Optical Communications Systems
|
|
- Rudolf Thompson
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 How many light rays?? Recall that only light rays which enter the core with an angle less than the acceptance angle will propagate Optical Communications Systems There are an infinite number of possible ray angles, all less than acceptance angle In theory then there are an infinite number of light rays? Range of angles over which light will not be transmitted Propagation in Range of angles over which light will be transmitted Observing Modes Experimentally Electromagnetic Modes in Visible light is used as a source, typically HeNe laser (Red, 670 nm) Output from a fibre is projected onto a reflective surface, such as a white card in a darkened room To obtain an improved model for propagation in a fibre, EM wave theory must be used. Ray diagram or Geometric Optics approach remains useful as a way to visualise propagation in a fibre. Basis of EM analysis is a solution to Maxwells equations for a fibre. For ease of analysis a fibre is frequently replaced by a planar optical waveguide, that is a slab of dielectric with a refractive index n1, sandwiched between two regions of lower refractive index n. Output from singlemode fibre, HE11 mode n Output from a fibre supporting two modes Output from a multimode fibre, a socalled speckle pattern n 1 n Planar waveguide
2 F E A F E A Formation of Modes in a (I) Formation of Modes in a (II) B B θ θ d d D C D C Propagation of an individual ray takes place in a zigzag pattern as shown In practice there is at the fibre input an infinite number of such rays, called more properly plane rays. Each ray is in reality a line drawn normal to a wavefront, for example the wavefront shown by the dotted line FC above. For plane waves all points along the same wavefront must have identical phase. The wavefront intersects two of the upwardly travelling portions of the same ray at A and C. Unless the phase at point C differs from that at point A by a multiple of π then destructive interference takes place and the ray does not propagate. Moving along the ray path between A and C involves a phase change caused by the distance AB and BC and a phase change caused by reflection Combining these two phase changes and setting the result equal to a multiple of π we get a condition for propagation of a "ray", more properly now called a mode. Types of Optical Three distinct types of optical fibre have developed The reasons behind the development of different fibres are explored later Concern here is to examine propagation in the different fibres The three fibre types are: Step Index Step index fibre Graded index fibre Multimode fibres Singlemode fibre (also called monomode fibre)
3 Step Index Normalised Frequency for a 0 N N1 For an optical fibre we can define the so-called normalised frequency "V" Convenient dimensionless parameter that combines some key fibre variables It is defined thus: πa V =. n 1 - n where a is the fibre radius and is the operating wavelength Simplest and earliest form of fibre The larger the core diameter the more modes propagate With a large core diameter many thousands of modes can exist Refractive index profile for a step index optical fibre V is also very commonly defined using the numerical aperture NA thus: π V = a.na We will use this definition Relative Refractive Index Modes in a MM Step Index It is also possible to define a so called relative refractive index for a fibre Normally the symbol is used is defined thus: = if is << 1 then is given by: The normalised frequency V can be written in terms of : n 1 - n n 1 = V = n 1 - n n 1 π a.n1 In a multimode step index fibre, a finite number of guided modes propagate. Number of modes is dependent on: ƒwavelength, refractive index n 1 ƒrelative refractive index difference, radius a Number of propagating modes (M) is normally expressed in terms of the normalised frequency V for the fibre: M = V Problem: A step index fibre with a core diameter of 80 µm has a relative refractive index difference of 1.5%, a core refractive index of 1.48 and operates at 850 nm. Show (a) that the normalised frequency for the fibre is 75.8 and (b) that the number of modes is 873
4 Influence of Size and Wavelength As the core diameter increases and with it the normalised frequency, the number of modes increases with a square law dependency on core size As the wavelength increases the number of modes decreases 850 nm 130 nm Graded Index Graded Index Propagation in a Graded Index 0 N N1 Parabolic variation in refractive index Typical core diameter for this fibre type: 50 to 10 µm Different refractive index profiles have developed An expanded ray diagram for a graded index fibre, showing a discrete number of refractive index changes n 1 to n 6 for the fibre axis to the cladding. Result is a gradual change in the direction of the ray, rather than the sharp change which occurs in a step index fibre
