Rolf Baur, Raimund Herz & Ingo Kropp

Transcription

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2 COMPUTER AIDED REHABILITATION OF SEWER AND STORM WATER NETWORKS RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT OF EUROPEAN COMMUNITY Lehrstuhl Stdtbuwesen Technsche Unverstät Dresden (TUD) Nürnberger Str. 31, Dresden Germny Tel ; Fx: ; E-ml: CARE S Computer Aded REhbltton of Sewer networs. Decson Support Tools for Sustnble Wter Networ Mngement WP6 Mult-crter Decson Support Demonstrtor D16 Procedure for choosng the rght sewer rehbltton technology Rolf Bur, Rmund Herz & Ingo Kropp Technsche Unverstät Dresden (TUD) wth contrbutons from Ldslv Tuhovc, Vldmr Sulcov (BUT Brno), Angel Vllnuev, Crlos Montero (CLABSA), Jonne Hulnce, John Cnt, Ross Crosbe, Amnd Bley (WRc), Cty Werey (Cemgref/ENGEES Strsbourg) Dresden, December 2003

3 D16 report CARE-S WP6

4 Tble of contents 1 Introducton Decson crter Requested nformton Development of crter ctlogue Survey on current prctce nd vlble technologes Cost evluton Structure of the decson procedure Defnton of decson crter Mult-crter Evluton Methodology Methods Substtuton methods Elmnton Methods Blncng nd Rnng procedure ELECTRE procedure Concluson The Blncng nd Rnng Procedure (BRP) Prelmnry order of optons The blncng process Opertng comprsons n prs Solvng blncng problems Exmple pplcton of the BRP [Schmdt 2002] Procedure Development Rehbltton technology ctlogue Project descrpton nd decson crter Applcblty condtons for pre-elmnton Crter for rnng Worflow model Anlyss of development system Softwre desgn Testng Summry References...33 Appendx 1 Questonnre...35 Appendx 2 Economc Evluton of Rehbltton Technologes...51 Appendx 3 Methodologcl comprson: Applcton of n ELECTRE pproch...67

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6 1 Introducton The CARE-S project s funded by the Europen Communty nd ms to develop methods nd softwre tht wll enble engneers of the wter undertngs to estblsh nd mntn n effectve mngement of ther sewer nd storm wter networs, rehblttng the rght sewers t the rght tme. The results shll be dssemnted s mnul on Best Mngement Prctce (BMP) for sewer networ rehbltton. Ths project s orgnsed n the followng Worng Pcges (WP): WP1: Constructon of control pnel of performnce ndctors (PI) for rehbltton; WP2: Descrpton nd vldton of structurl condton; WP3: Descrpton nd vldton of hydrulc performnce; WP4: Rehbltton technology nformton system; WP5: Soco-economc consequences; WP6: Mult-crter decson support; WP7: Elborton of CARE-S prototype; WP8: Testng nd vldton of CARE-W prototype; WP 9: Dssemnton; WP 10: Project mngement TUD s responsble for WP6, whch s dvded nto three sub-tss, ech one wth ts specfc objectve, schedule, delverbles nd methodology. Ts 6.1: Choosng the rght sewer rehbltton technque, n economc s well s techncl terms, s done from set of cnddtes fulfllng the requrements under specfc locl condtons. Drect rehbltton costs wll be systemtclly nlysed nd documented for vrety of open trenchng nd no dg rehbltton technologes. Beyond these drect costs, the support system wll hve to te nto ccount multtude of other fctors, whch re usully collected by wstewter compnes preprng publc tender on specfc rehbltton project. Although from fnncl vewpont, the wste wter compny would choose the lowest bd, t hs lso to consder externl costs tht re not chrged drectly to the wste wter compny, such s ncresed opertng costs nd trvel tmes for rod users. These costs re elborted n WP5. Sub-ts 6.1 s scheduled for the frst yer of the project. Ts 6.2: Selectng cost-effcent rehbltton projects s requred becuse the totl cost of ll vble rehbltton projects usully exceeds the vlble budget. So the projects must be rned by effcency crter n order to spend the money on those projects promsng the most postve effects. Cost reductons from shred costs due to smultneous rehbltton of dfferent systems wll led to n erler dte for optml cton. Other rehbltton projects my hve to be postponed due to lower cost-effcency. The more effcent the projects re the more cn be spent on other rehbltton projects thus ncresng overll cost-effcency. Wth regrd to the publc nterest, rehbltton projects should be rned on the bss of comprehensve set of crter nd procedure s well s results should be trnsprent nd esy to understnd by poltcl decson mers nd the publc. Mult-crter methods wll be prepred for wstewter networ rehbltton projects, tested nd ncluded n CARE-S. Sub-ts 6.2 s scheduled for the second yer of the project. 5

7 CARE-S D16 report Ts 6.3: Rehbltton progrmmes nd strteges re developed n n nterctve lernng process, where lterntves re compred, evluted nd mproved wth respect to ther costs nd effects n the short nd long run. Ths process needs support from specl longterm forecstng nd mult-crter evluton tools. The forecstng tools developed n WP2 nd WP3 for the mterl nd hydrulc deterorton of sewers wll be complemented by forecstng procedures for the effects of specfc rehbltton progrmmes nd technologes on wde rnge of performnce ndctors s specfed n WP1. A procedure wll be estblshed tht llows forecstng nd evlutng the effects of sewer rehbltton progrmmes tht re defned for tme perod of 10 to 20 yers wth respect to nnul mlege nd technologes of rehbltton of specfc types of sewers. The procedure wll llow the clculton of the monetry nd non-monetry, drect nd ndrect long-term effects. Rehbltton progrmmes wll be evluted ccordng to dynmc nvestment plnnng methodology. Whle the pre-defned lterntve rehbltton progrmmes my not fulfl ll networ performnce stndrds t mnmum rehbltton costs, some prmeters from the set of rehbltton optons my hve to be re-defned n order to meet the performnce stndrds t cceptble costs. Ths wll be fcltted by n nterctve procedure to be ncluded n the CARE-S prototype. Sub-ts 6.3 s scheduled for the thrd yer of the project. In Fgure 1, smplfed scheme of the generl decson frmewor for sewer rehbltton s drwn wth potentl nputs from other WP. Sewer dt bse Actul condton: Inspecton nd descrpton WP1, WP2.1 nspecton Hydrulc Aspects Hydrulc cpblty WP3 Envronmentl Aspects Envronmentl Impct WP3, WP5 Structure nd operton Structurl nd opertonl condton Trget defnton nd Performnce nlyss WP2.1, nspecton WP2 Condton evluton, clssfcton WP2.2 WP6.3 WP6.2 Prortes Condton forecst Rehbltton strteges WP6.1 WP3 Hydrulc rehbltton Structurl rehbltton Fgure 1: Generl scheme for nspecton, condton evluton nd rehbltton of sewer networs (followng ATV M 149 nd DIN EN 752-5) Ths report refers to sub-ts 6.1, the development of tool for choosng the rght rehbltton technology. 6

8 CARE-S D16 report Prtners nvolved n sub-ts 6.1 were sed for specfc contrbutons: Survey n publc wors deprtments or utltes (CARE-S end-users) on the choce of rehbltton technology for specfc cses of deterorted sewers TU Brno, see Appendx 1 - Cretng of stndrdsed dt set (text, fgures, grphs nd vdeos) of recently rehbltted sewers. - All 14 end-users should be sed to provde 2 or 3 well documented cses. The questonnre should be n Englsh nd trnslted by the prtners nto the lnguge of the end-user, nd the nswers re-trnslted nto Englsh. - In ddton to specfc nformton on the project, end-users should gve resons why prtculr rehbltton technology ws chosen nd why other rehbltton technology cnddtes were rejected or not ten nto consderton. The contrbuton ws crred out n close co-operton wth TU Dresden nd CLABSA Rehbltton technology ctlogue nd crter CLABSA - Detled proposl of ctlogue wth rehbltton technologes nd ther ssocted chrcterstcs nd crtcl comprson wth the result of our nqury mong the CARE-S prtners nd end-users for decson crter - Contrbuton to the questonnre development for the cse studes (TU Brno) Economc evluton of rehbltton technologes WRc, see Appendx 2 - Consderton of drect costs, development of reltve costs - Servce lfe expectnces (prolongton) for rehbltted sewers (dfferent rehbltton technologes) - Development of procedure for cost-effectveness-nlyss ncludng netcptl-vlues nd nnutes for rehbltton optons. Usng clssfcton codes for utomtc pre-elmnton of technologes TU Budpest Schedule: 18 th July 2003, nothng receved!! - We expect n expertse on the possbltes of usng the clssfcton codes (ccordng to EN nd other models for CCTV nspecton) for nocng-out prtculr rehbltton technologes under specfc crcumstnces (stte of the sewer, envronment) - Comprson of the dfferent codng systems tht you hve evluted n sub-ts 2.1 wth respect to the pre-elmnton of prtculr rehbltton technologes the bove mentoned ts. Methodologcl comprson: Applcton of n ELECTRE pproch Cemgref/ENGEES, see Appendx 3 - Comprson of the results obtned n subts 6.1 wth n lterntve pproch, developed by Unversté Mrne l Vllée for selectng rehbltton technologes. Applcton of the method to pre-selected number of rehbltton projects wth gven constrnts. (schedule: Jnury 2004) - Lst of soco-economc crter for the selecton of the rehbltton technology (WP5) 7

