Introduction to the Urinary System
|
|
- Griffin Newton
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Unit 7 Urinary System Session 22 Introduction to the Urinary System Session Outline Introduction 22.1 Organs of the urinary system 22.2 Basic structure of the urinary system 22.3 Blood and nerve supply 22.4 Functions of the urinary system 22.5 Regulation of the functions of the urinary system Summary Learning Outcomes Review Questions References The urinary system plays and vital part in maintaining homeostasis of water and electrolyte concentrations within the body. Every day the kidneys filter nearly 200 liters of fluid from the bloodstream. It filters and removes toxins, waste products of metabolism, and excess ions. These waste products leave the body in the form of urine. The urine contains metabolic waste products, nitrogenous compounds (urea and uric acid), and excess ions. At the same time it filters the blood and forms urine, the kidney makes the body retain much needed substances in the blood. Therefore the kidney s function is similar to a water purification plant that keeps the water supply to a city clean and disposes of its waste products. Often we don t value the function of the kidneys, until the kidneys stop functioning and the body fluids become contaminated. When the function of the kidney is impaired it becomes a danger to life. The lungs and skin also participate in excretion, but the kidneys are the major excretory organs in the body. Learning outcomes After studying this section you should be able to; Identify the organs associated with the kidneys Briefly explain the other structures related to the kidney Outline the gross structure of the kidneys Describe the structure of a nephron Explain the processes involved in the formation of urine Explain how body water and electrolyte balance is maintained
2 22.1 Organs of the urinary system The Urinary System consists of the following structures. 2 Kidneys - filter plasma and formation of urine 2 Ureters - convey the urine formed in the kidneys to the urinary bladder Urinary bladder collects urine and temporally stores urine Urethra - expels urine from the urinary bladder to the outside Figure 22.1 shows an overview of the urinary system Figure 22.1 The main organs of the urinary system 22.2 Basic structure of the organs of the urinary system Kidneys The kidneys are reddish organs shaped like kidney beans. We have two kidneys. They are located just above the waist, posterior to the peritoneum in the abdomen. Since the kidneys are located posterior to the peritoneum, it is known as a retroperitoneal organ. Other retroperitoneal structures in the body include the ureters and adrenal (suprarenal) glands. In relation to the vertebral column, the kidneys are situated laterally between the 12 th thoracic and 3 rd lumbar vertebrae. The right kidney is placed slightly lower than the left because the liver occupies a large area on the right side.
3 The hilum of the kidney is the concave medial border of the kidney. Renal blood vessels and lymph vessels, the ureter and nerves enter the kidney through the hilum. If we cut a section through the kidney longitudinally (fig. 22.2) we can see three main areas of tissue. The outer most layer is the fibrous capsule. It surrounds the kidney. The second outer layer is the cortex. It is a reddish- brown layer of tissue immediately just interior to the capsule and outside the pyramids. The third layer is the medulla. It is the inner most layer. The medulla is composed of conical-shaped striations. These striations are pale and are known as the renal pyramids due to its shape. The innermost tip of the medulla is the papilla. The papilla empties into pouches called calyces. The calyces communicate with the renal pelvis. The renal pelvis is the funnelshaped structure. It collects the urine formed by the kidney. The urine formed by each kidney drains from the pelvis into the ureter. It is transported along the ureter to the bladder. The bladder stores urine and eliminates it at regular intervals. The walls of the pelvis contain smooth muscles. The pelvis is lined with transitional epithelium. Urine reaches the bladder through the pelvis. Peristalsis of the smooth muscle in the walls of the calyces propel urine through the pelvis and ureters to the bladder. Urine is stored in the bladder and excreted by the process of micturition. We will discuss the process of micturition in a later session. Figure 22.2 Logitudinal cross section through the right kidney 2.1 Self Assessment Questions Can you list the organs of the urinary system? Can you briefly outline the structure of each of these organs? What are the retroperitoneal organs in the body?
4 Microscopic structure of the kidney The kidney is composed of about 1 million functional units, known as the nephrons and lesser number of collecting ducts. The collecting ducts transport the formed urine through the pyramids to the renal pelvis. The nephron The nephron is formed by a cup- shaped structure known as the glomerular capsule (Bowman s capsule) and continues as a tube. The other end of the tube opens into a collecting tubule. The Bowmen s capsule is completely enclosed by a network of arterial capillaries, the glomerulus. Continuing from the glomerular capsule the reminder of the nephron is about 3 cm long. This part of the nephron consists of three sections known as the proximal convoluted tubule ( PCT), the medullary loop (loop of Henle)( LOH) and the distal convoluted tubule (DCT). The distal convoluted tubule leads into a collecting duct Blood and nerve supply The kidneys are supplied by the renal arteries which arise out of the aorta. There are two renal arteries, one for each kidney. These arteries divide into smaller arteries and arterioles in the kidneys. In the cortex of the kidney an arteriole, the afferent arteriole enters each glomerular capsule. Then it subdivides into a cluster of capillaries forming the glomerulus. The blood vessels leading away from the glomerulus is the efferent arteriole. Once the efferent arteriole leaves the glomerulus a set of capillary network is formed to supply oxygen and nutrients to the remainder of the nephron. Venous blood drained from this capillary bed eventually leaves the kidney in the renal vein which empties into the inferior vena cava. The blood pressure in the glomerulus is higher than in other capillaries because the diameter of the afferent arteriole is greater than that of the efferent arteriole. Figure 22.3 Parts of the Nephron and the associated blood vessels
5 The walls of the glomerulus and the glomerular capsule consists of a single layer of flattened epithelial cells which are permeable than other capillaries. The blood vessels of the kidney are supplied by both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves. The presence of both branches of the autonomic nervous system permits control of the diameter of renal blood vessels. This allows the regulation of renal blood flow Functions of the urinary system Functions of the Kidneys The main function of the kidney is to filter blood and form the urine. The kidney receives about 25% of the cardiac output to perform the above function efficiently. It filters out the entire blood volume by about 60 times a day. The main functions of kidneys are: Formation of urine Regulate the volume and electrolyte composition of blood Maintain the balance between water and electrolytes in blood Maintain acid-base balance. These balances are essential to maintain life. Produce and secrete erythropoietin, the hormone responsible for stimulating the bone marrow to produce red blood cells. Produce and secrete renin, an important enzyme in the control of blood pressure. Metabolise vitamin D to its active form (1-25 dihydroxycholecalciferol) Formation of urine The kidneys form urine which passes through the ureters to the bladder for storage prior to excretion. There are three processes involved in the formation of urine.