5 Propagation in a Graded Index Graded Index Profiles Axis b a Light ray (a) and (b) are refracted progressively within the fibre. Notice that light ray (a) follows a longer path within the fibre than light ray (b) The index variation n(r) in a graded index fibre may be expressed as a function of the distance (r) from the fibre axis n(r) = n 1 (1- (r/a)) α for r < a (core) n(r) = n 1 (1- ) = n for r > a (cladding) Meridional (axial) rays follow curved paths in the fibre as shown Benefits of using graded index design are considered later Most common value of the profile parameter α is, a so called parabolic profile. An infinite profile parameter implies a step index fibre Refractive index profiles for Graded Index fibres Modes in a Graded Index Calculating the number of modes in a graded index fibre is very involved As an approximation it can be shown that the number of modes is dependent on the normalised frequency V and on the profile parameter α. That is M = α α + where, is again given by: = V n 1 - n n 1 if is << 1 Singlemode Exercise For the most common value of α show that for fibres with similar relative refractive indices, core radii and operating wavelengths, the number of modes propagating in a step index fibre is twice that in a graded index fibre
6 Singlemode Optical Refractive Index Profiles for SM s Small Multimode step index Multimode graded index 0 N N 1 Small Conventional singlemode fibre (so called matched cladding) Depressed cladding singlemode fibre (less susceptible to bend loss) Refractive index profile Triangular profile singlemode fibre (used in dispersion shifted fibre) Up-and-down profile singlemode fibre (used in dispersion flattened fibre) also called multicladding fibre Normalised Frequency for SM s Energy Distribution in a Singlemode Singlemode fibre exhibits a very large bandwidth and has thus become the fibre of choice in most high speed communications systems. Singlemode operation is best considered with the aid of the fibre normalised frequency V: V = π a. NA Single mode operation takes place where V is less than the so-called cutoff value of Vc =.405. The single mode is the lowest order mode that the waveguide will support, referred to as the HE11 mode. This mode cuts off at V=0. As will be explained practical V values are normally between about to.4 Singlemode operation is achieved by altering the fibre radius, NA or the wavelength in use so that V lies in the range above. The amplitude distribution of the optical energy in a singlemode fibre mode is not uniform, nor is it confined only to the core In multimode fibres if we assume a mode model instead of ray diagram approach then some small percentage of the energy is contained within the cladding close to the core, but typically < 1% so the ray model is still a valid view Ray diagram model does not work for singlemode fibre > 50 µm 7-9 µm Multimode energy distribution is confined to the core Singlemode energy distribution peaks in the centre of the core (Darker shading = higher energy)
7 Mode Field and Spot Size (I) Mode Field and Spot Size (II) Mode field diameter (MFD) is an important property of SM fibres. The amplitude distribution of the HE11 mode in the transverse plane is not uniform, but is approximately gaussian in shape, as shown below centre The MFD is defined as the width of the amplitude distribution at a level 1/e (37%) from the peak or for power 13.5%from the peak The spot size is the mode field radius w. Its value relative to core radius is given by the expression: w a -3/ -6 = V +.879V As the V value approaches.4 the spot size approaches the fibre radius. For V < the spot size is significantly larger than the core size. For V < the beam is partially contained within the cladding and loss increases For this reason V should be between about and.4 MFD or spot size is frequently specified as well as core radius or diameter for the fibre Normalised spot size as a function of the fibre V value Cutoff Wavelength SM Summary and Problem Singlemode operation only takes place above a theoretical cutoff wavelength c where V < V c =.405 c = π V c a NA In practice the theoretical cutoff wavelength is difficult to measure. An alternative is EIA (Electronics Industry Association of America) cutoff wavelength, which states that the cutoff wavelength is: The wavelength at which the power in the HE1 mode is 0.1 db of the power in the HE11 (fundamental mode) The EIA cutoff wavelength can be 100 nm less than the theoretical cutoff wavelength size is a useful parameter for multimode fibres, but is not so useful for SM fibres. Telecommunications systems are normally designed to work close to the cutoff wavelength for good power confinement (small spot size), but not close enough to cutoff so that significant power is carried in higher modes. Exercise A singlemode fibre has a core refractive index of and a cladding refractive index of What is the maximum core size if the fibre is to support only one mode at 1300 nm? Answer: core radius 4.11 microns, 8.3 microns core diameter. If the wavelength is increased to 1550 nm what is the new fibre V value, the spot size and the MFD? Answer: V =.0, Spot size 5.18 microns, MFD 10.4 microns
Fiber Optics: Fiber Basics
Photonics Technical Note # 21 Fiber Optics Fiber Optics: Fiber Basics Optical fibers are circular dielectric wave-guides that can transport optical energy and information. They have a central core surrounded
