18.5% efficient n-type silicon solar cells made in pilot production.
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1 18.5% efficient n-type silicon solar cells made in pilot production. Towards higher efficiency and lower cost PV
2 Over 19% efficient n-type silicon solar cells made in pilot production. Towards higher efficiency and lower cost PV
3 A good example of collaborative effort.. Research Institute New technology PV manufacturer Equipment Supplier
4 towards bi-facial n-type solar cells!!! n-type: higher quality: bi-facial: open rear: higher efficiency higher energy production
5 The old days Research Institute New Technology Equipment Supplier PV manufacturer
6 The now days Research Institute Equipment Supplier New Technology PV manufacturer Scattering of technology
7 The new days Research Institute New technology PV manufacturer Equipment Supplier
8 Demand for innovation Most cell producers still use conventional p-type H-bar technology Strong need for high efficiency: - Leverages area-related wafer, module and system costs such as materials and labour - Higher kwh/wp Industrial scale ECN n-type cell technology meets requirements and speed is needed
9 PANDA project: towards fabrication ECN : - Cell technology - Process optimization Tempress (subsidiary of Amtech Systems) - Diffusion and glass removal equipment - Optimization of diffusion processes Yingli - Creating and operating pilot line - Debugging and optimizing pilot operation - Improving the technology - Cost assessment
10 Work horse of PV industry: Al-BSF cell
11 What held n-type solar cells back? Historical: e.g., p-type base better radiation resistant in space High-temperature necessary for B-diffusion; but this is problematic only for p-type substrates Creating oppositely doped layers on front and back. B-emitter passivation. ECN made breakthroughs in
12 n-type wafer offers better diffusion lengths (n + ) Phosphorous emitter p++ emitter Ti +/o Ti o/+ Fe +/o Back contact B-O 2i p-type Si Fe o/+ n++ BSF n-type Si Major metal impurities affect n-type less p-type dopant: boron-oxygen recombination centre
13 Efficiency: record cells Cell I sc A U oc V FF % Area cm 2 J sc ma/cm 2 Eff. % % %* % %* % %* # % > 19.0% # % > 19.0% *FhG-ISE, May
14 Features of the Panda cell Bifacial cell, on 6 inch CZ wafer. n-type material for good efficiency Phosphorous BSF - good FF - rear surface passivation. - allows bi-facial design. No aluminum BSF: no bending of cells, suitable for thin wafers Industrial processing Metallization: - industry compatible screen printing - open front and rear: limited coverage and paste consumption - compatible with standard module manufacturing technology
15 Pilot line for Panda cells Dedicated pilot line available at Yingli - Allowed very rapid development. - Experiment turn-around 1-2 days Objectives: - Demonstrate Panda technology - feasibility of production - Improve efficiency - Module manufacture and certification - Bottlenecks. - Specification of fab equipment
16 Technology improvements in pilot line towards up-scalability. - processing times - number of steps - use of consumables Large technological advances, e.g. - metallization - rear surface passivation
17 Breakthrough in passivation IQE Boron emitter passivation: none SiN x NAOS+SiN x wavelength [µm] New technique for n-type emitter passivation: 15% relative gain in efficiency Mihailetchi et al., Appl. Phys. Lett
18 Improved metallization Uoc Isc FF eta A +0.6% +0.4% Original Improved Paste slumping and shading Contact resistance Line resistance
19 Improved rear surface passivation Uoc Isc FF eta +3 mv +.04A 0% +0.2% 1 front illum improved 0.6 E 0.5 reference IQ rear illum wavelength
20 From lab to fab : start of Panda project : Pilot line up and running : Yingli announces 300MW Panda expansion : Yingli shows first Panda modules : Yingli announces initial production of Panda cells and 19% efficiency reached in pilot line : Yingli announces additional 600MW Panda expansion. in just over a year!
21 What does Panda mean for PV? High-efficiency industrial silicon PV technology. New silicon cell technology in production A new mainstream technology in PV may have emerged
22 Towards 20%, and beyond Young technology: - Further improvements are possible Combine n-type with benefits of MWT / BC technology
23 Conclusions ECN s n-type concept: high efficiency with an industrial process % confirmed, but > 19% has been achieved Involvement of Yingli has hugely accelerated development. - From lab to fab in a little over a year!
24 Thank you for your attention
25 n-type solar cell versus p-type solar cell external quantum efficiency (EQE) N-type wavelength of light (nm) p-type 0 Irradiance Photon flux bandgap Si 1.1eV Wavelength (um) Better EQE in infrared: Less recombination: Higher I sc Higher V oc and Fill Factor Results in at least 5 8% efficiency gain over p-type
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