The Complex Sentence. Prepositions, Conjuncts and Subordinate Clauses
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1 The Complex Sentence Prepositions, Conjuncts and Subordinate Clauses
2 Prepositions, Conjunctions, etc. Close-system items Reciprocally exclusive Functional non-content words It s difficult sometimes to distinguish a preposition from a conjunction and an adverb I ll go before you (prep.) He arrived before (adv.) Before he got up, she put everything away. (conj.) Particles
3 Prepositions Link between the noun and its clause with the rest of the sentence. Prepositional clauses: Prep. + Prepositional Complement (nominal function, excp. that.-clauses) He was surprised at his new watch He was surprised at her saying that He was surprised at what they watched He was surprised that she said so. Postponed prepositions Who are you dancing with? The house which I was waiting for it s not ready yet. What she is talking about has no sense He was told off by his mother, etc. In formal English there is the alternative of initial position
4 Types of Prepositions Simple or Proper: One word Time: at, in, on, before, after, by, for... Place: about, across, after, against,... Other: like, as, for, by... Complex: Present Participles: according to, regarding, concerning, belonging to... Complex Adverb or prep +prep: along with, as for, away from,... Verb/adj/conj../...+prep: due to, because of, apart from... Pep+noun+prep: by means of, in front of, for want of,...
5 Prepositional verbs Verb + preposition wait for, agree with, belong to... The preposition always goes before the object: I waited for him (not I waited him for) One verb can go with several prepositions: look at, look for, look into... Some typical prepositional verbs: apologize for, ask for, apply for, believe in, consist of, deal with, depend on, laugh at, listen to, rely on.
6 Phrasal verbs I Verb + adverb. sit down If there is an object, the object can go before or after the adverb: No object: The plane took off. Object after: Mary took off her jacket. Object before: Mary took her jacket off. If the object is a pronoun, it must go between the verb and the adverb: Mary took it off. (NOT Mary took off it) If the object is long, it normally goes after the adverb: Mary took off the brown leather jacket.
7 Phrasal verbs II Some adverbs and meanings: Down: becoming less: to turn the music down. to the ground: to knock a castle down cease: The train broke down. Off: away, separated: The plane took off. disconnect: I switched off the computer. On: connect: I switched on the computer. wear: I put my jacket on. Out: distribute: To hand out the exams. Over: From the beginning to the end: read the text over. Up: increase: Life goes up. completely: count up the students.
8 Linkers: Conj. and adverbs Connective function: words, clauses, sentences Conjuncts: relation with adverbials Particles: adverb, prepositions or relatives Linking words or discursive nexuses Types: Coordinates Subordinates
9 The Complex Sentence 2 lexical verbs 2 simple sentences There should be a relation between them LINK: intonation, punctuation, logic or conjunct. Types: Juxtaposed: Ann is arriving late. He s going to be angry. You can be satisfied: you ve passed. Coordinates: interdependent clauses Subordinates: main clause + dependent clause
10 The Complex Sentence Co-ordination Elements in the same level I am studying Tourism and Management Subordination Same level One clause depends on another. I am studying tourism because I like travelling Subordinate clause Main Clause
11 Coordinates Copulatives: AND (similar elements, you can omit the subject in the second clause; it can add a sense of final or conditional to the 2nd sentence) Come in and ask He ll try and phone us afterwards (try to, go to) BOTH AND (before both everything that is going to be omitted) Both he and his brothers are content Quasi-coordinators: As well as, as much as, rather/more than Disjunctives: OR (alternative content; omission of subject and auxiliary)) We can have lunch now, wait till 3:00 or ask John to bring us something. EITHER OR (with a negative verb has the same meaning as neither) She will either phone there or send a fax. NEITHER NOR There is almost anything to eat neither in the fridge nor in the cupboards.
12 EXAMPLE Both my father and my brother are teachers. THEORY When two subjects are connected by both...and... the verb is plural. Not only my father but also my brother is a teacher. / Not only my father but also my brothers are teachers. Neither my brothers nor my father is a teacher./neither my father nor my brothers are teachers. Yesterday it not only rained but (also) hailed. not only + verb past simple, but (also) + verb past simple. Both of them were good: All of them were good. Either of the two is good: Any of them is good. Neither of the two is good: None of them is good. When two subjects are connected by either...or; neither...nor; or not only.. but also... the subject that is closer to the verb determines whether the verb is singular or plural. Remember that as they are parallel structures the same grammatical form must be used after each word of the pair. Remember that these forms link only TWO subjects. For more subjects you must change the forms: both > all either > any neither > none R E M E M B E R
13 Coordinates II Adversatives: BUT (contradictory statements) She tried to go, but she couldn t arrive on time I don t fell like dancing but staying here (prep.) Everybody but Tom is here. (adv.= only) I have but 5 minutes. (can t but) I can t (help) but cry in those films. NOT ONLY BUT ALSO They not only invited us, but also bought the tickets. Not only did she received a letter, but also a postcard YET The weather is good, yet nobody wants to go to the beach. ALTHOUGH He hasn t got a girlfriend, although he is very attractive (However) Linking word: Drugs are bad for your health. However, some can have pharmacological uses.
14 Bibliography: Alcaraz, E. & Moody, B. (1980): Morfosintaxis inglesa para Hispanohablantes. Alcoy : Marfil. Campos, M,, Lillo, A., & Pina, V.M. (2002): Grammar ingobbets; Aguaclara. Eastwood, J. (1996): Oxford Guide to English Grammar.Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hashemi, L. & Murphy, R. (1998): Grammar in Use. Supplementary Exercises. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Greembaum& Quirk (1990): Studentʼs Grammar of the English Language. Longman. Thomson, A. J. & MARTINET, A.V.: A Practical English Grammar. Oxford: O.U.P....: A Practical English Grammar : Exercises 1 and 2. Oxford: O.U.P. Schrampfer Azar, B. (1989): Understanding and Using English Grammar. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Regents. Swan, M.: Practical English Usage. O.U.P.. Oxford: O.U.P.
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