Essential Food Nutrients. Floron C. Faries, Jr. DVM, MS
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1 Essential Food Nutrients Floron C. Faries, Jr. DVM, MS
2 Objectives Define essential nutrient Define non-essential nutrient List and discuss the six classes of nutrients
3 Foods and Nutrients Food A material which, after ingestion by an animal is capable of being digested, absorbed and utilized Nutrient A component of a food that aids in the support of life Nutrients are chemical elements or compounds Essential nutrients must be provided in food Body cannot synthesize Non-essential nutrients do not have to be provided Body can synthesize
4 Components/Nutrients of Food Water Feed/Dry matter Carbohydrates Lipids (fats and oils) Protein Vitamins Minerals
5 Water Most overlooked nutrient Water supports Body temperature Body metabolism Sources Drinking water Feed
6 Water Requirements 1.5 quarts of water per pound of feed Amount of water required depends on Environmental temperature Body temperature Lactation Salt content of feed Quality of water
7 Water Loss Routes of water loss Urine Feces Breathing Sweat
8 Carbohydrates Main storage of energy for plants Consist of Sugars Starch Cellulose Hemicellulose Pectins
9 Categories of Carbohydrates Nitrogen free extract Easily digested Starches and sugars Crude fiber Not easily digested Cellulose, hemicellulose and pectins
10 Purpose of Carbohydrates Provide energy (calories) Low energy feeds fibers Forages/roughages grasses, legumes, grain plants High energy feeds starches and sugars Grains corn, sorghum, oats, wheat Requirements depend on stage of production Growth Milk Reproduction Fattening
11 Lipids (Fats and Oils) Organic (plants and animals) Insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents Provide HIGH ENERGY Lipids provide over twice carbohydrates
12 Sources of Lipids Plants Saturated and unsaturated fat Animals ALL saturated fat
13 Structure of Lipids Fatty acid chains Long chain of carbons with hydrogen Saturated All carbons each saturated by hydrogens Unsaturated More than one carbon-carbon bond is double
14 Proteins Basic structure is multiple amino acids 20 amino acids are commonly found in proteins
15 Sources of Protein Plants Grains Grain plants Grasses, legumes Animals By-products (meat, bone and blood meal) Milk Non-protein nitrogen (protein formed in rumen) Urea Manure
16 Purpose of Protein Protein levels needed for different stages Growth Development Milk Protein also provides energy
17 Vitamins Organic Present in small amounts Essential for metabolic activity Growth, development, milk, reproduction Disease occurs when deficient Animals must be fed vitamins (animal and plant products) or vitamins must be formed by microbial synthesis
18 Fat Soluble Vitamins Vitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Regulate metabolism of structural units Dietary intake (animal and plant products) Synthetic products Excreted in feces Stored in body
19 Water Soluble Vitamins B Vitamins Thiamine B1 Riboflavin B2 Niacin B3 Panthothenic Acid B5 Pyridoxine B6 Biotin B7 Inositol B8 Folic Acid B9 Cyanocobalamin B12 Choline C Vitamin Ascorbic Acid More involved in regulating transfer of energy Daily dietary intake (animal and plant products) Synthetic products Rumen and colon microbes synthesize Excreted in urine
20 Minerals Essential for various life processes Skeletal formation (Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Mn) Protein synthesis (P, S, Zn) Oxygen transport (Cu, Fe) Fluid balance and acid/base regulation (Na, Cl, K) Enzyme systems (Ca, P, K, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn)
21 Macrominerals (Major Minerals) Needed in larger amounts than other minerals (%) Calcium Ca Phosphorus P Sodium Na Chlorine Cl Potassium K Magnesium Mn Sulfur S
22 Microminerals (Trace Minerals) Needed in very small amounts (PPM) Iron Fe Copper Cu Iodine I Cobalt Co Molybdenum Mb Fluoride F Manganese Mn Zinc Zn Selenium Se
23 Sources of Minerals Dietary intake Animal products Plant products Water Synthetic products
24 Purpose of Minerals Bone development Teeth development Chemical process regulation Nervous system function Reproduction Blood building
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