SECTION 19.1 ACID-BASE THEORIES (Pages )

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1 SECTION 19.1 ACID-BASE THEORIES (Pages ) This section compares and contrasts acids and bases as defined by the theories of Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis. It also identifies conjugate acid base pairs in acid base reactions. Properties of Acids and Bases (pages ) 1. Circle the letters of all the terms that complete the sentence correctly. The properties of acids include. a. reacting with metals to produce oxygen b. giving foods a sour taste c. forming solutions that conduct electricity d. causing indicators to change color 2. Bases are compounds that react with acids to form and a(n). 3. Circle the letters of all the terms that complete the sentence correctly. The properties of bases include. a. tasting bitter b. feeling slippery c. changing the color of an indicator d. always acting as a strong electrolyte 4. What are the three main definitions of acids and bases? 5. Complete the table about the three definitions of acids and bases. (pg 592)

2 SECTION 19.2 HYDROGEN IONS AND ACIDITY (pages ) This section classifies solutions as neutral, acidic, or basic, given the hydrogenion or hydroxide-ion concentration. It explains how to convert hydrogen-ion concentrations into ph values and hydroxide-ion concentrations into poh values. Hydrogen Ions from Water (pages ) 1. What does a water molecule that loses a hydrogen ion become? 2. What does a water molecule that gains a hydrogen ion become? 3. The reaction in which water molecules produce ions is called the of water. 4. In water or aqueous solution, are always joined to as hydronium ions (H 3 O + ). 5. True or False? Any aqueous solution in which [H + ] and [OH ] are equal is described as a neutral solution. 6. Write the equation when Hydrogen Chloride dissolves in water to produce Hydrogen ions and Chloride ions. (pg 595) 7. An solution is one in which the concentration of Hydrogen [H + ] ions IS GREATER THAN the concentration of Hydroxide ions [OH - ]. 8. Write the equation when Sodium Hydroxide dissolves in water to produce Sodium ions and Hydroxide ions. (pg 595) 9. A solution is one in which the concentration of Hydrogen ions [H + ] IS LESS THAN the concentration of Hydroxide ions [OH - ]. These solutions are called. The ph Concept (pages ) Use table 19.5 to answer the following questions (pg 598) 10. Which household item is more acidic, lemon juice or milk?. 11. Which household item is more acidic, tomato juice or coffee?. 12. Which household item is less acidic, gastric juice or coffee?. 13. Which household item is more basic, blood or sea water?. 14. Which household item is more basic, milk or blood?. 15. Which household item is less basic, washing soda or milk of magnesia?.

3 16. Look at the ph scale below. Label where you would find acids, bases, and neutral solutions. (pg 598) 17. True or False? Most ph values are whole numbers. Measuring ph (pages ) 18. When do you use indicators and when do you use a ph meter to measure ph? 19. Why is an indicator a valuable tool for measuring ph? 20. Why do you need many different indicators to span the entire ph spectrum? 21. Look at the figure below. Fill in the missing ph color change ranges for the indicators. 22. List three characteristics that limit the usefulness of indicators.

4 23. How accurate are measurements of ph obtained with a ph meter? 24. What is the ph of each of the following solutions? a. water b. vinegar c. milk of magnesia SECTION 19.3 STRENGTHS OF ACIDS AND BASES (pages ) This section defines strong acids and weak acids. It describes how acids and bases are arranged by strength according to their dissociation in water. Strong and Weak Acids and Bases (pages ) 1. What factor is used to classify acids as strong or weak? 2. Strong acids are ionized in aqueous solution; weak acids ionize in aqueous solution. Look at Table 19.6 on page 605 to answer the following questions. Substance Formula Acid or Base? Strong or Weak? 3. Hydrochloric Acid 4. Nitric Acid 5. Sulfuric Acid 6. Carbonic Acid 7. Hypochlorous Acid 8. Ammonia 9. Sodium Silicate 10. Potassium Hydroxide 11. What does the double arrow mean? (pg 549) 12. Explain the example of Sulfur Dioxide reacting with Oxygen to produce Sulfur Trioxide.

5 Use Table 19.7 to answer the following questions. (pg 607) 13. Write the reversible reaction of the dissociation of Phosphoric Acid. 14. Write the reversible reaction of the dissociation of Methanoic Acid. 15. Write the reversible reaction of the dissociation of Ethanoic Acid. 16. Write the reversible reaction of the dissociation of Carbonic Acid. 17. Use table 11.1 to complete the following chart. (page 323) SYMBOL + (aq) heat EXPLANATION Yields or produces, separates reactants from products Designates a reactant or product is a solid. Designates a reactant or product is a liquid. Designates a reactant or product is a gas. A formula written above the arrow indicates the use of a catalyst. SECTION 19.4 NEUTRALIZATION REACTIONS (pages ) This section explains the concept of equivalence in neutralization reactions. 1. True or False? Acids react with compounds containing hydroxide ions to form water and a salt. 2. What does the reaction of an acid with a base produce? 3. In general, reactions in which an acid and a base react in an aqueous solution to produce a salt and water are called reactions. 4. Look at Table 19.9 (pg 613). Circle the salt that is used for photographic emulsions. a. calcium chloride b. silver bromide c. potassium chloride d. sodium chloride 5. Salts are compounds consisting of a(n) from an acid and a(n) from a base.

6 CHAPTER 19 VOCABULARY: ACIDS, BASES & SALTS ACROSS 1 The scale measures if a substance is acidic or basic. (19.2) 8 An acid is a Hydrogen-ion. (19.1) 9 A substance that gives food a sour taste. (19.2) 11 Strong acids and bases conduct electricity well, which makes them a good. (pg ) 12 acids and bases have a ph that is closer to 0 and 14. (19.2) 16 A base is a Hydrogen-ion. (19.1) 18 A strong acid/base completely in water, while a weak acid/base does not. (19.3) 19 juice is a strong acid with a ph of 2.3. (19.2) DOWN 2 The positive H+ ion that acids release in solution. (19.1) 3 Acids have a ph that goes from to seven. (19.2) 4 A water molecule that accepts a Hydrogen ion. (19.2) 5 Bases have a ph that goes from seven to. (19.2) 6 A nuetral substance with a ph of 7. (19.2) 7 A reaction between an acid and a base that produces a salt and water. (19.4) 9 Household is a strong base with a ph of (19.2) 10 A substance that is bitter and slippery. (19.1) 13 A compound consisting of the anion from an acid and the cation from a base. (19.4) 14 The negative OH- ion that bases release in solution. (19.1) 15 acids and bases have a ph that is closer to 7. (19.2) 17 Neutral substances have a ph of. (19.2)