9 CARE-S D16 report 2 Decson crter The best rehbltton technology s chosen ccordng to ts sutblty t prtculr ste, nd ts reltve dvntges compred to other technologes. Thus, crter re requred for the elmnton of unsutble technologes, nd for the comprson of sutble technologes. Informton on rehbltton technologes s comng from RT dt bse developed under WP4. The descrpton of techncl nd envronmentl condtons of sewer ppe selected for rehbltton s comng from sub-ts 6.2. The evluton of rehbltton technologes for the gven condtons s done wthn WP Requested nformton In frst survey n December 2002, the CARE-S prtners were sed for decson crter tht should be ncluded n WP6. Four types of nformton cn be dstngushed: - dt comng drectly from the end-user s sewer networ dt bse - nformton on the sewer s condton, ether comng from the sewer networ dt bse or from models developed n WP2 - nformton on mpct to the urbn envronment nd the potentl rs of dmges, wth dt comng from the end-user s dt bse, muncpl dt bses (urbn GIS), or from clcultons of socl costs or the costs lely to rse from not rehblttng sewers (WP5) - nformton on the rehbltton optons, ncludng techncl pplcblty condtons, technology performnce, envronmentl mpct, drect cost nd servce-lfe estmtes of the new sset From ths set of crter suggested for sub-ts 6.1, expected delveres from other wor pcges were formulted nd crculted mong the prtners by postng t on the BSCW server (Wor s underwy to mtch nown tool specfctons to user requrements. The lst below wll be used s checlst nd proposed dt structures wll be crculted by WRc for prtner dscusson nd correcton n due course.): From end-user s dt bse (Informton should be stored n the prototype, WP7): - Cross secton of the sewer (dmeter, shpe, mterl) - Slope of the sewer - Combned sewer system or seprte sewer system (wstewter, storm wter) - Averge number of connectons per meter - Cross secton of the connectons (dmeter, shpe) - Dstnce between mnholes - Exstence of sngulrtes n the sewer nd type (rpds, flls, drops, chmbers, dversons, wers, ) - Structurl sewer lods (sol lods, trffc lods, others) - Hydrulc sewer lods (pressure or grvty flow) Sewer condton nd deterorton rte (WP2) (From nspecton & clssfcton, WP2.1, nd from modellng, WP2.2) - CCTV clssfcton code nd dvce, how the code could be used for pre-selecton/elmnton of rehbltton technologes (WP2, contrbuton Budpest) - Detled descrpton of type nd ntensty of dmge (Mntennce records, e.g. blocges, collpses, de-sltng, tree roots etc, could result from CCTV nspecton, WP2) - Necessty of pror sewer mntennce (clensng, roots cuttng, etc.) nd ts cost - Condton grde of - Sewer - Mnholes 8

10 CARE-S D16 report - Servce connecton - CSO - Pumpng stton - Other nstlltons - Expected/remnng sewer lfe of the orgnl condut Sewer envronment (Informton from end-user s dt-bse, stored n prototype (WP7, clssfcton/ nterpretton from WP5) - Locton (street type, trffc, vegetton, commercl res, presence of publc trnsport lnes, buldng densty, economc ctvty, conflcts wth other urbn nfrstructure) - Sol type - Wether condtons (tempertures, rn frequency) n the regon/seson t the tme of wors development - Recevng wters qulty (WP3, externl sources) - Groundwter level (rs of polluton of groundwter or wter dstrbuton networ,) reltve to sewer depth (WP3) - Rs of mosture/humdty on bsements or tunnels (exfltrton) (WP2 & WP5) - Infltrton (overlodng of tretment plnts nd ncresed polluton fter tretment n those cses wth nutrent removl) (WP2) - Socl sensblty (WP5) - Poltcl nd socl constrnts (WP5) - Tme constrnts (WP5) - Odour n the urbn envronment (.e. the degree of ventlton, WP2) Rehbltton technology (WP4) From CLABSA ctlogue of rehbltton technologes, ncludng nformton on: - Rnge of mngeble dmeters - Form of sewer profle - Type of curble dmge - Mterl of sewer - Reducton of hydrulc cpcty - (Reproducton of) sttc cpblty (does t meet the structurl requrements?) - Servce lfe expectton (ncresed for the use of the technque?) - Requrement of sewge bypss - Ground spce requrement - Mxmum length of rech - Servce lne connecton technology - Bendng restrnts - Certfcton of qulty of wor - Impct on groundwter (possble polluton of t, due to constructons wors, mterls used, ) - Impct on tree roots - Perod of constructon wor - Durton of constructon wor - Nose emsson nd vbrton - Drect unt costs - Percentge of vertcl deformton the technque cn cope wth - Curng tme - Indrect unt costs mpcts (WP5) - Fesble lterntves (hydrulc rehbltton or opertonl mesures from WP3 or externl sources, ncludng costs) - Expected sewer lfe of the rehbltted condut 9

11 CARE-S D16 report 2.2 Development of crter ctlogue The frst objectve s to compre vlble nformton on rehbltton technologes reltve to descrpton of the project(s) proposed. Informton on rehbltton technologes wll come drectly (or v the CARE-S rehbltton mnger) from the ctlogue estblshed n WP4 by CLABSA. The project descrpton s ten from vrous sources (WP2, WP3, WP5 nd end-user s dt bse) n pre-defned formt v the CARE-S rehbltton mnger Survey on current prctce nd vlble technologes In close co-operton wth the prtners from TU Brno nd CLABSA, survey mong the ssocted end-users ws ntted, sng for the documentton of two or three recently termnted rehbltton projects n ther networs (see Appendx 1). Ths ws crred out due to the followng resons: 1. To fnd out whch decson crter re/were used by our end-users for choosng rehbltted sewer sectons. 2. To obtn descrptons of ppled rehbltton technologes nd resons for ther selecton. 3. To evlute the costs of the used rehbltton technology. Summry of survey results Co-opertng end-users from 9 countres hve returned 11 flled questonnres provdng 27 descrbed projects (cse studes). The results of the survey gve n overvew on how rehbltton technologes re selected tody, The mjorty of the cse studes re exmples of the pplcton of trenchless technologes (Fgure 2). Type of rehbltton (ccordng number of occurrences nd sewer length) Number of occurrences Length Trenchless or dg method (ccordng number of occurrences nd sewer length) Number of occurrences Length 70% 60% 100% 90% percentge 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% repr renovton replcement clenng percentge 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% trenchless dg clenng Fgure 2: Type nd method of rehbltton for the 27 cse studes A more detled summry of the survey results s gven under Appendx 1. Rehbltton technologes Informton on the new technologes s comng from the ctlogue of rehbltton technologes (WP4), ncludng more thn 40 currently vlble rehbltton technologes (WP4_Rtchrt_v2.2.xls, posted on the BSCW server on the 6 th June 2003; the ltest verson of the RT chrt s consdered for the softwre). Hydrulc solutons for the rehbltton of the sewer networ must be ntegrted nto the ctlogue of rehbltton technologes. The optons for hydrulc rehbltton re the result of the hydrulc nlyss n WP3. Approprte descrptons of these rehbltton optons must be ntegrted nto the structure of the rehbltton technology ctlogue. 10