6 1. Glomerular filtration 2. selective reabsorption in the renal tubules 3. secretion of substances in to the renal tubules Glomerular filtration Filtration takes place through the semipermeable walls of the glomerulus and glomerular capsule. Water, electrolytes and a large number of small molecules pass through, but blood cells, plasma proteins and other large molecules are unable to pass through and remain in the capillaries The filtrate in the glomerulus is very similar in competition to plasma except for the absence of plasma proteins. Filtration is assisted by the difference between the glomerular hydrostatic pressure and the hydrostatic pressure of the filtrate in the glomerular capsule. Because the diameter of the efferent arteriole is less than that of the afferent arteriole, a capillary hydrostatic pressure of about 55mmHg builds up in the glomerulus. This pressure is opposed by the osmotic pressure of the blood (30mmHg), and by the filtrate hydrostatic pressure of 15mmHg in the glomerular capsule. The net filtration pressure is therefore 10mmHg into the glomerular capsule: 55- (30+15) = 10 mmhg The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the volume of plasma filtered by both kidneys per each minute. In a healthy adult the GFR is about 125 ml/ min or 180 litres/ per day. Most of the filtrate is reabsorbed with less than 1%, i.e. 1 to 1.5 litres, excreted as urine. The difference in volume and concentration is due to selective reabsorption of water and electrolytes from the filtrate by the renal tubules and tubular secretion of unwanted substances such as urea and drugs in to the urine. Selective reabsorption In different parts of the renal tubule proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct different mechanisms are used for reabsorption of water and electrolytes eg. Sodium, Potassium, Chloride. The general purpose of this process is to reabsorb into the blood those filtrate constituents needed by the body to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance and the ph of the blood.
7 Secretion Substances which are not required (eg. Urea, excess H + ) and foreign materials e.g. drugs including penicillin aspirin, may not be cleared from the blood by filtration because of the short time it remains in the glomerulus. Such substances are cleared by secretion into the convoluted tubules and excreted from the body in the urine. Tubular secretion of hydrogen (H + ) ions is important in maintaining the acid- base balance. Mechanisms of tubular reabsorption and secretion - simple and facilitated diffusion - active transport - carried out at carrier sites in the epithelial membrane using chemical energy to transport substances against their concentration gradients. - Water is reabsorbed by osmosis Proximal tubule (PT) Nearly 60-70% of filtered solutes reabsorbed and an equal percentage of water reabsorbed. The fluid in the proximal tubule remains isotonic. Sodium reabsorption in PT More than 60% of the filtered sodium is actively re absorbed by: - Co- transported with glucose, amino acids, phosphate and other organic acids. - Counter transported with H + Na + that is taken into the cell is actively pumped into the interstitium by the Na + / K + ATPase in the baso lateral membrane.
8 Glucose reabsorption in PT Glucose is completely reabsorbed in the proximal tubule until the transport maximum for glucose (TmG) is reached by secondary active transport. Energy is provided by the Na +/K+ ATPase in the basal membrane. The maximum capacity for reabsorption of a substance is the transport maximum, or the renal threshold for that substance. If the blood glucose level rises above the transport maximum of about 9mmol/ (160mg/100ml) glucose appears in the urine because all the carrier sites are occupied and the mechanism for active transfer out of the tubules is overloaded. Water reabsorption in PT Water is absorbed passively due to the osmotic gradient created by active transport of solutes % of water is reabsorbed in PT. The fluid in the entire proximal tubule remains isotonic. The loop of Henle (LOH) The loop of Henle has a descending limb and an ascending limb. The thin descending limb of the loop of Henle is permeable to water - -water reabsorption occurs. The thick part of the ascending limb is impermeable to water but Na+, K+ and Cl- are reabsorbed by secondary active transport. Due to the active transport of Na+, Cl- and K+, the tonicity in the medullary region of the kidney is high. This action of the Loop of Henle to maintain a gradient of increasing osmolality down the medullary pyramids is known as a counter-current system. The counter-current system of the loop of Henle helps to increase water reabsorption and concentrate the urine.