More informationAttenuation: Bending Loss
Consequences of Stress Optical Communications Systems Stress Bending Loss and Reliability in Optical Fibres Increased Loss in the Fibre Increased Probability of Failure Bending Loss in Fibres At a bend
More informationGLOBAL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY: YSR DIST. Unit VII Fiber Optics Engineering Physics
Introduction Fiber optics deals with the light propagation through thin glass fibers. Fiber optics plays an important role in the field of communication to transmit voice, television and digital data signals
More informationModule 13 : Measurements on Fiber Optic Systems
Module 13 : Measurements on Fiber Optic Systems Lecture : Measurements on Fiber Optic Systems Objectives In this lecture you will learn the following Measurements on Fiber Optic Systems Attenuation (Loss)
More informationLecture 3: Fibre Optics
Lecture 3: Fibre Optics Lecture aims to explain: 1. Fibre applications in telecommunications 2. Principle of operation 3. Single- and multi-mode fibres 4. Light losses in fibres Fibre is a transparent
More informationDiffraction and Young s Single Slit Experiment
Diffraction and Young s Single Slit Experiment Developers AB Overby Objectives Preparation Background The objectives of this experiment are to observe Fraunhofer, or far-field, diffraction through a single
More informationDOING PHYSICS WITH MATLAB COMPUTATIONAL OPTICS RAYLEIGH-SOMMERFELD DIFFRACTION INTEGRAL OF THE FIRST KIND
DOING PHYSICS WITH MATLAB COMPUTATIONAL OPTICS RAYLEIGH-SOMMERFELD DIFFRACTION INTEGRAL OF THE FIRST KIND THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE RADIANT FLUX DENSITY AT THE FOCUS OF A CONVERGENCE BEAM
More informationUsing light scattering method to find The surface tension of water
Experiment (8) Using light scattering method to find The surface tension of water The aim of work: The goals of this experiment are to confirm the relationship between angular frequency and wave vector
More informationWhat are Fibre Optics?
Fibre Optics Fibre Optics? Fibre optics (optical fibres) are the guiding channels through which light energy propagates. These are long, thin strands of very pure glass about the diameter of a human hair
More informationGeometric Optics Converging Lenses and Mirrors Physics Lab IV
Objective Geometric Optics Converging Lenses and Mirrors Physics Lab IV In this set of lab exercises, the basic properties geometric optics concerning converging lenses and mirrors will be explored. The
More informationReflection and Refraction
Equipment Reflection and Refraction Acrylic block set, plane-concave-convex universal mirror, cork board, cork board stand, pins, flashlight, protractor, ruler, mirror worksheet, rectangular block worksheet,
More informationBandwidth analysis of multimode fiber passive optical networks (PONs)
Optica Applicata, Vol. XXXIX, No. 2, 2009 Bandwidth analysis of multimode fiber passive optical networks (PONs) GRZEGORZ STEPNIAK *, LUKASZ MAKSYMIUK, JERZY SIUZDAK Institute of Telecommunications, Warsaw
More informationA Guide to Acousto-Optic Modulators
A Guide to Acousto-Optic Modulators D. J. McCarron December 7, 2007 1 Introduction Acousto-optic modulators (AOMs) are useful devices which allow the frequency, intensity and direction of a laser beam
More information1051-232 Imaging Systems Laboratory II. Laboratory 4: Basic Lens Design in OSLO April 2 & 4, 2002
05-232 Imaging Systems Laboratory II Laboratory 4: Basic Lens Design in OSLO April 2 & 4, 2002 Abstract: For designing the optics of an imaging system, one of the main types of tools used today is optical
More informationSINGLEMODE OR MULTIMODE FIBER OPTIC PATCHCORDS
Features: SINGLEMODE OR MULTIMODE FIBER OPTIC PATCHCORDS Low insertion loss < 0.2 db Excellent repeatability FC/PC, SC, ST, LC, MU, E2000 termination available Custom ferrule termination available Designed
More informationDifferent Types of Dispersions in an Optical Fiber
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 2, Issue 12, December 2012 1 Different Types of Dispersions in an Optical Fiber N.Ravi Teja, M.Aneesh Babu, T.R.S.Prasad, T.Ravi B.tech
More informationAP Physics B Ch. 23 and Ch. 24 Geometric Optics and Wave Nature of Light
AP Physics B Ch. 23 and Ch. 24 Geometric Optics and Wave Nature of Light Name: Period: Date: MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Reflection,
More informationDiffraction of a Circular Aperture
Diffraction of a Circular Aperture Diffraction can be understood by considering the wave nature of light. Huygen's principle, illustrated in the image below, states that each point on a propagating wavefront
More informationEXPERIMENT O-6. Michelson Interferometer. Abstract. References. Pre-Lab
EXPERIMENT O-6 Michelson Interferometer Abstract A Michelson interferometer, constructed by the student, is used to measure the wavelength of He-Ne laser light and the index of refraction of a flat transparent
More informationINTRODUCTION FIGURE 1 1. Cosmic Rays. Gamma Rays. X-Rays. Ultraviolet Violet Blue Green Yellow Orange Red Infrared. Ultraviolet.