12 CARE-S D16 report In Tble 1, nformton stored n the rehbltton technology dtbse (WP4) s set n relton to requested nformton (ccordng to the lstng bove) for the descrpton of the projects. So fr, no cost nformton s vlble n the ctlogue of rehbltton technologes. Bsed on the fndngs documented n ppendx 2, Economc Evluton of Rehbltton Technologes, the ntegrton of cost-fctor mtrx s proposed for the pplcton of the dfferent rehbltton technologes under specfc envronmentl condtons. The cost-fctor mtrx wll be spredsheet developed by CLABSA under WP Cost evluton In generl, cost evluton should gve n economc justfcton of the rehbltton decson. Dfferent optons should be compred wth respect to the rto between costs nd servce lfe prolongton for repr, nd deprecton plus nterest for renovton nd replcement respectvely. Accordng to the three felds of nterest n the decson frmewor for sewer networ rehbltton, costng pproches wth dfferent levels of detl must be ncluded nto the decson process. The choce of the rght rehbltton technology requres very detled cost estmtes, potentlly lredy ten from dfferent prevous bds. For the prortston of projects, estmtes of men costs for dfferent rehbltton technologes under specfc condtons my be dequte. For the development of long-term strteges for nspecton nd rehbltton, unt costs for nspecton nd men costs for dfferent rehbltton technologes should be vlble. The most mportnt nfluencng fctors on the unt costs re, for exmple, dmeter, densty of servce connectons, lnd use bove nd under the ground (Fg.3). Fgure 3: Comprson of costs for lnng nd open-cut technology under specfc condtons (MUV-BW 2000) The cost comprson should comprse drect nd ndrect costs. Indrect costs of sewer rehbltton re mnly due to trffc devton nd busness nterruptons, or envronmentl mpcts, whch could be ether cptlsed by cost estmtes or drectly consdered, s s possble n the mult-crter decson support methodology mentoned n secton 3. 11

13 CARE-S D16 report The nnuty of the rehbltton technology cn be clculted by dvdng ts drect costs by the servce lfe expectton. In cost-beneft pproch wth ctul vlues, the nnuty s compred wth ncresng nnul mntennce nd repr costs of the sewer ppe (Fgure 4). Annul costs Annul mntennce nd repr Annuty of rehbltton nvestment Cost optmum Age n yers Fgure 4: Evluton of nvestments on ctul vlues Structure of the decson procedure Fgure 4 gves n overvew, how results from vrous WP re used n the decson for choosng the rght rehbltton technology n flow chrt ccordng to EN Crter for the selecton of the best rehbltton technology cn be dvded nto two groups: The frst group of crter s used for the pre-elmnton of rehbltton optons t prtculr ste. The second group of crter s used for the comprson of the remnng rehbltton optons. Accordngly, the procedure for choosng the rght rehbltton technology cn be dvded nto the followng steps: 1. Pre-elmnton The procedure of pre-elmnton cn be fcltted by comprng utomtclly pplcblty condtons nd performnce of the technologes wth the locl condtons t the ste chosen for rehbltton. The pre-elmnton cn be complemented by settng user defned elmnton crter (thresholds). 2. Rnng The mult-crter evluton methodology for rnng rehbltton optons consders only the optons remnng fter pre-elmnton. The result wll be fnl overll order of rehbltton optons. 12

14 CARE-S D16 report Structurl rehbltton requred Loclsed dmge Recurrent loclsed dmge Extensve dmge no Is enlrgement of dschrge cpcty necessry? yes WP2.1, end-user, nspecton Is repr technclly possble? yes Is repr economclly justfble? no no Is reducton of dschrge cpcty permssble? WP3 no WP4 WP5 yes WP2, WP4 end-user, nspecton yes no Is renovton technclly possble? yes Is renovton economclly justfble? Would renovton reduce dschrge cpcty? no WP5 no yes WP5, WP6.1 yes yes Are other crter relevnt for renovton? no WP4 Repr Renovton Replcement Fgure 5: Choosng the rght rehbltton technology ccordng to EN nd use of results from CARE-S wor pcges Defnton of decson crter Accordng to the dentfed structure of the decson problem, crter re used for the process of pre-elmntng unsutble rehbltton technologes nd/or for the process of rnng the remnng rehbltton optons. In Tble 1, prelmnry lst of crter for pre-elmnton s gven, wth the tems ccordng to the rehbltton technology chrt developed n WP4, nd the respectve nformton on the prtculr rehbltton project. Crter for the pre-elmnton refer to the pplcblty condtons of technology under the gven nternl nd externl condtons. There re techncl, opertonl, nd envronmentl condtons. 13

15 Tble 1: Informton on rehbltton technology nd project descrpton (WP4_Rtchrt_v2.2.xls) Informton on the rehbltton technology Source: WP4_RT-chrt Project descrpton Source: SRP output fle for nput to SRT Applcblty condtons 1 Dmeter (mn, mx) Dmeter (before, fter rehbltton) 2 Shpe (crculr, non-crculr, mn-entry, non-mn-entry) Shpe (crculr, egg-shped, other non-crculr) 3 Asset type (sewer, mnhole, connecton) Sewer/Mnhole/Servce connecton 4 Sttc functon (structurl, selng) Restorton of lod berng cpcty requred (Yes/No) 5 Sutble mterl of current sset Mterl 6 Need to cut off servce connectons Number of servce connectons 7 Under groundwter level/lege dmssble Groundwter level, sewer level, Senstve to groundwter qulty? 8 Mnmum temperture 9 Sutble nd of sol Sol type 10 Worng spce requred Avlblty of worng spce n the urbn envronment of the sewer Technology performnce / chrcterstcs 11 Mxmum length Length 12 Worng speed (length/unts per dy) Tme constrnts (mx d) 13 New sset mterl Mterl 14 Dmeter fter rehbltton (not chnged, reduced, ncresed) 15 Hydrulc performnce fter rehbltton (dmeter, slope, roughness: not chnged, reduced, ncresed) New dmeter New dmeter, new slope, new roughness, Flure type 14

16 CARE-S D16 report 16 Dggng needs (wthout surfce dmge, pt dmge, trench) Avlblty of worng spce n the urbn envronment of the sewer, Number of servce connectons, Trffc lod n the locton, Exstng flor to be protected? Senstve buldngs or nfrstructure round? Nose nd tremor problem? Busness ctvtes ffected? 17 Processng through mnhole? Avlblty of worng spce n the urbn envronment of the sewer 18 Need of clensng 19 Dggng need for connectons renstll Number of servce connectons 20 Possblty of wor nterrupton 21 Excess ground permeblty durng groutng Senstve to groundwter qulty 22 Requres mn n underground 23 Strght/curved ln 24 Estmted servce lfe (prolongton) of rehbltted sset 25 Unt costs nd cost fctors (not yet ncluded n CLABSA tble) Envronmentl mpct 26 Structurl mpct on surroundng buldngs Senstve buldngs or nfrstructure round? 27 Envronmentl mpct (mterl, wors: none, low, grve) Exstng flor to be protected? Senstve to groundwter qulty? Nose nd tremor problem? 28 Impct on groundwter qulty Senstve to groundwter qulty? 29 Nose Nose nd tremor problem? 30 Dust Dust problem? 15

17 CARE-S D16 report 16

18 CARE-S D16 report 3 Mult-crter Evluton Methodology The objectve of mult-crter methodology for choosng the best rehbltton technology s to fnd trnstve 1 overll fnl order of fnte set of optons. Here, decson support method s sought whch selects the best rehbltton technology for sewer whch hs lredy been selected for rehbltton. Best, n ths context, could be nterpreted s the most cost-effectve, or most prctcl or lest dsruptve method, or some other such crteron. The set of optons, ll rehbltton optons ncluded n the rehbltton technology (RT) dt bse (WP4), must be compred wth respect to number of crter j, by clcultng the vlues e j for ech technology (Fgure 6). Fgure 6: Impct mtrx 3.1 Methods Mult-crter evluton methods cn be clssfed, ccordng to the prevlng weghng prncple, nto substtuton methods nd elmnton methods Substtuton methods A very populr mult-crter technque, the method of verge weghtng, belongs to the substtuton methods, lso referred to s ggregton or scorng models. Here, the bndwdth of crter wthn the mpct mtrx (rrow b n Fgure 6) s reduced. The overll rnng of optons s bult n three steps: 1. Trnsformton of ll crter nto unform scle (normlston) 2. Dstrbuton of weghts,.e. reltve mportnce or exchnge rtos between crter 3. Aggregton wth utlty functon for the fnl rnng order Usully, ggregton methods re ppled usng, n most cses, monetry expresson or dmensonless pont scle for the normlston. In generl, the normlston nd the defnton of the utlty functon re prepred by n expert, wheres the only ntercton between the decson-mer nd the decson procedure s the ssgnment of weghts. The problem of these methods s the prorty nd weghtng of the ndvdul crter, snce overrtng nd underrtng of certn spects s most lely to hppen (Strssert 1984, Vnce 1992). 1 A fnl order of set of optons s sd to be trnstve f t meets the trnstvty condton (e.g. f A > B nd B > C, then A > C). It s sd to be lner f there s no cycle of preference nvolved (.e. A > B > C > A s cyclc nd therefore not lner. See lso secton ) 17