9 Collecting duct (CD) In the upper part of the CD, Na+ is reabsorbed while K+ or H+ is secreted. This is regulated by Aldosterone hormone. Aldesterone secreted by the adrenal cortex, increases the reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium and H+. Water reabsorption in the CD is regulated by ADH (Vasopressin antidiuretic hormone) - Antidiuretic hormone from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water by inserting aquaporin water channels Regulation of the functions of the urinary system Renal regulation of water balance Maintenance of water balance in the body is an important function of the kidney. Kidney is the only organ which can regulate the water excretion to balance the water intake. With a GFR of 125 ml/min about 180L of fluid is filtered at the glomerulus per day. The normal urine out put varies from 1 to 1.5L per day - nearly 99% of the filtered fluid is reabsorbed. Main hormone regulating water reabsorption is antidiuretic hormone (ADH). ADH is a peptide hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus and is secreted by the posterior pituitary. It acts on the collecting duct and increases the permeability to water by increasing the number of aquaporin 2 channels. ADH secretion is stimulated by, increased osmolality detected by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus
10 decreased circulating blood volume detected by volume receptors decreased arterial pressure detected by baroreceptors in the cardiovascular system ADH secretion is inhibited by, decreased in osmolality of plasma increased in the ECF volume Therefore when ECF volume is decreased in situations such as severe blood loss or dehydration there is an increase in plasma osmolality resulting in increased ADH secretion by the posterior pituitary. This causes an increase in water reabsorption in the collecting ducts of the nephrons. Figure Negative feedback regulation of ADH secretion Figure Negative feedback regulation of ADH secretion
11 Regulation of electrolyte balance Plasma Na+ and K+ levels are maintained by the kidney by regulating the amount reabsorbed in the renal tubules by the action of Aldosterone hormone which is secreted by the adrenal gland. Action of Aldosterone - Aldosterone acts on the renal tubular cells to increase Na + reabsorption in the collecting duct (upper part) in association with the secretion of H + or K +. - Aldosterone increases epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) on the luminal membrane and the Na + /K + ATPase pumps on the basolateral membrane of cells of CD renal tubules Net effect is increase in the reabsorption of sodium together with water, and increased secretion of potassium and H+ in to the urine. Regulation of aldosterone secretion by Renin angiotensin aldosterone (RAA) pathway Renin is an enzyme, secreted by the juxtaglomerular (JG) cells in the kidney. JG cells are in the afferent arteriole adjacent to the glomerulus. Renin is an important hormone in the regulation of ECF volume and blood pressure. Renin converts the plasma protein angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1. Angiotensin 1 is converted to angiotensin II by action of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in the lungs. Angiotensin II acts on the adrenal gland and increases secretion of Aldosterone hormone. Angiotensin II is also has a vasoconstrictor action and increases the blood pressure by increasing the peripheral resistance due to vasoconstriction of arterioles. Factors increasing Renin secretion
12 1. Reduced blood pressure (hypotension) - when pressure at the level of the afferent arteriole reduces, it increases renin secretion. 2. Reduced extracellular fluid volume (hypovolaemia) 3. Increased sympathetic discharge in renal nerves The feedback regulation of aldosterone hormone by RAA mechanism
13 Regulation of acid / base balance by the Kidney Acidification of urine important to maintain H + balance in the body H ions are secreted in the proximal tubules, distal tubule and the collecting duct In the proximal tubule, H + is secreted by secondary active transport. It is a counter transport with Na + Carbonic anhydrase (CA) catalyses the reaction of forming H 2 CO 3. CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3- This enzyme is present in the brush border of the proximal tubular cells. For each H ion secreted, one sodium ion & one HCO 3 - enter the interstitial fluid There is a maximal H ion gradient across which the transport mechanism can secrete H ions to the lumen - corresponds to a urine ph of the limiting ph. This concentration would be reached rapidly if there was nothing to tie up with the H ions that are secreted to the tubular lumen. This action is produced by the urinary buffers.
14 Micturition Micturition is the passing of urine by emptying the badder Bladder has a smooth muscle layer in the wall known as the detrusor muscle. Detrusor muscle has a parasympathetic nerve supply which causes it to contract. Around the opening of the urethra there is an internal urethral sphincter consisting of smooth muscle and is therefore involuntary. External urethral sphincter is made of the surrounding skeletal muscle and is under voluntary conscious control. Micturition reflex - When urine volume reaches 200 to 400 ml it causes stretching of the detrusor muscle of the bladder This is the stimulus for the micturition reflex. This is seen in infants where micturition cannot be controlled voluntarily. - the afferent sensory impulses travel to the sacral spinal cord (S2,3,4 segments) and the motor impulses return along parasympathetic nerves to the detrusor muscle, causing contraction of the bladder wall. At the same time, the internal urethral sphincter relaxes and urine is passed. - In adults micturition can be inhibited for a period of time by conscious effort and by voluntary contraction of the external urethral sphincter. However, if the bladder continues to fill and be stretched, voluntary control is eventually no longer possible.
15 Micturiton reflex where there is no conscious inhibition of relex Control of micturition by conscious effort
16 Self Assessment Questions 1. List the parts of the nephron and outline which parts are involved in filtration of plasma, reabsorption and secretion of substances. 2. List the main functions of the Kidneys 3. Define glomerular filtration rate and explain the forces involved in filtration. 4. Explain how water is reabsorbed in the different parts of the renal tubule. 5. Explain the function of the proximal tubule in reabsorption of Sodium and Glucose. 6. Explain the action of the loop of Henle in the concentration of urine. 7. Explain how the body water balance is regulated by the Kidneys. 8. Explain how the plasma Sodium and Potassium balance is regulated by the Kidneys. 9. Explain how the acid/base balance is maintained by the Kidneys. 10. Outline the micturition reflex mechanism and compare the micturition mechanism in infants and adults. References Ross and Wilson s Physiology - Ganong Review of Physiology
The digestive system eliminated waste from the digestive tract. But we also need a way to eliminate waste from the rest of the body.