INTRODUCTION Fibre optics behave quite different to metal cables. The concept of information transmission is the same though. We need to take a "carrier" signal, identify a signal parameter we can modulate,
More informationMeasuring of optical output and attenuation
Measuring of optical output and attenuation THEORY Measuring of optical output is the fundamental part of measuring in optoelectronics. The importance of an optical power meter can be compared to an ammeter
More informationScanning Near Field Optical Microscopy: Principle, Instrumentation and Applications
Scanning Near Field Optical Microscopy: Principle, Instrumentation and Applications Saulius Marcinkevičius Optics, ICT, KTH 1 Outline Optical near field. Principle of scanning near field optical microscope
More informationInterference. Physics 102 Workshop #3. General Instructions
Interference Physics 102 Workshop #3 Name: Lab Partner(s): Instructor: Time of Workshop: General Instructions Workshop exercises are to be carried out in groups of three. One report per group is due by
More informationFiber optic communication
Fiber optic communication Fiber optic communication Outline Introduction Properties of single- and multi-mode fiber Optical fiber manufacture Optical network concepts Robert R. McLeod, University of Colorado
More informationProcedure: Geometrical Optics. Theory Refer to your Lab Manual, pages 291 294. Equipment Needed
Theory Refer to your Lab Manual, pages 291 294. Geometrical Optics Equipment Needed Light Source Ray Table and Base Three-surface Mirror Convex Lens Ruler Optics Bench Cylindrical Lens Concave Lens Rhombus
More informationSignal directionality Lower frequency signals are omnidirectional Higher frequency signals can be focused in a directional beam
Transmission Media Transmission medium Physical path between transmitter and receiver May be guided (wired) or unguided (wireless) Communication achieved by using em waves Characteristics and quality of
More informationFraunhofer Diffraction
Physics 334 Spring 1 Purpose Fraunhofer Diffraction The experiment will test the theory of Fraunhofer diffraction at a single slit by comparing a careful measurement of the angular dependence of intensity
More informationRefraction of Light at a Plane Surface. Object: To study the refraction of light from water into air, at a plane surface.
Refraction of Light at a Plane Surface Object: To study the refraction of light from water into air, at a plane surface. Apparatus: Refraction tank, 6.3 V power supply. Theory: The travel of light waves
More informationDiffraction of Laser Light
Diffraction of Laser Light No Prelab Introduction The laser is a unique light source because its light is coherent and monochromatic. Coherent light is made up of waves, which are all in phase. Monochromatic
More informationOptical Fibers Fiber Optic Cables Indoor/Outdoor
presents Optical Fibers Fiber Optic Cables Indoor/Outdoor Content Optical fiber function, types optical effects applications production of optical fibre Cable - general types Indoor Indoor / outdoor Outdoor
More informationExperiment 5. Lasers and laser mode structure
Northeastern University, PHYS5318 Spring 2014, 1 1. Introduction Experiment 5. Lasers and laser mode structure The laser is a very important optical tool that has found widespread use in science and industry,
More informationDispersion in Optical Fibres
Introdution Optial Communiations Systems Dispersion in Optial Fibre (I) Dispersion limits available bandwidth As bit rates are inreasing, dispersion is beoming a ritial aspet of most systems Dispersion
More information4.4 WAVE CHARACTERISTICS 4.5 WAVE PROPERTIES HW/Study Packet
4.4 WAVE CHARACTERISTICS 4.5 WAVE PROPERTIES HW/Study Packet Required: READ Hamper pp 115-134 SL/HL Supplemental: Cutnell and Johnson, pp 473-477, 507-513 Tsokos, pp 216-242 REMEMBER TO. Work through all
More informationOptical Fibres. Introduction. Safety precautions. For your safety. For the safety of the apparatus
Please do not remove this manual from from the lab. It is available at www.cm.ph.bham.ac.uk/y2lab Optics Introduction Optical fibres are widely used for transmitting data at high speeds. In this experiment,
More informationLimiting factors in fiber optic transmissions
Limiting factors in fiber optic transmissions Sergiusz Patela, Dr Sc Room I/48, Th. 13:00-16:20, Fri. 9:20-10:50 sergiusz.patela@pwr.wroc.pl eportal.pwr.wroc.pl Copying and processing permitted for noncommercial
More informationQuestion based on Refraction and Refractive index. Glass Slab, Lateral Shift.