19 CARE-S D16 report Elmnton Methods The prncple of elmnton methods s to reduce the bndwdth of optons wth rguments (rrow () n the mpct mtrx, see Fgure 6) by excludng unsutble optons. There s no fnl evluton but stepwse threshold settng t prtculr crter for elmntng undsred optons. One of the dvntges of elmnton methods s the possblty tht crter cn hve dfferent dmensons. A very populr, non-formlsed verson of elmnton technques s the verbl dscusson / structured ntervew. The selecton procedure conssts of three elementry steps: 1. Settng threshold vlue t crteron C 1 2. Observng the consequences t ll other crter 3. Confrmng (or rejectng) the elmnton threshold nd settng the next threshold t the next crteron The process s repeted untl bre-off lmt (e.g. gven budget) s reched. Wthn elmnton procedures, effect control nd resonng ntte process of blncng dvntges nd dsdvntges tht leds step-by-step to decson Blncng nd Rnng procedure The BRP (n Germny nown s FAR) presented by Strssert (1995) nd Köhl (1998) s new vrnt wthn the feld of sem-formlsed mult-crter decson support methodologes. Bsc fetures of the pproch re the prwse comprsons of optons, mxed scles nd the so-clled blncng prncple,.e. the blncng of vectors of dvntges nd dsdvntges (Strssert 2000: 1). For ny pr of optons the reltve dvntges nd dsdvntges re blnced nd, smultneously, the dfferent mportnce of the score s ten nto ccount. In chpter 3.2, the theoretcl frmewor of the pproch s brefly explned, followng Strssert (2000), who gves detled dervton nd descrpton of the method. The methodology hs been ppled n CARE-W for the evluton of rehbltton strteges (Herz 2002) ELECTRE procedure ELECTRE ("ELmnton Et Chox Trdusnt L RElté "= elmnton nd choce trnsltng relty) s the French pproch to mult-crter decson methodology, restrcted n the plnnng of engneerng nfrstructure projects, ts frst pprton beng n the sxtes. Most versons hve been developed by Bernrd Roy nd ssoctes (Roy 1993). The method mnpultes the crter nto concordnce nd, f evlutons re rcher thn ordnl rnngs, dscordnce mtrces. Optons re pr-wse judged. The concordnce set shows ll crter where n opton s preferred or equl to nother, whle the dscordnce set shows the reverse outrnng. Severl procedures re vlble for sortng, rnng, selectng. Contrry to the optmzton of n economc functon, the mult-crter nlyss s not formlzed mthemtclly ndeed. It uses models bult prtlly on nevtbly restrctve mthemtcl hypotheses nd prtlly on nformton collected by the decson-mer. The mn chrcterstc of the nlytcl mult-crter methods s to formlze the preprton of the decson by mprovng the trnsprency of the decson process nd by defnng nd clrfyng the decson-mer responsblty. In CARE-W WP3 report Decson support for nnul rehbltton progrmmes (Le Guffre et l. 2002), t s sortng procedure tht ws ppled: ELECTRE tr. Here we propose rnng procedure ELECTRE II: 18

20 CARE-S D16 report The objectve of ELECTRE II (Cf. Appendx 3.I: Detls of the method) s to rn optons, snce "best" untl "less good". The pproch used by ELECTRE II s bsed on: - concordnce nd dscordnce concepts (llowng to te nto ccount the collectve self-relnce of the decson-mer n fne wy), - two types of outrnng : strong nd we, - n outrnng lgorthm wth two smple orderng : drect nd reverse. An exmple of pplcton s presented n ppendx 3.II (Db, 2000) Concluson The substtuton methods offer logcl structure of procedures, whch determne unque result by mthemtcl opertons. However, methodologcl problems rse from the numercl scores nd weghts ssgned to ndvdul crter. They blur the contrbuton of ndvdul crter to the overll score by compenstng for smller nd lrger contrbutons from dfferent crter. However, there s no wy to blnce polluted wter wth clen r or destroyed nturl lndscpes wth quet vehcles. Another drwbc of ggregton procedures s ther lc of trnsprency n the decson process. Thus, pproches whch rely on ggregton re qute sutble for n evluton tht s bsed on crter whch re mesured on unform scle, e.g. n monetry terms, snce the blnce of costs nd benefts (or svngs), ppers to be rther ccurte. The dvntge of the concordnce nlyss (e.g. ELECTRE methods, Roy 1985) compred to scorng models s due to the comprson n prs of reltve dvntges nd dsdvntges of cnddte optons. There s no drect compenston of crter by utlty functon. However, number of model prmeters must be set/defned by the user (nmely ndces nd thresholds, nd the crter weghts). Mult-crter decson problems where optons must be compred by chrcterstcs wth mxed scles re more lely supported by elmnton procedures tht evde the blc-box pproch of non-trnsprent nterdependences determned by crter weghts, normlston functons nd utlty functon For the evluton of rehbltton technologes n CARE-S, the formlsed blncng nd rnng procedure (Strssert 1995) ws chosen nd wll be compred wth n Electre procedure. Both methods wll begn wth pre-elmnton step. 19

21 CARE-S D16 report 3.2 The Blncng nd Rnng Procedure (BRP) Ths secton gves n overvew on the methodologcl pproch of the blncng nd rnng procedure. In the next chpter 3.3, the pproch s llustrted by n exmple crred out for the end-user n Dresden Prelmnry order of optons The procedure strts wth the mpct mtrx (Fgure 4). Ech crteron C yelds n ndvdul order of optons P j by mens of e j. For e 11 > e 12 > e 13, the rnng order of crteron C 1 s P 1, P 2, P 3. In generl, the rnng order of optons P j wll dffer for ll crter C. Technology optons Crter P 1 P 2 P 3 C 1 e 11 e 12 e 13 C 2 e 21 e 22 e 23 C 3 e 31 e 23 e 33 Fgure 7: Impct mtrx wth crter C nd technology optons P Now suppose tht the vlues e j show tht, for C 1, P 1 > P 2 > P 3. Then we cn wrte: C 1 : < P 1, P 2, P 3 >, nd smlrly for C 2 nd C 3, e.g. C 2 : < P 3, P 2, P 1 >, C 3 : < P 3, P 1, P 2 >, In n outrnng mtrx (Fgure 8), the number of pros nd cons re counted for ech opton. The mtrx n Fgure 8 shows tht opton P 1 s plced twce (.e. for two crter) before opton P 2, once before P 3, nd vce vers P 2 s plced once before opton P 1, nd P 3 s plced twce before opton P 1 (The tble must be red n rows). P 1 P 2 P 3 P 3 P 1 P 2 P P 3 * 2 2 P P 1 1 * 2 P P * Fgure 8: Outrnng mtrx Fgure 8b: Trngulr outrnng mtrx When the outrnng mtrx s set up, the optons must be re-ordered to cheve trngulr mtrx (Fgure 8b). Trngulrston s the systemtc re-orderng of optons such tht out of set of p = j! orders, the sum of the vlues bove the mn dgonl s mxmsed. A stuton where only zero vlues re below the mn dgonl corresponds to strong trnstve overll fnl order of optons, or totl order structure. Normlly, ths totl order structure of optons does not exst ntlly (Vnce 1992, Strssert 2000). The outrnng mtrx reltes to the mjorty rule of countng votes (1 crteron 1 vote). In the context of the blncng prncple, the ssumpton of mjorty rule must be gven up. The outrnng mtrx s used nsted s prelmnry order of optons whch s then subject to screenng nd blncng process. 20