Outline Urinary System Urinary System and Excretion Bio105 Lecture 20 Chapter 16 I. Function II. Organs of the urinary system A. Kidneys 1. Function 2. Structure III. Disorders of the urinary system 1
More informationCHAPTER 20: URINARY SYSTEM
OBJECTIVES: 1. Name the major function of the urinary system, and name and locate (on a diagram) the organs that compose the system. 2. Explain what the term renal refers to. 3. Define the term retroperitoneal.
More informationLECTURE 1 RENAL FUNCTION
LECTURE 1 RENAL FUNCTION Components of the Urinary System 2 Kidneys 2 Ureters Bladder Urethra Refer to Renal System Vocabulary in your notes Figure 2-1,page10 Kidney Composition Cortex Outer region Contains
More informationEssentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology. Chapter 15. The Urinary System. Slides 15.1 15.20. Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L.
Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Elaine N. Marieb Seventh Edition Chapter 15 The Urinary System Slides 15.1 15.20 Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook Functions of the Urinary System Elimination
More informationChapter 26: The Urinary System
Chapter 26: The Urinary System Chapter Objectives OVERVIEW OF KIDNEY FUNCTION 1. List and describe the functions of the kidneys. NEPHRONS 2. Describe the two major portions of a nephron and the capillaries
More informationUrinary System. And Adrenal Function
Urinary System And Adrenal Function Overview Kidney anatomy and physiology Urine Ureters, Bladder and Urethra Adrenal Function Functions of the Kidney Filter fluids from the blood Regulate volume and composition
More informationWater Homeostasis. Graphics are used with permission of: Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings (http://www.aw-bc.
Water Homeostasis Graphics are used with permission of: Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings (http://www.aw-bc.com) 1. Water Homeostasis The body maintains a balance of water intake
More informationApril 18, 2008 Dr. Alan H. Stephenson Pharmacological and Physiological Science
Renal Mechanisms for Regulating Urine Concentration April 18, 2008 Dr. Alan H. Stephenson Pharmacological and Physiological Science Amount Filtered Reabsorption is selective Examples of substances that
More informationComponents. Urinary System. Formation of Urine. Functions of Kidney. Pathway of Urine. Kidney. Major functions of the kidneys include:
Components Urinary System To Accompany: Anatomy and Physiology Text and Laboratory Workbook, Stephen G. Davenport, Copyright 2006, All Rights Reserved, no part of this publication can be used for any commercial
More informationSelect the one that is the best answer:
MQ Kidney 1 Select the one that is the best answer: 1) n increase in the concentration of plasma potassium causes increase in: a) release of renin b) secretion of aldosterone c) secretion of H d) release
More informationRegulating the Internal Environment Water Balance & Nitrogenous Waste Removal
Regulating the Internal Environment Water Balance & Nitrogenous Waste Removal 2006-2007 Animal systems evolved to support multicellular life CH CHO O 2 O 2 NH 3 CH CHO O 2 CO 2 NH NH 3 O 2 3 NH 3 intracellular
More informationBiology 224 Human Anatomy and Physiology II Week 8; Lecture 1; Monday Dr. Stuart S. Sumida. Excretory Physiology
Biology 224 Human Anatomy and Physiology II Week 8; Lecture 1; Monday Dr. Stuart S. Sumida Excretory Physiology The following ELEVEN slides are review. They will not be covered in lecture, but will be
More informationSign up to receive ATOTW weekly - email worldanaesthesia@mac.com
RENAL PHYSIOLOGY - PART 1 ANAESTHESIA TUTORIAL OF THE WEEK 273 5 th NOVEMBER 2012 Dr Matthew Gwinnutt Mersey Deanery, UK Dr Jennifer Gwinnutt Mersey Deanery, UK Correspondence to: mgwinnutt@doctors.org.uk
More informationRenal Topics 1) renal function 2) renal system 3) urine formation 4) urine & urination 5) renal diseases
Renal Topics 1) renal function 2) renal system 3) urine formation 4) urine & urination 5) renal diseases 1/9/2015 Renal Biology - Sandra Hsu 1 Renal Functions 1) excrete metabolic wastes (blood cleaning)
More informationBlood Pressure Regulation
Blood Pressure Regulation Graphics are used with permission of: Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings (http://www.aw-bc.com) Page 1. Introduction There are two basic mechanisms for regulating
More informationKidney Structure and Function.
