Bonds 10
11 IONIC BONDS: TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS n What happens at the atomic level when sodium reacts with chlorine? Na + Cl 3/31/14 Chapter 6: Chemical Bonds 11
12 IONIC BONDS: TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS n What happens at the atomic level when sodium reacts with chlorine? n electron transferred from sodium atom to chlorine atom Na + Cl 3/31/14 Chapter 6: Chemical Bonds 12
13 IONIC BONDS: TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS n What happens at the atomic level when sodium reacts with chlorine? n electron transferred from sodium atom to chlorine atom n atoms ends up with more stable electron arrangement Na + Cl Na + Cl - 3/31/14 Chapter 6: Chemical Bonds 13
14 IONIC BONDS: TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS Na + Cl Na + Cl /31/14 Chapter 6: Chemical Bonds 14
15 IONIC BONDS: FORMATION OF IONS n ion - atom that has net positive or negative electric charge n Charge represented by + or sign Na + Cl Na + + Cl - 3/31/14 Chapter 6: Chemical Bonds 15
16 IONIC BONDS: FORMATION OF IONS Na Sodium Chlorine Cl 3/31/14 Chapter 6: Chemical Bonds 16
17 IONIC BONDS: FORMATION OF IONS Sodium Ion Chloride ChlorineIon Na Cl cation - ion with positive charge anion - ion with negative charge 3/31/14 Chapter 6: Chemical Bonds 17
18 IONIC BONDS: FORMATION OF IONS Sodium Ion 1+ Na Sodium Chloride Chloride Ion Cl cation - ion with positive charge 1 - anion - ion with negative charge 3/31/14 Chapter 6: Chemical Bonds 18
19 CATIONS vs. ANIONS ATOM (neutral) loses electrons to gains electrons from form a cation (+) form an anion (-) 3/31/14 Chapter 6: Chemical Bonds 19
20 FORMATION OF IONIC BONDS n chemical bond - force that holds atoms or ions together as a unit n ionic bond - force that holds cations and anions together. Forms when electrons are transferred from one atom to another 3/31/14 Chapter 6: Chemical Bonds 20
21 IONIC BONDS: IONIZATION ENERGY (Page 160) n atom absorbs energy, electron can move to a higher energy level n cations form when electrons gain enough energy to overcome attraction of protons in nucleus & escape from atoms 3/31/14 Chapter 6: Chemical Bonds 21
22 IONIC BONDS: IONIZATION ENERGY (Page 160) n ionization energy - amount of energy used to remove electron n varies from element to element n lower the ionization energy, the easier it is to remove an electron from an atom 3/31/14 Chapter 6: Chemical Bonds 22
23 IONIC BONDS: IONIZATION ENERGY (Page 160) n ionization energies tend to n increase from left to right across a period n decrease from top to bottom of a group 3/31/14 Chapter 6: Chemical Bonds 23
24 IONIC COMPOUNDS n Ionic compounds can be represented by chemical formulas. n Chemical formula - notation that shows what 1. elements a compound contains 2. ratio of atoms or ions of these elements in the compound n e.g. chemical formula for sodium chloride is NaCl (1 Na ion for every 1 Cl ion) 3/31/14 Chapter 6: Chemical Bonds 24
25 Water Molecules 3/31/14 Chapter 6: Chemical Bonds 25
26 IONIC COMPOUNDS n Based on the diagram, what would the chemical formula for magnesium chloride be? Cl Cl - Mg + Mg 2+ Cl Cl - 3/31/14 Chapter 6: Chemical Bonds 26
27 IONIC COMPOUNDS n Based on the diagram, what would the chemical formula for magnesium chloride be? MgCl 2 Subscript relative #s of atoms of the element present. Cl Cl - Mg + Mg 2+ Cl Cl - 3/31/14 Chapter 6: Chemical Bonds 27
28 IONIC COMPOUNDS: CRYSTAL LATTICES n chemical formula does not tell you how ions are arranged in a compound n NaCl: each ion is surrounded by 6 oppositely charged ions & is in a fixed position in a rigid framework, or lattice. 3/31/14 Chapter 6: Chemical Bonds 28
29 IONIC COMPOUNDS: CRYSTAL LATTICES n crystals - solids whose particles are arranged in a lattice structure n shape depends on arrangement of ions in its lattice n arrangement of ions depends on n ratio of ions n relative sizes of ions 3/31/14 Chapter 6: Chemical Bonds 29
30 IONIC COMPOUNDS: PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS n Properties of an ionic compound can be explained by the strong attractions among ions within a crystal lattice. n attraction among particles in substance & kinetic energy of particles (stronger the attraction the more kinetic energy particles must have before they can separate) 3/31/14 Chapter 6: Chemical Bonds 30
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PSI AP Chemistry Periodic Trends MC Review Name Periodic Law and the Quantum Model Use the PES spectrum of Phosphorus below to answer questions 1-3. 1. Which peak corresponds to the 1s orbital? (A) 1.06
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