Question based on Refraction and Refractive index. Glass Slab, Lateral Shift. Q.What is refraction of light? What are the laws of refraction? Ans: Deviation of ray of light from its original path when
More informationCabling & Test Considerations for 10 Gigabit Ethernet LAN
Introduction Current communication data rates in local networks range from 10/100 megabits per second (Mbps) in Ethernet to 1 gigabit per second (Gbps) in fiber distributed data interface (FDDI) and Gigabit
More informationv = fλ PROGRESSIVE WAVES 1 Candidates should be able to :
PROGRESSIVE WAVES 1 Candidates should be able to : Describe and distinguish between progressive longitudinal and transverse waves. With the exception of electromagnetic waves, which do not need a material
More informationDirect and Reflected: Understanding the Truth with Y-S 3
Direct and Reflected: Understanding the Truth with Y-S 3 -Speaker System Design Guide- December 2008 2008 Yamaha Corporation 1 Introduction Y-S 3 is a speaker system design software application. It is
More informationWaves - Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
Waves - Transverse and Longitudinal Waves wave may be defined as a periodic disturbance in a medium that carries energy from one point to another. ll waves require a source and a medium of propagation.
More informationVarious Technics of Liquids and Solids Level Measurements. (Part 3)
(Part 3) In part one of this series of articles, level measurement using a floating system was discusses and the instruments were recommended for each application. In the second part of these articles,
More informationDefinition and Characterisation of UV Written Structures
Definition and Characterisation of UV Written Structures 7.1 Introduction In the following sections the layers produced using the processes described in the previous chapter are exposed to UV light and
More informationASTRA 3B HORN ANTENNA DESIGN
ASTRA 3B HORN ANTENNA DESIGN Jorge Teniente and Carlos del-río Grupo de Antenas, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus Arrosadía s/n, 31006 Spain, Email: jorge.teniente@unavarra.es, carlos@unavarra.es
More informationOptical fiber basics in a nutshell
Optical fiber basics in a nutshell Nuphar Lipkin, Lambda Crossing, Israel Talk outline (a taste of): (Late 70-s: 1 st phone lines, 1988: 1 st TAT, now: FTTH) Optical communication systems- basic concepts,
More informationPhysics 25 Exam 3 November 3, 2009
1. A long, straight wire carries a current I. If the magnetic field at a distance d from the wire has magnitude B, what would be the the magnitude of the magnetic field at a distance d/3 from the wire,
More informationPillbox Antenna for 5.6 GHz Band Dragoslav Dobričić, YU1AW dragan@antennex.com
Pillbox Antenna for 5.6 GHz Band Dragoslav Dobričić, YU1AW dragan@antennex.com Introduction The pillbox or cheese antenna is made of two parallel plates which are connected to the narrow strip of parabolic
More informationDesigning Fiber Optic Systems David Strachan
Designing Fiber Optic Systems David Strachan Everyone knows that fiber optics can carry a huge amount of data. There are more benefits to using fiber optics in broadcast applications than you might realize.
More informationDevelopment of Optical Wave Microphone Measuring Sound Waves with No Diaphragm
Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Proceedings, Taipei, March 5 8, 3 359 Development of Optical Wave Microphone Measuring Sound Waves with No Diaphragm Yoshito Sonoda, Takashi Samatsu, and
More informationPlastic Optical Fiber for In-Home communication systems
Plastic Optical Fiber for In-Home communication systems Davide Visani 29 October 2010 Bologna E-mail: davide.visani3@unibo.it Summary Reason for Fiber in the Home (FITH) FITH scenario Comparison of CAT5
More informationExperimental results for the focal waveform and beam width in the focusing lens with a 100 ps filter
EM Implosion Memos Memo 51 July, 2010 Experimental results for the focal waveform and beam width in the focusing lens with a 100 ps filter Prashanth Kumar, Carl E. Baum, Serhat Altunc, Christos G. Christodoulou
More informationModern Classical Optics
Modern Classical Optics GEOFFREY BROOKER Department of Physics University of Oxford OXPORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Contents 1 Electromagnetism and basic optics 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The Maxwell equations 1
More informationA NEW LOOK AT RISLEY PRISMS. By Craig Schwarze Senior Systems Engineer OPTRA Inc.
As seen in Photonics Spectra June 2006: A NEW LOOK AT RISLEY PRISMS By Craig Schwarze Senior Systems Engineer OPTRA Inc. Introduction With laser beams finding more and more applications that require aiming
More informationRemoving chips is a method for producing plastic threads of small diameters and high batches, which cause frequent failures of thread punches.