Kidney Structure and Function. Learning Objectives. At the end of this section, you should be able to : 1. describe the structure of the kidney; 2. understand the vascular organisation of the kidneys;
More informationChapter 23. Urine Formation I Glomerular Filtration
Chapter 23 Urine Formation I Glomerular Filtration Urine Formation I: Glomerular Filtration kidneys convert blood plasma to urine in three stages glomerular filtration tubular reabsorption and secretion
More informationUrinary System Lab Guide
Urinary System Lab Guide I. Prelab Questions Name 1. Describe the location of the kidneys. 2. Describe the following structures: a. renal cortex b. renal pyramid c. renal column d. minor calyx e. renal
More informationStructure of the Kidney Laboratory Exercise 56
Structure of the Kidney Laboratory Exercise 56 Background The two kidneys are the primary organs of the urinary system. They are located in the upper quadrants of the abdominal cavity, against the posterior
More informationBody Fluids. Physiology of Fluid. Body Fluids, Kidneys & Renal Physiology
Pc Remember arterioles have more smooth muscle So SNS effects are greater on arterioles than on venules Net effects: SNS P c (vasoconstriction > venoconstriction) SNS P c (vasodilation > venodilation)
More informationRENAL WATER REGULATION page 1
page 1 INTRODUCTION TO WATER EXCRETION A. Role of the Kidney: to adjust urine formation rate and urine concentration to maintain 1. body fluid osmolar concentration 2. body fluid volume 3. intravascular
More information2. Understand the structure of the kidney, and how this structure facilitates its function
Objectives 1. Understand the roles of the kidney 2. Understand the structure of the kidney, and how this structure facilitates its function 3. Begin to appreciate the inter-dependence of regulatory mechanisms
More informationUNIT 11 - URINARY SYSTEM LECTURE NOTES
UNIT 11 - URINARY SYSTEM LECTURE NOTES 11.01 FUNCTIONS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM A. Regulate the composition and volume of the blood by removing and restoring selected amounts of water and solutes. B. Excretes
More informationKidneys, Nephrons, and Urine Production
Valerie ovelace Kidneys, Nephrons, and rine Production Part of the urinary system, our kidneys are vital organs that serve to remove waste from the bloodstream through ultrafiltration and the formation
More informationUrinary System! (Chapter 26)! Lecture Materials! for! Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.! Suffolk County Community College! Eastern Campus!
Urinary System! (Chapter 26)! Lecture Materials! for! Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.! Suffolk County Community College! Eastern Campus! Urinary System Components:! -Kidneys! -Ureters! -Urinary Bladder!! -Urethra!
More informationChapter 48. Nutrients in Food. Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Lipids. Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Lipids, continued
Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Lipids The three nutrients needed by the body in the greatest amounts are carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Nutrients in Food All of these nutrients are called organic compounds,
More informationPathophysiology Renal Anatomy and Function II
Pathophysiology Renal Anatomy and Function II I. Effects of blood volume on the filtration fraction (FF) {Altered Volume Effects in syllabus A. Under normal conditions, ~20% of renal plasma flow becomes
More informationVascular System The heart can be thought of 2 separate pumps from the right ventricle, blood is pumped at a low pressure to the lungs and then back
Vascular System The heart can be thought of 2 separate pumps from the right ventricle, blood is pumped at a low pressure to the lungs and then back to the left atria from the left ventricle, blood is pumped
More informationRenal Blood Flow GFR. Glomerulus Fluid Flow and Forces. Renal Blood Flow (cont d)
GFR Glomerular filtration rate: about 120 ml /minute (180 L a day) Decreases with age (about 10 ml/min for each decade over 40) GFR = Sum of the filtration of two million glomeruli Each glomerulus probably
More informationAcid/Base Homeostasis (Part 3)
Acid/Base Homeostasis (Part 3) Graphics are used with permission of: Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings (http://www.aw-bc.com) 27. Effect of Hypoventilation Now let's look at how the
More informationBIOL 1108 Vertebrate Anatomy Lab
BIOL 1108 Vertebrate Anatomy Lab This lab explores major organs associated with the circulatory, excretory, and nervous systems of mammals. Circulatory System Vertebrates are among the organisms that have
More informationTHE URINARY SYSTEM THE URINARY SYSTEM 2012
THE URINARY SYSTEM KIDNEYS A. Location: a. under the back muscles b. behind the parietal peritoneum c. just above the waistline d. right kidney a little lower than the left B. internal structure a. cortex:
More informationEating, pooping, and peeing THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Ingested food is not technically in the body until it is absorbed so it needs to be: Mechanically and chemically reduced Transported by the blood to the cells Large portions are not
More informationAcid-Base Balance and Renal Acid Excretion
AcidBase Balance and Renal Acid Excretion Objectives By the end of this chapter, you should be able to: 1. Cite the basic principles of acidbase physiology. 2. Understand the bicarbonatecarbon dioxide
More informationREGULATION OF FLUID & ELECTROLYTE BALANCE
REGULATION OF FLUID & ELECTROLYTE BALANCE 1 REGULATION OF FLUID & ELECTROLYTE BALANCE The kidney is the primary organ that maintains the total volume, ph, and osmolarity of the extracellular fluid within
More informationThe Urinary System. Anatomy of Urinary System. Urine production and elimination are one of the most important mechanisms of body homeostasis
The Urinary System Urine production and elimination are one of the most important mechanisms of body homeostasis all body systems are directly or indirectly affected by kidney function eg. composition
More informationIntroduction to Animal Systems
Human Body Systems Introduction to Animal Systems Recurring Themes in Biology 1. Correlation between structure and function( seen at many levels) 2. Life is organized at many levels from Smallest ----
More informationBlood Vessels and Circulation
13 Blood Vessels and Circulation FOCUS: Blood flows from the heart through the arterial blood vessels to capillaries, and from capillaries back to the heart through veins. The pulmonary circulation transports
More informationChapter 23. Composition and Properties of Urine
Chapter 23 Composition and Properties of Urine Composition and Properties of Urine urinalysis the examination of the physical and chemical properties of urine appearance - clear, almost colorless to deep
More informationHuman Anatomy & Physiology I with Dr. Hubley. Practice Exam 1
Human Anatomy & Physiology I with Dr. Hubley Practice Exam 1 1. Which definition is the best definition of the term gross anatomy? a. The study of cells. b. The study of tissues. c. The study of structures
More informationCHAPTER 11: URINARY SYSTEM. At the end of this chapter, student will be able to:
CHAPTER 11: URINARY SYSTEM At the end of this chapter, student will be able to: a) Describe the location and general function of each organ of the urinary system. b) Name the parts of a nephron and the
More informationPathophysiology Introduction/ Renal Anatomy and Function
Pathophysiology Introduction/ Renal Anatomy and Function I. Functions of the kidney A. Maintaining homeostasis of a large number of solutes and water is the main job of the kidney. Total body contents
More informationQuiz Urinary System. 1. The kidneys help regulate blood volume. help control blood pressure. help control ph. All of the above are correct.