22 CARE-S D16 report The blncng process Frstly, new tble s ntroduced. In n dvntges-dsdvntges tble the crter C re combned wth the result of the pr wse comprson of optons P j /P (Fgure 9). The column hedngs contn ll possble comprsons n prs. For n optons the number of comprsons s z = n*(n-1)/2. In our cse (n = 3), z = 3. P 1 /P 2 P 1 /P 3 P 2 /P 3 C 1 A P1C1 A P1C1 A P2C1 C 2 D P1C2 D P1C2 A P2C2 C 3 A P1C3 D P1C3 D P2C3 ΣA j ΣD j Fgure 9: Advntges-dsdvntges tble For ech comprson n prs, the scores of e j must be compred. The comprsons cn be mde ndependently from the crter s scles. They refer to qunttes, rnngs or frequences (crdnl, ordnl, nomnl scle). At the bottom of the tble two rows show the sum of dvntges ΣA j nd the sum of dsdvntges ΣD j by comprson. In the dvntges-dsdvntges tble, ech column represents seprte bnry decson problem: n the frst column, the comprson P 1 /P 2 of the two optons P 1 nd P 2, the queston s whether the two dvntges [ 1/2 A 1, 1/2 A 3 ] together re strctly superor (or not) to the dsdvntge 1/2 D 2. For Yes, P 1 s strctly superor to P 2. If respectvely the nswer s No, then P 2 s strctly superor to P 1. If the nswer to the queston: Are [A P1C1, A P1C3 ] strctly superor to D P1C2 s Yes, the dsdvntge 1/2 D 2 loses ts mportnce. Thus, ech comprson result s rted ccordng to boolen code (1,0), nd the results of ll comprsons cn be drwn to comptblty mtrx C (Fgure 10), nd f the comptblty mtrx s reordered, to the trngulr comptblty mtrx C T (Fgure 10b). P 1 P 2 P 3 P 1 P 3 P 2 P P P P P P Fgure 10: Comptblty mtrx C Fgure 10b: Trngulr comptblty mtrx C T The trngulr comptblty mtrx C T s representng strct totl order wth bnry relton, whch s symmetrc, complete nd trnstve (Vnce 1992). Wth ths mtrx, the overll fnl order of optons looed for s obtned,.e. <P 1, P 3, P 2 > (Strssert 2000) Opertng comprsons n prs In prctce, the number of rehbltton technologes to be compred cn esly be 5, 6 or more. Then the number of comprsons n prs z s 10, 15, or more, respectvely. Irrespectve the number of crter, the determnton of the order reltons could become clumsy job. 21

23 CARE-S D16 report Not necessrly ll possble comprsons n prs nd correspondng blncng problems must be crred out. For 4 strteges, the number of comprsons would be 10. The number of possble orders of optons s p = n! = 1*2*3*4 = 24. These orders re: P 1, P 2, P 3, P 4 P 2, P 1, P 3, P 4 P 3, P 1, P 2, P 4 P 4, P 1, P 2, P 3 P 1, P 2, P 4, P 3 P 2, P 1, P 4, P 3 P 3, P 1, P 4, P 2 P 4, P 1, P 3, P 2 P 1, P 3, P 2, P 4 P 2, P 3, P 1, P 4 P 3, P 2, P 1, P 4 P 4, P 2, P 1, P 1 P 1, P 3, P 4, P 2 P 2, P 3, P 4, P 1 P 3, P 2, P 4, P 1 P 4, P 2, P 3, P 3 P 1, P 4, P 2, P 3 P 2, P 4, P 1, P 3 P 3, P 4, P 1, P 2 P 4, P 3, P 1, P 2 P 1, P 4, P 3, P 2 P 2, P 4, P 3, P 1 P 3, P 4, P 2, P 1 P 4, P 3, P 2, P 1 If n - 1 comprsons n prs re lredy executed, nd f ll optons re consdered n the blncng process, the remnng comprsons re gven mplctly. For exmple, f n - 1 = 3 comprsons yeld the three orders <P 1, P 2 >, <P 1, P 4 > nd <P 3, P 2 >, then from the 24 orders bove, n frst step 12 re elmnted (ll orders where P 1 s before P 2 ), n second step 8, nd n thrd step 3 orders re elmnted, respectvely. Hence, only one sngle order, <P 1, P 4, P 3, P 2 >, remns, tht s the fnl order of optons. Intrnstvtes occur when the blncng result of three comprsons would gve rnngs of the form: <P 1, P 2 >, <P 2, P 3 > nd <P 3, P 1 >,.e. the crculr relton P 1 > P 2 > P 3 > P 1. Strssert (1999) gves n nlytc proof tht the number of comprsons n prs could be reduced down to mnmum of n 1 comprsons, nd methodology how to vod ntrnstvtes n the fnl order. For the pre-elmnton of optons, nocout crter re ntroduced (e.g. pplcblty condtons) Solvng blncng problems The soluton of the blncng problem s the comprson of two optons wth respect to the set of dvntges gnst the set of dsdvntges, presented n the dvntgesdsdvntges tble. Tht s the nswer to the queston: Are the dvntges [ 1/2 A 1, 1/2 A 3 ] strctly superor to the dsdvntge 1/2 D 2? The number of crter n ech comprson wth n equl score s not decsve. A domnnce chec loos for comprsons, where we hve only dvntges but no dsdvntges. Rnngs ncludng the nverse of such domnnce order cn be removed from the set of possble rnngs. 22

24 CARE-S D16 report 3.3 Exmple pplcton of BRP In Tble 2, the mpct mtrx of 4 optons nd 4 crter s shown. In the exmple the nocout-crteron s mxmum of 250 /m for the costs. Thus, opton D would be excluded from the set of vlble optons. Tble 2: Impct mtrx e j Crter Optons j A B C D K 1 Costs 150 /m 200 /m 50 /m 300 /m K 2 Constructon tme 5 wees 10 wees 20 wees 30 wees K 3 Trffc dsturbnce medum very hgh low none K 4 Servce lfe 50 yers 50 yers 80 yers 120 yers Subsequently, for ech crteron rn wll be ssgned to the remnng optons. If there re equl crter vlues the optons get the sme rn (Tble 3). Tble 3: Rnng of optons Crter Optons j A Rn A B Rn B C Rn C K 1 Costs 150 /m /m /m 1. K 2 Constructon tme 5 wees wees wees 3. K 3 Trffc dsturbnce medum 2. very hgh 3. low 1. K 4 Servce lfe 50 yers yers yers 1. The domnnce test s next. For ths purpose, the ndvdul optons re compred n prs usng n dvntge-dsdvntge tble. If there s one opton n ll crter better thn ny nother, tht opton wll be strctly superor to ll others n every possble order of optons. In the exmple opton A s strctly superor to B, whch mens opton B wll never be before opton A n the fnl rnng. There s no obvous strct superorty n the comprsons A-C nd B-C. The dvntge-dsdvntge tble s shown below (Tble 4.) Tble 4: Advntge-dsdvntge tble for the domnnce test Comprsons A-B A-C B-C Crter K 1 Costs A A1 D A1 D B1 K 2 Constructon tme A A3 A A3 A B3 K 3 Trffc dsturbnce A A4 D A4 D B4 K 4 Servce lfe 0 5 D A5 D B5 Result A domntes B

25 CARE-S D16 report Three possbltes out of sx possble rnng orders (ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB, CBA) cn be elmnted becuse opton A domntes opton B nd thus B never wll be rned before A (BAC, BCA, CBA). Therefore two comprsons remn (A-C, B-C). In ths exmple there re no ntrnstvtes (tble 4, tble 5). Crter where the compred optons hve the sme vlue re not be ten nto consderton. Tble 5: Prwse comprson A-C Crter A C K 2 Constructon tme 5 wees Advntge A 20 wees K 1 Costs 150 /m 50 /m Advntge C K 3 Trffc dsturbnce Medum Low Advntge C K 4 Servce lfe 50 yers 80 yers Advntge C Result Tble 6: Prwse comprson B-C C s better thn A, becuse the dvntges of longer servce t 1/3 of costs prevl the dsdvntge of longer constructon tme, whch cuses only low trffc dsturbnces Crter B C K3 Constructon tme 10 wees Advntge B 20 wees K 1 Costs 200 /m 50 /m Advntge C K4 Trffc dsturbnce Very hgh Low Advntge C K5 Servce lfe 50 yers 80 yers Advntge C Result C s better thn B, Becuse the three dvntges (costs, servce lfe, low trffc dsturbnces) prevl the reltve smll dsdvntge of longer constructon tme (there re no tme constrnts here) At the end, the fnl rnng cn be stted, n ths exmple t s CAB. The procedure hs been fnshed. The procedure results ( C s better thn A nd C s better thn B ) re decsons, tht must be mde by the user, ncludng the reportng of the rgumentton. The utomtclly performed chec for ntrnstvtes vods nconsstent preferences, nd thus subjectve decsons. 24