Plastic Threads Technical University of Gabrovo Yordanka Atanasova Threads in plastic products can be produced in three ways: a) by direct moulding with thread punch or die; b) by placing a threaded metal
More informationExplanation of Reflection Features in Optical Fiber as Sometimes Observed in OTDR Measurement Traces
Explanation of Reflection Features in Optical Fiber as Sometimes Observed in OTDR Measurement Traces WP1281 Issued: November 2015 Supersedes: 2012 Author: Dr. Russell Ellis ISO 9001 Registered Background
More informationGiven ZEMAX's user-interface and available tools, the singlet can be modeled and optimized easily!
of 19 http://home.strw.leidenuniv.nl/~brandl/obstech/zemax_intro.html 10/6/2012 8:55 AM ZEMAX Users' Knowledge Base - http://www.zemax.com/kb How To Design a Singlet Lens http://www.zemax.com/kb/articles/20/1/how-to-design-a-singlet-lens/page1.html
More informationLab 9: The Acousto-Optic Effect
Lab 9: The Acousto-Optic Effect Incoming Laser Beam Travelling Acoustic Wave (longitudinal wave) O A 1st order diffracted laser beam A 1 Introduction qb d O 2qb rarefractions compressions Refer to Appendix
More informationFIBER OPTIC ISOLATORS
Features: >0W Optical power handling capability Polarization Sensitive and Insensitive versions Product offerings over 3 000 nm wavelength range High isolation levels and low return loss Low Insertion
More information1 of 9 2/9/2010 3:38 PM
1 of 9 2/9/2010 3:38 PM Chapter 23 Homework Due: 8:00am on Monday, February 8, 2010 Note: To understand how points are awarded, read your instructor's Grading Policy. [Return to Standard Assignment View]
More informationPolarization of Light
Polarization of Light References Halliday/Resnick/Walker Fundamentals of Physics, Chapter 33, 7 th ed. Wiley 005 PASCO EX997A and EX999 guide sheets (written by Ann Hanks) weight Exercises and weights
More informationFundamentals of modern UV-visible spectroscopy. Presentation Materials
Fundamentals of modern UV-visible spectroscopy Presentation Materials The Electromagnetic Spectrum E = hν ν = c / λ 1 Electronic Transitions in Formaldehyde 2 Electronic Transitions and Spectra of Atoms
More informationRadiation-Resistant Single-Mode Optical Fibers
Radiation-Resistant Single-Mode Optical Fibers Kazuhiko Aikawa, 1 Katsuaki Izoe, 1 Naoki Shamoto, 1 Manabu Kudoh, 1 and Takashi Tsumanuma 1 Loss of silica-based optical fibers increases when they are exposed
More informationAntennas & Propagation. CS 6710 Spring 2010 Rajmohan Rajaraman
Antennas & Propagation CS 6710 Spring 2010 Rajmohan Rajaraman Introduction An antenna is an electrical conductor or system of conductors o Transmission - radiates electromagnetic energy into space o Reception
More informationImaging techniques with refractive beam shaping optics
Imaging techniques with refractive beam shaping optics Alexander Laskin, Vadim Laskin AdlOptica GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29, 12489 Berlin, Germany ABSTRACT Applying of the refractive beam shapers in real
More informationP R E A M B L E. Facilitated workshop problems for class discussion (1.5 hours)
INSURANCE SCAM OPTICS - LABORATORY INVESTIGATION P R E A M B L E The original form of the problem is an Experimental Group Research Project, undertaken by students organised into small groups working as
More informationPhysical Science Study Guide Unit 7 Wave properties and behaviors, electromagnetic spectrum, Doppler Effect
Objectives: PS-7.1 Physical Science Study Guide Unit 7 Wave properties and behaviors, electromagnetic spectrum, Doppler Effect Illustrate ways that the energy of waves is transferred by interaction with
More informationCrystal Optics of Visible Light
Crystal Optics of Visible Light This can be a very helpful aspect of minerals in understanding the petrographic history of a rock. The manner by which light is transferred through a mineral is a means
More informationPUMPED Nd:YAG LASER. Last Revision: August 21, 2007
PUMPED Nd:YAG LASER Last Revision: August 21, 2007 QUESTION TO BE INVESTIGATED: How can an efficient atomic transition laser be constructed and characterized? INTRODUCTION: This lab exercise will allow
More informationFIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS. Optical Fibers
FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS Optical Fibers Fiber optics (optical fibers) are long, thin strands of very pure glass about the size of a human hair. They are arranged in bundles called optical cables and
More informationFIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS: TECHNO-ECONOMICS
FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATIONS: TECHNO-ECONOMICS Balaji Srinivasan and Anil Prabhakar Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Madras Adyar, Chennai 600 036. India. Keywords: Optical
More informationBeam shaping to generate uniform Laser Light Sheet and Linear Laser Spots
Beam shaping to generate uniform Laser Light Sheet and Linear Laser Spots Alexander Laskin, Vadim Laskin AdlOptica GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29, 12489 Berlin, Germany ABSTRACT Generation of Laser Light Sheet
More informationRefractive Index Measurement Principle
Refractive Index Measurement Principle Refractive index measurement principle Introduction Detection of liquid concentrations by optical means was already known in antiquity. The law of refraction was
More informationCAMI Education linked to CAPS: Mathematics
- 1 - TOPIC 1.1 Whole numbers _CAPS curriculum TERM 1 CONTENT Mental calculations Revise: Multiplication of whole numbers to at least 12 12 Ordering and comparing whole numbers Revise prime numbers to
More informationMEASUREMENT OF END FACE GEOMETRY ON FIBER OPTIC TERMINI...2
MEASUREMENT OF END FACE GEOMETRY ON FIBER OPTIC TERMINI...2 IMPORTANCE OF END FACE GEOMETRY...2 FIBER OPTIC CONNECTOR END FACE GEOMETRY MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES...2 INTERFEROMETRIC MICROSCOPE TYPES...3 MEASUREMENT
More informationAdvancements in High Frequency, High Resolution Acoustic Micro Imaging for Thin Silicon Applications
Advancements in High Frequency, High Resolution Acoustic Micro Imaging for Thin Silicon Applications Janet E. Semmens Sonoscan, Inc. 2149 E. Pratt Boulevard Elk Grove Village, IL 60007 USA Phone: (847)
More informationAntenna Glossary Before we talk about specific antennas, there are a few common terms that must be defined and explained:
Antenna Basics Introduction Antennas are a very important component of communication systems. By definition, an antenna is a device used to transform an RF signal, traveling on a conductor, into an electromagnetic
More informationC) D) As object AB is moved from its present position toward the left, the size of the image produced A) decreases B) increases C) remains the same
1. For a plane mirror, compared to the object distance, the image distance is always A) less B) greater C) the same 2. Which graph best represents the relationship between image distance (di) and object
More informationWAVELENGTH OF LIGHT - DIFFRACTION GRATING
PURPOSE In this experiment we will use the diffraction grating and the spectrometer to measure wavelengths in the mercury spectrum. THEORY A diffraction grating is essentially a series of parallel equidistant
More informationThe Conversion Technology Experts. Fiber Optics Basics
The Conversion Technology Experts Fiber Optics Basics Introduction Fiber optic technology is simply the use of light to transmit data. The general use of fiber optics did not begin until the 1970s. Robert
More informationAngles that are between parallel lines, but on opposite sides of a transversal.
GLOSSARY Appendix A Appendix A: Glossary Acute Angle An angle that measures less than 90. Acute Triangle Alternate Angles A triangle that has three acute angles. Angles that are between parallel lines,
More informationHIGH POWER FREE SPACE AND FIBER PIGTAILED ISOLATORS
NEW HIGH POWER FREE SPACE AND FIBER PIGTAILED ISOLATORS Features: New! Reduced size and cost versions Reliable high power handling: As much as 80 Watts High Isolation, up to 50dB isolation possible from
More informationand LP 11 are illustrated at right.