Quiz Urinary System 1. The kidneys help regulate blood volume. help control blood pressure. help control ph. All of the above are correct. 2. The location of the kidneys in relationship to the peritoneal
More informationParamedic Program Anatomy and Physiology Study Guide
Paramedic Program Anatomy and Physiology Study Guide Define the terms anatomy and physiology. List and discuss in order of increasing complexity, the body from the cell to the whole organism. Define the
More informationAutonomic Nervous System Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi
Autonomic Nervous System Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi Nervous System Divisions of the nervous system The human nervous system consists of the central nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
More informationLesson Aim To explain the human body at a microscopic level, including the structure and function of cells, tissues and membranes.
LESSON 1. CELLS & TISSUES Lesson Aim To explain the human body at a microscopic level, including the structure and function of cells, tissues and membranes. THE CELL All living matter is composed of functional
More informationFunctions of Blood System. Blood Cells
Functions of Blood System Transport: to and from tissue cells Nutrients to cells: amino acids, glucose, vitamins, minerals, lipids (as lipoproteins). Oxygen: by red blood corpuscles (oxyhaemoglobin - 4
More informationRenal Acid/Base. Acid Base Homeostasis... 2 H+ Balance... 2
Renal Acid/Base By Adam Hollingworth Table of Contents Acid Base Homeostasis... 2 H+ Balance... 2 Acid Base Homeostasis... 2 Role of Kidneys in Acid- Base Homeostasis... 3 Renal H+ Secretion... 3 Proximal
More informationORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE BODY
ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE BODY DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTS A. Organ a structure made up of two or more kinds of tissues organized in such a way that they can together perform a more complex function that can any
More information23. The Urinary System Text The McGraw Hill Companies, 2003 CHAPTER
CHAPTER 23 The kidneys (green), ureters, and urinary bladder (red) of a healthy person (colorized X ray) The Urinary System CHAPTER OUTLINE Functions of the Urinary System 880 Functions of the Kidneys
More information2161-1 - Page 1. Name: 1) Choose the disease that is most closely related to the given phrase. Questions 10 and 11 refer to the following:
Name: 2161-1 - Page 1 1) Choose the disease that is most closely related to the given phrase. a disease of the bone marrow characterized by uncontrolled production of white blood cells A) meningitis B)
More information12.1: The Function of Circulation page 478
12.1: The Function of Circulation page 478 Key Terms: Circulatory system, heart, blood vessel, blood, open circulatory system, closed circulatory system, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, aorta, atrioventricular
More informationThe Kidneys: Structure, Function, Disorders
The Kidneys: Structure, Function, Disorders by John H. Dirckx, M.D. Everyone knows that the heart, the lungs, and the brain are vital organs that is, that their absence or destruction is incompatible with
More informationThe Urinary System Urine (pp. 984 985)
Kidney Anatomy (pp. 961 969) Location and External Anatomy (pp. 961 962) Internal Anatomy (pp. 962 963) Blood and Nerve Supply (pp. 963 964) Nephrons (pp. 964 969) Kidney Physiology: Mechanisms of Urine
More informationAnatomy and Physiology
Learning Activities It is important that you do not lecture all of the time. If you employ a variety of teaching styles, your students will stay focused better and they will find it easier to process the
More informationFundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology Course Outline, Objectives and Accreditation Information
201 Webster Building 3411 Silverside Road Wilmington, DE 19810 Phone: 1-888-658-6641 Fax: 1-302-477-9744 learn@corexcel.com www.corexcel.com Course Outline, Objectives and Accreditation Information Chapter
More information1. Give the name and functions of the structure labeled A on the diagram. 2. Give the name and functions of the structure labeled B on the diagram.
2013 ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Sample Tournament Station A: Use the diagram in answering Questions 1-5. 1. Give the name and functions of the structure labeled A on the diagram. 2. Give the name and functions
More informationChapter 15 Anatomy and Physiology Lecture
1 THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Chapter 15 Anatomy and Physiology Lecture 2 THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) regulates the activity of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and certain
More informationExchange solutes and water with cells of the body
Chapter 8 Heart and Blood Vessels Three Types of Blood Vessels Transport Blood Arteries Carry blood away from the heart Transport blood under high pressure Capillaries Exchange solutes and water with cells
More informationQuestions on The Nervous System and Gas Exchange
Name: Questions on The Nervous System and Gas Exchange Directions: The following questions are taken from previous IB Final Papers on Topics 6.4 (Gas Exchange) and 6.5 (Nerves, hormones and homeostasis).