26 CARE-S D16 report 4 Procedure Development The worng ttle of the pplcton for WP6 ts 1 ws WRP SRT Weghng nd Rnng Procedure for Sewer Rehbltton Technologes. In the fnl verson of the CARE-S prototype, the softwre wll be referred to s CARE-S - SRT. For the development of the procedure for prortsng rehbltton technology for selected rehbltton project, ts ntegrton nto the CARE-S frmewor must be defned. The dt nd nformton flow wll consst of four prncpl steps (Fgure 11): 1. A lst of prorty ppes s selected n WP6.2, nd trnsferred v the rehbltton mnger (WP7) to WP WP6.1 crres out pre-elmnton of rehbltton technologes, wth respect to ther specfc performnce nd the condtons t the prtculr ste. The ppe descrpton ncludng the lst of pre-selected rehbltton technologes s trnsferred v the rehbltton mnger (WP7) to WP4 nd WP5. 3. In WP4 nd WP5, drect costs nd soco-economc crter re clculted for ech technology nd re dded to the ppe descrpton fle. The fle s redrected to WP6.1, gn v the rehbltton mnger (WP7). 4. Wth ll decson crter evluted now, 6.1 cn crry out the fnl rnng of potentl rehbltton technologes. 3 3b WP5 WP4 Clculton/estmton of soco economc crter Clculton of Drect costs Fnl rnng 4 WP6.2 1 Lst of prorty ppes WP7 WP6.1 2 Lst of pre-selected rehb technques Pre-elmnton of technques wth sutblty condtons For prtculr ppe Fgure 11: Dt nd nformton flow 4.1 Rehbltton technology ctlogue The rehbltton technology ctlogue whch s mported to the CARE-S SRT progrmme reles on the formt of the verson WP4_Rtchrt_v2.2.xls, posted on the BSCW server on the 6 th June The procedure wll be djusted to the ltest verson, s soon s the fnl structure s confrmed by WP4. The mport fles formt s csv (comm seprted vlues), wth one rehbltton opton per lne. A screenshot of n exmple mport fle s gven n Fgure 12 where the frst lne corresponds to the column numbers n the RT dt bse. The fle wll be mported from the CARE-S Rehbltton mnger. An updted exmple mport fle wll be posted on the BSCW server. 25

27 CARE-S D16 report Fgure 12: Screenshot of n exmple Rehbltton technology mport fle 4.2 Project descrpton nd decson crter A lst of projects for rehbltton s provded by the mult-crter tool for the selecton nd prortston of effectve rehbltton projects (CARE-S SRP, to be developed under subts 6.2) Applcblty condtons for pre-elmnton The decson crter for the pre-elmnton of rehbltton technologes re orented towrds the pplcblty condtons ten from the RT chrt. Unnown tems re replced by queston mr (?). Irrelevnt felds re flled wth n sters (*). (1) stnds for Yes, (0) stnds for No. Ether sngle ppe or lst of ppes, selected by the mult-crter tool of sub-ts 6.2 for the prortston of rehbltton projects, cn be mported. Projects must be seprted by [strt] nd [end] secton n the mport fle. Unnown tems re replced by queston mr (?). Irrelevnt felds re flled wth n sters (*). (1) stnds for Yes, (0) stnds for No. The structure of the mport fle s shown n Fgure 13, nd n exmple mport fle s gven n Fgure 14. Updted exmple mport fles wll be posted on the BSCW server. Fgure 13: Structure of the project mport fle 26

28 CARE-S D16 report Fgure 14: Exmple project mport fle for one project Crter for rnng For the comprson of rehbltton optons, the drect unt costs nd servce lfe expectncy (or prolongton) of the rehbltton technology re consdered. Drect costs re clculted for dfferent externl condtons wth the costng tool provded by WP4. The servce lfe (prolongton) comes drectly from the rehbltton technology chrt. Thus, four economc crter cn be defned nd wrtten s follows: C1 drect costs n C2 servce lfe (prolongton) n yers C3 nnuty n /yer Impcts of rehbltton technologes on the envronment re ssessed wthn the defnton of soco-economc crter. They re determned wthn n pplcton of WP5 (see CARE-S D13 Report "Rehbltton mpct on soco-economc costs".): C4 Impct of nose C5 Impct of dust C6 Polluton of groundwter C7 Servce nterrupton C8 Rod/trffc dsturbnce C9 Loss of trde A set of less formlsed crter cover condtons of the ste, whch hve n nfluence on the decson for prtculr rehbltton technologes. These re: C10 number of servce connectons & reconnecton efforts of the technology C11 worng re requred by the technology & urbn envronment C12 urbn vegetton ffected by rehbltton The desgn of the BRP offers the possblty to ntegrte ddtonl crter lter on. 27

29 CARE-S D16 report 4.3 Worflow model After cretng rehbltton project, some generl nformton such s project nme nd descrpton must be gven. Subsequently, t s necessry to mport the rehbltton technology ctlogue, the project lst, nd to defne constrnts for the comprson. The nocout-chec s performed then. Automtclly those rehbltton technologes re elmnted, whch do not fulfl the requred pplcblty nd performnce condtons. In ddton, rehbltton technologes cn be elmnted ndvdully by the user. The next step s the utomtclly performed domnnce chec. The tool genertes now revsed mpct mtrx consstng of the remnng rehbltton technologes nd ll crter ncludng the ccordng pre-suggested rnngs. These rnngs cn be revsed by the user. Then, the weghng nd rnng process strts wth the frst comprson n pr. For ths purpose n dvntge-dsdvntge tble s creted for ech comprson. Here, the user cn rrnge the order of crter nd determne the wnner. The user must confrm hs decson. Ths process wll be repeted untl the fnl rnng hs been fxed. Durng the process, CARE-S - SRT checs for ntrnstvtes. Fnshed decson runs cnnot be modfed ny more, but nlyzed. The prncpl worflow structure s shown n Fgure 15. Strt Import project dt from SRP (WP6 ts 2) Import rehb technology dt from RT dtbse (WP4) SRT project Defne project nformton Select rehb technologes for evluton Decson run Preelmnton Prwse comprson Chec for ntrnstvtes FINAL RANKING of Rehb technologes Fgure 15: Worflow structure chrt of CARE-S SRT 28

30 CARE-S D16 report 4.4 Anlyss of development system Before strtng the softwre development, the development system hd to be chosen. As there re vrous systems wth dfferent progrmmng lnguges vlble, t ws necessry to set up lst of generl fetures of the future softwre to evlute the development systems. The followng resons fnlly led to the decson n fvour of Borlnd Delph: Applctons desgned wth Borlnd Delph re compled nto executble fles. Therefore, code executon s fr fster thn n systems usng code nterpreters. Applctons desgned wth Borlnd Delph re stndlone nd do not need ddtonl softwre for executon. Ths prevents trouble n softwre usge nd mntennce f the ddtonl softwre s updted. Ths ensures the usblty of the softwre regrdless of softwre pcges nd softwre versons tht re nstlled n prllel. Furthermore, the requrements for the user re ept on modest level. The source code of Borlnd Delph s, wth mnor chnges, comptble to Borlnd Kylx, whch s development system for Lnux. Ths eses cross pltform development nd permts the development of Lnux versons of the softwre f there s need for t. Borlnd Delph ncludes the mghty reltonl clent-server dtbse system Interbse whch cn be run s destop system s well. Interbse s vlble s n open source (Frebrd) nd cuses lmost no costs n softwre cquston. Borlnd Delph s lredy the system chosen for the development of the Rehbltton Strtegy Evlutor of CARE-W whch pples the sme underlyng decson methodology. 4.5 Softwre desgn Besde typcl dt mngement fcltes, the generl desgn of the CARE-S SRT softwre conssts of two mn screens. The frst one provdes nformton on the rehbltton project, ncludng ppe chrcterstcs, flure specfcton, nd descrpton of the envronment (Fgure 16). Here, the pre-selecton of sutble technologes s crred out. Ppe nformton Flure nformton Envronmentl nformton Fgure 16: CARE-S SRT project descrpton screen On the second screen, the remnng rehbltton technologes re lsted wth ther dvntges nd dsdvntges, nd the rnng process s crred out (Fgure 17). A more detled descrpton of the softwre s ncluded n the softwre hndboo. 29

31 CARE-S D16 report Technology nformton Prwse comprson Fgure 17: CARE-S SRT rnng procedure screen 4.6 Testng By the survey mong the CARE-S end-users, 27 cse studes were collected. They wll be the frst test cses for the CARE-S SRT pplcton. The ELECTRE II pproch mentoned n Appendx 3 wll be ppled to these test cses s well, nd results wll be compred. 30

