Microgrids. and Alternative Power Sources. for Mission Critical Facilities

Transcription

1 and Alternative Power Sources for Mission Critical Facilities by Joseph F. Camean, P.E. Vice President, van Zelm Engineers (860) June 1, 2016 Page 1 of 14

2 Evolution of Grid Power 1882 Genesis of Anywhere Edison s Pearl Street Station, New York, NY 1612 Genesis of a Microbrewery in America by Adrian Block & Hans Christiansen in Manhattan 1637 Massachusetts Bay Colony licenses Robert Sedgwick s brewery Micro Production no Transmission Bulk Production & Transmission Micro Production no Transmission June 1, 2016 Page 2 of 14

3 Utility Electric Power and Mission Critical Facilities Utility Power Generation Scaled Up In Parallel with Emergence of IT Big Allis 1 st 1,000 MW Unit IBM System 1130 IT Source Energy = All Electric electricity too cheap to meter Oyster Creek Nuclear Plant Lewis L. Strauss, AEC Chairman June 1, 2016 Page 3 of 14

4 Mission Critical Facility Energy Paradigm Utility Electric is typical source energy Service availability, future capacity, power quality and reliability Electric demand and energy costs over facility life cycle Cooling is continuously required Typically electric driven adding to electric service burden Constant stream of heat rejection Uninterruptible power must be continuously available Energy storage system for UPS is typically by storage batteries Backup generation typically Diesel with growing scrutiny of emissions Facility owners increasingly demanding sustainability Normal power source energy resource use and environmental impacts UPS/backup generation technologies and emissions from test runs June 1, 2016 Page 4 of 14

5 Mission Critical Facilities Energy Supply Concerns Source Energy Supply Reliability Utility Electric Primary Energy Coal plants abandoned, nuclear plants days numbered Electric Grid now over-dependent on natural gas Winter natural gas interruption nearly resulted in ISO-NE imposing rolling blackouts (over-taxed oil terminals and delivery infrastructure - ISO-NE tracked oil tankers!) Hydroelectric Transmission Projects (very distant sources) Grid scale renewables emerging and growing Diesel Generator Backup Long term outage experiences, e.g., Storm Sandy resulted in enterprise IT facilities having to contract fuel tanker trucks from faraway states to maintain fuel delivery volume June 1, 2016 Page 5 of 14

6 Electric Power Supply and Fuel Utilization Efficiency Separate Heat and Power (SHP) Cheap Fuel / Economy of Scale Dismiss Resource Waste and Pollution (Massive Environmental Impact) vs. Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Maximize Fuel Conversion to Useful Energy by Recovery of Waste Heat (Minimized Environmental Impact) Fuel to Useful Energy Delivered ~ 54% max. Fuel to Useful Energy Delivered ~ 90% max. Air Cooled Cooling Towers Heat Wasting Equipment Cooling Water Piping for Wasting Heat One Penn Plaza New York, NY CHP System June 1, 2016 Page 6 of 14

7 Distributed Energy Resources vs. Bulk Generation Distributed Energy Resources as defined by the Electric Power Research Institute: Distributed Energy Resources (DER s) are smaller power sources that can be aggregated to provide power necessary to meet regular demand. As the electricity grid continues to modernize, DER such as storage and advanced renewable technologies can help facilitate the transition to a smarter grid. An acknowledgement from the Electric Power Industry that our current power grid is not at all smart. Solar energy incident on earth (annually): 160 times world s proven resources of fossil fuels 15,000 times the world s annual use of energy January 15, 2015 Page 7 of 14

8 Normal Power Source Energy Options Grid vs. DER s Independent System Operator New England Electric Supply Fuel Mix Grid Scale Renewables + Energy Storage 59% Natural Gas 28% Nuclear 7% Renewables (non-hydro) 5% Hydro 0% Coal Gas Turbine / Reciprocating Engine / Fuel Cell Dual Fuel (Natural Gas or Oil) Turbines or Engines Combined Heat and Power Cogeneration with Heat Recovery Heating and Cooling June 1, 2016 Page 8 of 14

9 Source Energy Options for Standby Power 2,800 Panels = 500 kw (East Lyme High School East Lyme, CT) Crystalline Photovoltaic Panels / Lithium-Ion Battery Storage Enterprise Scale Solar Array + Energy Storage Bi-Fuel Engine Generators - 70 to 95% natural gas plus Diesel pilot fuel or 100% Diesel (Bi-fuel operation reduces NOx and PM emissions - nominal 30% less Nox and 50% less PM) June 1, 2016 Page 9 of 14

10 and Mission Critical Facilities Grid Independent electric islanding capability for mission critical $77,000, ,000 sq. ft. facility 400 kw Fuel Cell provides base load normal power 1,670 kva Rotary UPS 800 kw Diesel Generator City of Hartford Public Safety Complex Police and Fire Department Headquarters 911 / 311 Call Center with dispatch via broadcast communications June 1, 2016 Page 10 of 14

11 Demand & Supply Key to Energy Efficiency Demand Side Examined First What forms of energy required? What is process efficiency and can it be improved? Supply Side Examined Second Can supply be provided sustainably? How can supply be integrated with load? Are there industrial symbiosis opportunities? e.g., (co-location with heating intensive facilities) How will reliability be met and at what operating efficiency 1970 s Mainframe Data Center (Raised Floor with Liebert CRAC Units) Heat doesn t always have to be wasted June 1, 2016 Page 11 of 14

12 Mission Critical Energy Demand Side Opportunities Equipment power is ultimately DC Multiple inversions of AC/DC/AC/DC - Can DC be the normal power supply? Cooling of high density loads is by CRAC / CRAH air circulation Liquid cooling medium has greater heat transfer efficiency than air Legacy electronics cooled by liquid will this this inevitably return? (NREL favored HP Apollo 8000 water cooled to model carbon and climate) Liquid coolant allows higher coolant temperatures for higher cooling plant efficiencies and waste heat recovery ConEd News Release, Nov 14, 2007: 125 yrs. of DC ends with last customer switched to AC at 10 West 40th Street Moore s Law: Doubling of transistor density every year June 1, 2016 Page 12 of 14

13 Mission Critical Energy Supply Side Opportunities Grid Independent Capability becoming economic by decreasing capital and operating costs Solar PV combined with Energy Storage has potential to decrease or displace UPS battery bank and Solar PV provides DC source power CHP generators (if redundantly configured) can provide normal and standby power yet offer an operating return rather than standby capital equipment that never runs Renewables and/or CHP (even if grid power remains part of the source energy mix) will increase facility sustainability Bi-Fuel Continuous Duty 720 rpm Natural Gas / Diesel Microgrid Examples: Confidential Solar PV Projects Mission Critical Clients + New England 1,000 kw + Metro NY 1,000 kw + Midwest 100 kw IPP Clients (Grid Scale Solar PV with Energy Storage) + New England Site 1 20MW PV and storage of 40 MWh / 10 MW + New England Site 2 10MW PV and storage at 16 MWh / 4 MW June 1, 2016 Page 13 of 14

14 Mission Critical Energy The Future Emerson Network Power s St. Louis Data Center Thank You! June 1, 2016 Page 14 of 14