More informationU N IT 10 NE RVOUS SYS TE M REVIEW 1. Which of the following is controlled by the somatic nervous system? A. rate of heartbeat B.
U N IT 10 NE RVOUS SYS TE M REVIEW 1. Which of the following is controlled by the somatic nervous system? A. rate of heartbeat B. contraction of skeletal muscles C. increased blood flow to muscle tissue
More informationThe Respiratory System
Human Anatomy III: Respiratory, Urinary & Digestive Systems The Respiratory System Major functions include: Obtaining oxygen Removing carbon dioxide Maintenance of ph balance Respiration may be accomplished
More information30.3 The Digestive System
30.3 The Digestive System Lesson Objectives Describe the organs of the digestive system and explain their functions. Explain what happens during digestion. Describe how nutrients are absorbed into the
More information3. Tunica adventitia is the outermost layer; it is composed of loosely woven connective tissue infiltrated by nerves, blood vessels and lymphatics
Blood vessels and blood pressure I. Introduction - distribution of CO at rest II. General structure of blood vessel walls - walls are composed of three distinct layers: 1. Tunica intima is the innermost
More informationChapter 15. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) and Visceral Reflexes. general properties Anatomy. Autonomic effects on target organs
Chapter 15 Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) and Visceral Reflexes general properties Anatomy Autonomic effects on target organs Central control of autonomic function 15-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill Companies,
More informationD.U.C. Assist. Lec. Faculty of Dentistry General Physiology Ihsan Dhari. The Autonomic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System The portion of the nervous system that controls most visceral functions of the body is called the autonomic nervous system. This system helps to control arterial pressure,
More informationIntroduction to the kidneys + urinary system Dr Vikram Khullar (v.khullar@imperial.ac.uk)
Introduction to the kidneys + urinary system Dr Vikram Khullar (v.khullar@imperial.ac.uk) 1. Draw a simple diagram of the urinary system including the following: kidney, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder,
More informationUNIT 3 : MAINTAINING DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM
BIOLOGY - 2201 UNIT 3 : MAINTAINING DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM What happens to your body as you run? Breathing, heart rate, temperature, muscle pain, thirsty... Homeotasis Homeostasis is the process of maintaining
More informationChapter 26: The Urinary System Kidney
Chapter 26: The Urinary System Kidney --Overview of Kidney Function a. Regulation of blood ionic composition b. Regulation of blood ph and osmolarity c. Regulate blood glucose level (gluconeogenesis) d.
More informationNorth Bergen School District Benchmarks
Grade: 10,11, and 12 Subject: Anatomy and Physiology First Marking Period Define anatomy and physiology, and describe various subspecialties of each discipline. Describe the five basic functions of living
More informationHeart and Vascular System Practice Questions
Heart and Vascular System Practice Questions Student: 1. The pulmonary veins are unusual as veins because they are transporting. A. oxygenated blood B. de-oxygenated blood C. high fat blood D. nutrient-rich
More informationDrug Excretion. Renal Drug Clearance. Drug Clearance and Half-Life. Glomerular Filtration II. Glomerular Filtration I. Drug Excretion and Clearance
t/.drugexcretion AINTRAVENOUSDOSE 36848765430TIME(hours) t/ Drug Excretion Dr. Robert G. Lamb Professor Pharmacology & Toxicology Drug Excretion and Clearance Drug Excretion: is the movement of drug from
More informationFluid, Electrolyte & ph Balance
, Electrolyte & ph Balance / Electrolyte / AcidBase Balance Body s: Cell function depends not only on continuous nutrient supply / waste removal, but also on the physical / chemical homeostasis of surrounding
More informationEngage: Brainstorming Body Systems. Record the structures and function of each body system in the table below.
Engage: Brainstorming Body s Record the structures and function of each body system in the table below. Body Nervous Circulatory Excretory Immune Digestive Respiratory Skeletal Muscular Endocrine Integumentary
More informationAcid/Base Homeostasis (Part 4)
Acid/Base Homeostasis (Part 4) Graphics are used with permission of: Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings (http://www.aw-bc.com) 5. The newly formed bicarbonate moves into the plasma.
More informationAcid-Base Balance and the Anion Gap
Acid-Base Balance and the Anion Gap 1. The body strives for electrical neutrality. a. Cations = Anions b. One of the cations is very special, H +, and its concentration is monitored and regulated very
More informationChapter 7: The Nervous System
Chapter 7: The Nervous System Objectives Discuss the general organization of the nervous system Describe the structure & function of a nerve Draw and label the pathways involved in a withdraw reflex Define
More informationChapter 15. Sympathetic Nervous System
Chapter 15 Sympathetic Nervous System Somatic versus Autonomic Pathways Somatic efferent innervation ACh Myelinated fiber Somatic effectors (skeletal muscles) Autonomic efferent innervation ACh ACh or
More informationBIO 137: CHAPTER 1 OBJECTIVES
BIO 137: CHAPTER 1 OBJECTIVES 1. Define the terms anatomy and physiology, and explain their relationship using an example of a human structure with its corresponding function. A. ANATOMY = the study of
More informationCell Membrane Structure (and How to Get Through One)
Cell Membrane Structure (and How to Get Through One) A cell s membrane is a wall of sorts that defines the boundaries of a cell. The membrane provides protection and structure for the cell and acts as
More informationThe first vertebrates evolved in seawater, and the physiology
58 Maintaining the Internal Environment Concept Outline 58.1 The regulatory systems of the body maintain homeostasis. The Need to Maintain Homeostasis. Regulatory mechanisms maintain homeostasis through
More informationDigestion, Absorption. How & where?