32 CARE-S D16 report 5 Summry Ths report refers to sub-ts 6.1 Choosng the rght rehbltton technology for sewer ppes of the CARE-S project. The developed procedure reles on the ccess on the rehbltton technology (RT) dt bse, developed under WP4. Crter for the elmnton nd rnng of rehbltton technologes re ether drectly ten from the RT dt bse, or estmted by procedures provded wthn WP5. The methodology chosen for the CARE-S SRT s the blncng nd rnng procedure. It hs been progrmmed nd wll be ntegrted n the CARE-S Rehbltton Mnger. The procedure comes to ts lmts for lrger number of optons, due to the ncresng number of comprsons. The blncng nd rnng procedure shows ts dvntges n the comprson of optons by crter tht re mesured on dfferent scles. It mproves the structure of nformton used n the decson process, nd supports the decson by cler presentton of rguments nd checng for ntrnstvtes wthn the decson chn. Alterntvely, concordnce nlyss ws nvestgted by the prtner Cemgref/ENGEES n Strsbourg wth Mrne L Vllée Unversty (subcontrctor of Cemgref). Ths pplcton provdes n- nd output-fle specfctons smlr to the CARE-S - SRT. Due to the report s erly schedule wthn the project, some of the detled techncl specfctons, notbly dt formts, re of prelmnry nture, nd wll be updted wthn the progress of the CARE-S project. A descrpton of the softwre for choosng the rght rehbltton technology CARE-S SRT wll be vlble s hndboo together wth the softwre. All worng steps re explned n detl to ese the frst usge. The hndboo wll be PDF fle ncluded n the softwre pcge. 31

33 CARE-S D16 report 32

34 CARE-S D16 report 6 References Bur, R., I. Kropp und R. Herz, Eds. (2003): Rehbltton mngement of urbn nfrstructure networs. Proceedngs of the 17 th Europen Junor Scentst Worshop - EJSW - (3.-7. Sept. 2003), Dresden, 211 pp ISBN Db Y., Mornd D. (2000). Mutcrter choce of rehbltton technques for smll urbn sewers VI Interntonl ppelne constructon congress (proceedngs). pp Herz, R. (2002): Softwre for strtegc networ rehbltton nd nvestment plnnng. Interntonl conference. Computer Aded Rehbltton of Wter Networs CARE-W. Dresden, 1. November 2002, pp Herz, R., R. Bur, A. Lpow nd I. Kropp (2003): WP4 Strtegc plnnng nd nvestment: Development of the Rehb Strtegy Evlutor softwre. D11 report. CARE-W (Computer Aded Rehbltton of Wter networs), EU project under the 5 th Frmewor Progrm, contrct n EVK1-CT , 18p + Annex Herz, R. nd I. Kropp (2002): WP4 Strtegc plnnng nd nvestment: Development of the Rehb strtegy mnger softwre. D10 report. CARE-W (Computer Aded Rehbltton of Wter networs), EU project under the 5 th Frmewor Progrm, contrct n EVK1-CT , 26 p. + Annex Le Guffre P., R. Bur, K. Lffréchne nd Mrcello Schtt (2002): Survey of mult-crter technques nd selecton of relevnt procedures. D7 report. CARE-W (Computer Aded Rehbltton of Wter networs), EU project under the 5 th Frmewor Progrm, contrct n EVK1-CT , 26 p. + Annex Plener, T. (2003): Multrterelles Auswhlverfhren zur Bestmmung der bestgeegneten Snerungstechn für ndvduelle Abwssernäle. PhD thess, TU Dresden, 187p. Plener, T. (2002): Computer ded decson support on choosng the rght technology for sewer rehbltton. Wter Scence nd Technology, 46, 6-7, Roy, B. (1985): Méthodologe multcrtère d de à l décson. Economc. Prs Roy B., nd D. Bouyssou (1993): Ade multcrtère à l décson: méthodes et cs, Economc, Prs. Schmdt, T. (2002): Rechnergestütztes Abwägungsverfhren für Infrstrutur- Rehblttonsprojete mt ener Anwendung uf de Auswhl des besten Snerungsverfhrens für enen Abwssernl unter spezfschen örtlchen Rndbedngungen. Dplom thess, TU Dresden, 98p. Strssert, G. (2000): The blncng prncple, strct superorty reltons, nd trnstve overll fnl order of optons. Dsussonspper Nr.34, Insttut für Regonlwssenschft der Unverstät Krlsruhe. 19p. Strssert, G. (1995): Ds Abwägungsproblem be multrterellen Entschedungen. Grundlgen und Lösungsnstz unter besonderer Berücschtgung der Regonlplnung. Peter Lng Verlg, Frnfurt m Mn. Strssert, G. (1984): Entscheden über Alterntven ohne Super-Zelfunton: Schrttwese und ntertv. Ene Neuorenterung multdmensonler Entschedungstechn. IfR Dsussonspper Nr.14, Insttut für Regonlwssenschft, Unverstät Krlsruhe Vnce, Ph. (1992): Multcrter decson d. John Wley. Chchester, UK, 154p 33

35 CARE-S D16 report 34

36 CARE-S D16 report Appendx 1 Questonnre TU Brno CARE S Computer Aded REhbltton of Sewer networs. Decson Support Tools for Sustnble Sewer Networ Mngement WP6 Multcrteron Decson Support Authors: Ldslv Tuhovc, VUT Brno Project Mnger Vldmr Sulcov, VUT Brno Project offcer Angel Vllnuev, CLABSA Brcelon Project Mnger Crlos Montero, CLABSA Brcelon Project Offcer 35

37 CARE-S D16 report 36

38 CARE-S D16 report WP4-6 questonnre The combned WP4-6 questonnre hs been prepred by BUT nd CLABSA tems ccordng to the comments of other WP4 nd WP6 prtners. Fnlly t hs been sent together wth n ccompnyng letter to ll prtners sng them to fll t n close cooperton wth ther end-users. The mn ms of the questonnre were: To fnd out whch decson crter re / were used by our end-users for choosng concrete rehbltted sewer secton. To obtn descrpton of ppled rehbltton technology nd resons for ts selecton. To evlute costs of the used rehbltton technology. The followng co-opertng end-users from 9 countres hve returned 11 flled questonnres ncludng 27 descrbed projects (cse studes): Severn Trent Wter Ltd., Brmnghm, Unted Kngdom Šulų vndenys, Šul, Lthun The Muncplty of Oslo, Oslo, Norwy The Muncllty of Bærum, Bærum, Norwy Alborg Kommune, Alborg, Denmr Brno Wterwors nd Sewers, jont-stoc compny, Brno, Czech Republc CLABSA, Brcelon, Spn Stdtentwässerung Dresden, Dresden, Germny Nntes Urbn Communty, Nntes, Frnce AMAP, Plermo, Itly AGAC S.p.., Rreggo Eml, Itly Structure nd contents Questonnre structure nd contents re presented n Appendx 1. It s dvded nto 5 mn prts: 1. Informton on rehbltted sset 2. Sewer condton pror to rehbltton 3. Informton on rehbltton method used 4. Decson crter 5. Opertor's stsfcton wth relston of the project 1. Informton on rehbltted sset Besdes generl descrpton of project, nformton bout connected nhbtnts, objects, sewer system, worng mpcts, envronmentl nd worng constrnts re requested n ths prt of the questonnre. Descrpton of sset 27 collected projects consst of 65 lns, whch represents contnuous secton wth the sme prmeters dmenson, mterl nd yer of nstllton. Totl length of rehbltted sewer s m; totl number of servce connectons s

39 CARE-S D16 report Crculr cross secton s mostly used shpe of sewer before rehbltton s well s fter t, there re no essentl chnges concernng shpe of cross sectons (see Fgure A1-1). Sewer dmeters were dvded ccordng to Utlty Informton (UI), Physcl ssets dt, sewer dmeters or equvlent nto 6 ctegores (n ctegores up to 150mm nd bove 2200mm there were no ppes). Length of orgnl nd new ppes re lsted n Tble 1, mterls re compred n Tble 2 nd 3. The dmeter of sewer ws decresed n 48% of cses (see Fgure A1-2). The dmeter reducton s cused especlly by lnng, whch nfluences mterl fter rehbltton. Concrete s the most wdespred sewer mterl, but fter rehbltton plstc mterls re preferred (compre Fgures A1-3 nd A1-4). Comprson of sewer shpe Chnge of dmeter percentge 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% crculr ovod other old new 15% 37% 48% decrese dentcl ncrese Fgure A1-1 Fgure A1-2 Tb. 1: Length of orgnl nd new ppe Dmeter [mm] Length-orgnl ppe [m] Length-new ppe [m] <= (ncl.) (ncl.) (ncl.) (ncl.) >= unnown Totl Tb. 2: Mterl of orgnl ppe Mterl - orgnl Length [m] concrete 7076 cly 4170 brc 78 others 1027 Totl Tb. 3: Mterl of new ppe Mterl - new Length [m] concrete 4785 cly 2886 epoxy resn 591 PVC 1186 polyethylen (PE) 848 polyester 1400 other plstc 656 Totl