Fiber Basics Optical fibers are circular dielectric waveguides that can transport optical energy and information. They have a central core surrounded by a concentric cladding with slightly lower (by 1%)
More informationHolography 1 HOLOGRAPHY
Holography 1 HOLOGRAPHY Introduction and Background The aesthetic appeal and commercial usefulness of holography are both related to the ability of a hologram to store a three-dimensional image. Unlike
More informationUSE OF FIBRE OPTICS INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR CALIBRATION LABORATORY ACCREDITATION INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
USE OF FIBRE OPTICS INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR CALIBRATION LABORATORY ACCREDITATION INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION USE OF FIBRE OPTICS INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS FOR CALIBRATION LABORATORY ACCREDITATION
More informationSimulation of Gaussian Pulses Propagation Through Single Mode Optical Fiber Using MATLAB . MATLAB
Iraqi Journal of Science, 213, Vol.4, No.3, pp.61-66 Simulation of Gaussian Pulses Propagation Through Single Mode Optical Fiber Using MATLAB Salah Al Deen Adnan Taha *, Mehdi M. Shellal, and Ahmed Chyad
More informationBlackbody radiation derivation of Planck s radiation low
Blackbody radiation derivation of Planck s radiation low 1 Classical theories of Lorentz and Debye: Lorentz (oscillator model): Electrons and ions of matter were treated as a simple harmonic oscillators
More informationLaser-Optimized Fiber
FIBER FAQs Laser-Optimized Fiber Technical Resource: Tony Irujo Manager, Customer Technical Support FIBER FAQs Laser-Optimized Fiber As transmission speeds over optical fiber networks in the enterprise
More informationA wave lab inside a coaxial cable
INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS PUBLISHING Eur. J. Phys. 25 (2004) 581 591 EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS PII: S0143-0807(04)76273-X A wave lab inside a coaxial cable JoãoMSerra,MiguelCBrito,JMaiaAlves and A M Vallera
More informationOptical Communications
Optical Communications Telecommunication Engineering School of Engineering University of Rome La Sapienza Rome, Italy 2005-2006 Lecture #2, May 2 2006 The Optical Communication System BLOCK DIAGRAM OF
More informationEfficiency, Dispersion and Straylight Performance Tests of Immersed Gratings for High Resolution Spectroscopy in the Near Infra-red
Changing the economics of space Efficiency, Dispersion and Straylight Performance Tests of Immersed Gratings for High Resolution Spectroscopy in the Near Infra-red J. Fernandez-Saldivar 1, F. Culfaz 1,
More informationThe waveguide adapter consists of a rectangular part smoothly transcending into an elliptical part as seen in Figure 1.
Waveguide Adapter Introduction This is a model of an adapter for microwave propagation in the transition between a rectangular and an elliptical waveguide. Such waveguide adapters are designed to keep
More informationEXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THE COLLAR PRODUCTION ON THE PIERCED FLAT SHEET METAL USING LASER FORMING PROCESS
JOURNAL OF CURRENT RESEARCH IN SCIENCE (ISSN 2322-5009) CODEN (USA): JCRSDJ 2014, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp:277-284 Available at www.jcrs010.com ORIGINAL ARTICLE EXPERIMENTAL AND NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THE COLLAR
More informationNOVEL FOCUSING OPTICS FOR IR LASERS Paper 1504
NOVEL FOCUSING OPTICS FOR IR LASERS Paper 1504 Gary Herrit 1, Alan Hedges 1, Herman Reedy 1 1 II-VI Incorporated, 375 Saxonburg Blvd., Saxonburg, PA, 16056, USA Abstract Traditional focusing optics for
More informationHas profound implications for the efficiency with which non-linear light is generated!
Non-Linear Optics Lecture 3: Achieving Phase Matching Learning goals By the end of this lecture you should: Show that we can use refractive index ellipsoids to define particular directions for phase matching.
More informationOpto-Mechanical I/F for ANSYS
Abstract Opto-Mechanical I/F for ANSYS Victor Genberg, Keith Doyle, Gregory Michels Sigmadyne, Inc., 803 West Ave, Rochester, NY 14611 genberg@sigmadyne.com Thermal and structural output from ANSYS is
More informationRutgers Analytical Physics 750:228, Spring 2016 ( RUPHY228S16 )
1 of 13 2/17/2016 5:28 PM Signed in as Weida Wu, Instructor Help Sign Out Rutgers Analytical Physics 750:228, Spring 2016 ( RUPHY228S16 ) My Courses Course Settings University Physics with Modern Physics,
More informationAcousto-optic modulator
1 of 3 Acousto-optic modulator F An acousto-optic modulator (AOM), also called a Bragg cell, uses the acousto-optic effect to diffract and shift the frequency of light using sound waves (usually at radio-frequency).
More informationAPPLICATION NOTE ULTRASONIC CERAMIC TRANSDUCERS
APPLICATION NOTE ULTRASONIC CERAMIC TRANSDUCERS Selection and use of Ultrasonic Ceramic Transducers The purpose of this application note is to aid the user in the selection and application of the Ultrasonic
More informationPHYS 222 Spring 2012 Final Exam. Closed books, notes, etc. No electronic device except a calculator.
PHYS 222 Spring 2012 Final Exam Closed books, notes, etc. No electronic device except a calculator. NAME: (all questions with equal weight) 1. If the distance between two point charges is tripled, the
More information104 Practice Exam 2-3/21/02
104 Practice Exam 2-3/21/02 1. Two electrons are located in a region of space where the magnetic field is zero. Electron A is at rest; and electron B is moving westward with a constant velocity. A non-zero
More information