Renal Topics 1) renal function 2) renal system 3) urine formation 4) urine & urination 5) renal diseases
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1 Renal Topics 1) renal function 2) renal system 3) urine formation 4) urine & urination 5) renal diseases 1/9/2015 Renal Biology - Sandra Hsu 1
2 Renal Functions 1) excrete metabolic wastes (blood cleaning) 2) maintain water salt balance (BV & BP) 3) maintain acid-base bal (blood ph) 4) secrete hormones-aldosterone, renin, & ANH 5) reabsorb nutrients 6) syn. vit D 1/9/2015 Renal Biology - Sandra Hsu 2
3 #1: Excrete Wastes (clean blood cleaning) remove body wastes (urea, creatinine, ammonia, uric acid) urea source: protein (eg meat, soy) breakdown ammonia waste (toxic to cells) liver (CO 2 + ammonia urea (less toxic) uremia: urea in blood arrthmia, vomit, resp. prob. creatinine source: muscle metab. waste uric acid: metabolic waste gout (uric crystals in joints, esp. big toe): - uric acid in blood crystals precipitate 1/9/2015 Renal Biology - Sandra Hsu 3
4 #2: Maint. Water-Salt Bal. maint. correct levels of water & salt/ions (Na +, K +, HCO 3-, CA 2+ ) osmosis: salt level water retention blood volume* & blood pressure* maint. correct salt levels correct blood volume & blood pressure * low salt diet for people with heart problems 1/9/2015 Renal Biology - Sandra Hsu 4
5 #3 Maint. Acid Base Bal. maint. normal blood ph: 7.4 alkalosis: blood ph > 7.45 (diarrhea, CO 2 ) acidosis: blood ph< 7.35 (orange juice or exercise) blood buffers: H 2 CO 3 (carbonic acid) & HCO 3- (bicarbonate ion) 1/9/2015 Renal Biology - Sandra Hsu 5
6 #4 Secrete Hormones secrete hormones: aldosterone, ADH, ANH aldosterone (less urine) - produced by adrenal glands - ion reabsorption at DCT ADH (less urine) - produced by hypothalamus - released by pituitary - water reabsorption at DCT & coll. duct ANH (more urine) - produced by heart - released with blood volume 1/9/2015 Renal Biology - Sandra Hsu 6
7 #6: Syn. Vitamin D 3 ways to synthesize Vitamin D: 1) skin - UV rays (sun) 2) liver - inactive 3) kidney - active assignment: 1) short description of Vit. D synthesis 2) Why do lab tests show insufficient Vit. D levels in most people? 1/9/2015 Renal Biology - Sandra Hsu 7
8 Renal System urinary system kidney nephron 1/9/2015 Renal Biology - Sandra Hsu 8
9 Urinary System Flows Urine Flow. 1) kidney 2) ureter 3) urinary bladder 4) urethra Blood Flow. 1) aorta 2) renal artery 3) renal vein 4) inferior vena cava 1/9/2015 Renal Biology - Sandra Hsu 9
10 Kidney Flows Urine Flow 1) cortex 2) medulla 3) renal pelvis 4) ureter Blood Flow 1) renal artery 2) renal vein 1/9/2015 Renal Biology - Sandra Hsu 10
11 Nephron Urine Flow 1) glomerular* cap. 2) prox. conv. tubule 3) descending limb 4) ascending limb 5) distal conv. tubule 6) collecting duct *Bowman's capsule 1/9/2015 Renal Biology - Sandra Hsu 11
12 Nephron Blood Flow 1) artery* 2) afferent arteriole 3) glomerulus 4) efferent arteriole 5) peritub. cap. 6) vein* *not renal 1/9/2015 Renal Biology - Sandra Hsu 12
13 Urine Formation site = nephron 4 processes: 1) filtration (F) 2) reabsorption (R) 3) secretion (S) 4) excretion (E) 1/9/2015 Renal Biology - Sandra Hsu 13
14 Filtration filter blood (remove dirty plasma) force: BP (blood pressure) glomerulus: blood (becomes thicker) plasma* removed glomerular** cap.: filtrate *water, nitrogenous waste, nutrients, salts **Bowman's capsule 1/9/2015 Renal Biology - Sandra Hsu 14
15 Secretion remove wastes from blood force: active transport, diffusion peritub. cap.: blood (becomes cleaner) remove wastes* PCT: filtrate *normal & foreign 1/9/2015 Renal Biology - Sandra Hsu 15
16 Waste Removal secretion: remove wastes from blood wastes: 1) normal - natural, prod. by body - acid (H+), ammonium (NH4-), potassium (K+) 2) foreign - drugs, chem. not prod. by body - penicillin, cocaine, morphine, marijuana, food preservatives, pesticides, saccharin 1/9/2015 Renal Biology - Sandra Hsu 16
17 Reabsorption return clean plasma to blood force: A/T, diffusion peritub. cap.: blood (normal viscosity) blood regains plasma* nephron: filtrate *water, nitrogenous waste, nutrients, salts 1/9/2015 Renal Biology - Sandra Hsu 17
18 Excretion force: vacuum & muscle (empty bladder) collecting duct: filtrate urine* renal pelvis: urine *wastes & excess water, salts, acid 1/9/2015 Renal Biology - Sandra Hsu 18
19 Urine excretion: urine removed from body force: urination (muscle contraction) urine = water, wastes (natural & foreign), excess plasma (ions, acids, water) urine types: 1) concentrated: vol, salt (save water) 2) dilute: vol, salt (remove water) 1/9/2015 Renal Biology - Sandra Hsu 19
20 Urinalysis 4 types: 1) physical exam - color, clarity, odor 2) chemical exam - specific gravity, ph, glucose, bilirubin, ketones, proteins, nitrates, WBC 3) microscopic exam - sediments (stones, protein) 4) forensic exam - illegal drugs, steroids 1/9/2015 Renal Biology - Sandra Hsu 20
21 Urination Trace the flow of urination: 1) urinary bladder 4) internal ureth. sphincter 2) internal ureth. sphincter 5) urethra (2nd part) 3) urethra (1st part) 6) urethral opening 1/9/2015 Renal Biology - Sandra Hsu 21
22 Diabetes Mellitis diabetes mellitis - insulin resistance or low levels -> high blood glucose level -> glucose in urine -> less water is reabsorbed -> frequent urination -> increased thirst 1/9/2015 Renal Biology - Sandra Hsu 22
23 Enlarged Prostate prostate: produce semen enlarged prostate: - "walnut" -> lemon size - squeezes urethra exiting urinary bladder -> urination problem, bike riding problem treatment: - surgery to cut prostate - drugs to shrink prostate 1/9/2015 Renal Biology - Sandra Hsu 23
24 Renal Diseases Describe the cause and effects: 1) urethritis/cystitis/pyelonephritis 2) kidney stones 3) uremia 4) renal failure 5) enlarged prostate 1/9/2015 Renal Biology - Sandra Hsu 24
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