Digestion, Absorption How & where? What happens to food? Three processes Digestion Absorption Elimination Where do they occur? GI tract Overview of Digestion GI tract Gastrointestinal (GI) tract: series
More information4. Biology of the Cell
4. Biology of the Cell Our primary focus in this chapter will be the plasma membrane and movement of materials across the plasma membrane. You should already be familiar with the basic structures and roles
More informationAORN A.CARDARELLI NAPOLI dr.e.di Florio III SAR
AORN A.CARDARELLI NAPOLI dr.e.di Florio III SAR Renal Anatomy Renal Artery & Veins 6 cm 3cm Cortex 11cm Pelvis of the ureter Capsule Ureter To the bladder Medulla Medulary Pyramid Renal Anatomy and Physiology
More informationAnimal Tissues. I. Epithelial Tissue
Animal Tissues There are four types of tissues found in animals: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. In this lab you will learn the major characteristics of each tissue
More informationDr. Johnson PA Renal Winter 2010
1 Renal Control of Acid/Base Balance Dr. Johnson PA Renal Winter 2010 Acid/Base refers to anything having to do with the concentrations of H + ions in aqueous solutions. In medical physiology, we are concerned
More informationThe Endocrine System
Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology Elaine N. Marieb Seventh Edition Chapter 9 The Endocrine System Slides 9.1 9.48 Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook The Endocrine System Second messenger
More informationProblem 24. Pathophysiology of the diabetes insipidus
Problem 24. Pathophysiology of the diabetes insipidus In order to workout this problem, study pages 240 6, 249 51, 318 9, 532 3 and 886 7 of the Pathophysiology, 5 th Edition. (This problem was based on
More informationInvestigating the Human Body On-site student activities: Years 7-8 Investigating the Human Body On-site student activities Years 7 8
Investigating the Human Body On-site student activities Years 7 8 Student activity (and record) sheets have been developed with alternative themes for students to use as guides and focus material during
More informationCHAPTER 9 BODY ORGANIZATION
CHAPTER 9 BODY ORGANIZATION Objectives Identify the meaning of 10 or more terms relating to the organization of the body Describe the properties of life Describe the function for the structures of the
More informationHormonal Cycles. 1. Briefly describe each component of an endocrine feedback loop: Stimulus. Production Cell. Hormone. Target Cell. Target Cell Action
Hormonal Cycles Directions: a. Click the Contents button. b. Open the Endocrine System File. c. Click Animations. d. Click Hormonal Cycles. 1. Briefly describe each component of an endocrine feedback loop:
More informationNervous System: PNS and CNS
Nervous System: PNS and CNS Biology 105 Lecture 10 Chapter 8 Outline I. Central Nervous System vs Peripheral Nervous System II. Peripheral Nervous System A. Somatic Nervous System B. Autonomic Nervous
More informationKIDNEY Locate the following structures on the sheep kidney and human kidney models:
Laboratory Handouts 163 Lab 11: Urinary System Anatomy and Physiology, Reproductive System Anatomy Unit 15: Urinary System Unit 16: Reproductive Systems Cat Dissection: Photo Atlas, Chapter 19 Ex. 15-1:
More informationCHAPTER 1: THE LUNGS AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
CHAPTER 1: THE LUNGS AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM INTRODUCTION Lung cancer affects a life-sustaining system of the body, the respiratory system. The respiratory system is responsible for one of the essential
More informationHUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY MAINTENANCE 30
Curriculum Development In the Fairfield Public Schools FAIRFIELD PUBLIC SCHOOLS FAIRFIELD, CONNECTICUT HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY MAINTENANCE 30 Board of Education Approved 05/22/2007 HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
More informationCardiovascular Physiology
Cardiovascular Physiology Heart Physiology for the heart to work properly contraction and relaxation of chambers must be coordinated cardiac muscle tissue differs from smooth and skeletal muscle tissues
More informationAnatomy & Physiology Bio 2401 Lecture. Instructor: Daryl Beatty Day 1 Intro to Lecture 1
Anatomy & Physiology Bio 2401 Lecture Instructor: Daryl Beatty Day 1 Intro to Lecture 1 Introduction: Daryl Beatty M.S. Microbiology 28 Years Dow, Research & TS&D. Family BC since 2007 More importantly:
More informationStress Psychophysiology. Introduction. The Brain. Chapter 2
Stress Psychophysiology Chapter 2 Introduction This chapter covers the process & structures activated during the physiological response to stress. Two stress pathways are available; one for short term
More informationEssentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology. 7 th edition Marieb, Elaine, 2003. Chapters 10-11. Lab Manual, 2 nd edition and coloring book, 7 th edition
Topic/Unit: Anatomy & Physiology Circulatory System Curricular Goals/ Learning Outcomes: Students will be able to identify the composition of blood and its function. Students will be able to differentiate
More informationMilwaukee School of Engineering Gerrits@msoe.edu. Case Study: Factors that Affect Blood Pressure Instructor Version
Case Study: Factors that Affect Blood Pressure Instructor Version Goal This activity (case study and its associated questions) is designed to be a student-centered learning activity relating to the factors
More information