40 CARE-S D16 report Mterl of orgnl sewer Mterl of new sewer 19% 4% 11% 66% concrete cly brc others 11% 7% 14% 11% 39% 14% 4% concrete cly epoxy resn PVC polyethylen (PE) polyester other plstc Fgure A1-3 Fgure A1-4 Fgure A1-5 shows dvdng rehbltton ppes ccordng to the ge of sewer. Ctegores re consstent wth UI, physcl ssets dt, sewer ge. There were no ppes ld fter Age of rehbltted sewer 5% before % 27% (ncl.) 21% 26% (ncl.) (ncl.) (ncl.) Fgure A1-5 Densty of nhbtnts connected per meter of rehbltton sewer s n verge 2.32 nhbtnts/m, densty of servce connectons per 100 meter of rehbltton sewer s verge 7.11 connectons/100m. Sewer system All 27 projects re of grvty systems; none of them s pressured or vcuum sewer system. Rehbltton ws done n 19 cses for combned sewer system nd n 7 cses for seprte sewer system, mostly (8) for wstewter sewer nd only n 1 cse for surfce wter sewer. 2. Sewer condton pror to rehbltton CCTV nd vsul nspecton: ws done n 22 cses from the totl number of 27. Sewer dgnoss from the nspecton ws decoded ccordng to the pren Condtons of drn nd sewer systems outsde buldngs - Prt 2: Vsul nspecton codng system, dvded nto prtculr flures nd szed down (Fgure A1-6). The most occurred flures were surfce dmge, Bre/Collpse nd Fssures. Pror to rehbltton wor ws done for 6 cses, s repr, replcement or flushng. 39

41 CARE-S D16 report Flures reported ccordng pren % 18% 16% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% Surfce dmge BAF Bre/Collpse BAC Fssure BAB Deformton BAA Defectve connecton BAH Dsplced jont BAJ Ingress of sol BBD Infltrton BBF percentge [%] Hydrulc problems Mssng mortr BAE Sol vsble through defect BAO Roots BBA Defectve brcwor or msonry BAD Settled deposts BBC Fgure A Informton on rehbltton method used Here, nformton on chosen rehbltton method (ts descrpton, vlble documentton) nd relston of the project (rte of rehbltton nd contrctor) re collected. Costs ssessment s n mportnt tem of ths prt. Generl All methods descrbed n questonnres were decoded ccordng to the CARE-S WP4 fle RT_chrt.v4.xls. 25 structurl nd 1 opertonl methods (clenng) hve been found out. Fgure 22 shows dstrbuton of rehbltton technologes ccordng to the percentge number of ccurces nd sewer length s well. Renovton s the most used type of rehbltton method (bove 50%). Trenchless rehbltton methods represented more thn 70% of ll methods used (Fgure A1-8). Type of rehbltton (ccordng number of occurrences nd sewer length) Number of occurrences Length Trenchless or dg method (ccordng number of occurrences nd sewer length) Number of occurrences Length 70% 60% 100% 90% percentge 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% repr renovton replcement clenng percentge 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% trenchless dg clenng Fgure A1-7 Fgure A1-8 40

42 CARE-S D16 report Methods descrbed n the questonnres re s follows: Tble 26 repr trenchless mn-mde reprs % cotng lnng % renovton trenchless slplnng % sprlly wound lnng % cured-n-plce lnng (CIPP) % replcement dg open cut % trenchless on-lne replcement (destructon of old ppe) % Rehb technology used 24% 4% 40% 12% 4% 12% 4% Fgure A1-9 Costs [EUR] Only 20 end-users hve flled the nformton on costs. Averge costs per meter for prtculr type of rehbltton technology wth ts mn nd mx vlue re shown n Fgure A1-10. Further, s renovton s mostly used technology, t ws revewed dependence of verge costs on ppe dmeter. Results re screened n Fgure A1-11. Averge costs Averge costs - renovton [EURO / m] [EURO / m] Repr Renovton Replcement Clenng 0 DN (ncl.) DN (ncl.) DN (ncl.) mn totl mx mn totl mx Fgure A1-10 Fgure A

43 CARE-S D16 report 4. Decson crter The fourth prt of the questonnre ncluded decson crter for choosng specfc sewer secton nd rehbltton technology. End-users could evlute the relevnce of ech crteron by rnng 0 10 nd they could even dd ther own crter. Both Crter for choce of sewer for rehbltton nd Crter for choce of rehbltton technology were dvded nto ctegores ccordng to the dmeter nd compred (Fgures A1-14 nd A1-15): - mn xs (left) - br Fgures: there s proportonl representton [percentge] of totl sum of obtned ponts - secondry xs (rght) - mrs: prorty of crteron for end-users (how mny tmes endusers vldted ths crteron by mxmum ponts -10) Crter for the choce of sewer for rehbltton Ppe dmge, floodng nto houses nd totl costs for rehbltton re the mn crter from generl pont of vew whle coordnton wth other networs nd wter ppe flure re the lest mportnt. Dfferences mong prtculr ctegores re evdent A1-14. Crter for the choce of rehbltton technology Cptl costs, servce lfe nd mnmum of ndrect costs re the mn crter from generl pont of vew whle rnge of mngeble nd wtertble re the lest mportnt. Dfferences mong prtculr ctegores re evdent n Fgure A Opertor's stsfcton wth relston of the project The ffth prt ss bout opertor's stsfcton wth relston of the project the postve nd the negtve spects, complnce of expecttons nd the opertonl problems fter rehbltton. End-users were the most stsfed wth flure removng whle project documentton ws n mny cses of bd qulty. In 54% cses were end-users fully stsfed wth rehbltton. Opertor's stsfcton - totl unstsfed wth reserves fully stsfed Aspect of rehb relston - totl unstsfed wth reserves fully stsfed 100% 80% 4% 60% 40% 20% 0% flure removng totl costs hydrulc spect mprovement rehb relzton rte reduce of complnts project documentton qulty 54% 42% Fgure A1-12 Fgure A

44 CARE-S WP6 D16 report Fgure A

45 Fgure A

46 CARE-S WP6 D16 report Questonnre Informton on end-user Orgnston Nme Cty Country Type of compny Contct person Nme E-ml Telephone Fx 1. Informton on rehbltted sset Generl Nme of the project Cty nd locton (street nmes) Descrpton of sset prmeters before rehbltton prmeters fter rehbltton Shpe (*) dmenson 1 dmenson 2 length mterl bed level t the end of the sewer length yer of lyng dmenson 1 dmenson 2 (nstllton) length mterl bed level t the end of the sewer length [mm] [mm] [m] [-] [m] [mm] [mm] [m] [-] [m] ln 1 ln 2 ln 3 ln 4 (extend s long s requred)... (*) Shpe: R = rectngulr, C = crculr, O = ovod, N = other Totl sset length [m] > 100! Number of nhbtnts connected [nhbtnt] Sewer system Number of servce connectons [No.] pressursed system [yes / - ] grvty system [yes / - ] Number of objects n the lns: combned sewge system [yes / - ] combned sewer overflow [No.] seprte sewge system [yes / - ] stormwter tn [No.] wste wter sewer [yes / - ] mnhole [No.] surfce wter sewer [yes / - ] bcdrop mnhole [No.] chute [No.] Prts of sset rehbltted storm wter nlet [No.] only ppes [yes / - ] bed-lod smpler [No.] ppes nd ll objects [yes / - ] nverted sphon [No.] ppes nd some objects [yes / - ] crossng below rlwy or rodwy [No.] - whch objects: flushng object [No.] pumpng stton [No.] lterl connectons [No.] others [No.] others [No.] Worng mpcts Envronmentl / worng constrnts trffc dsruptons [yes / - ] groundwter tble [below / t / bove] sewer level surroundng buldng dmges [yes / - ] nd of sol [snd, cly, roc, not relevnt...] busness losses [yes / - ] poston of the ppe (under the rod) [yes / - ] nnoynce (nose, dust) [low / hgh] presence of trdes [Number of shops, servces,... dffcult ccessblty nto prvte ff t d b h blt t ] propertes (buldngs, lnds,...) [yes / no] street ctegory [trun/mjor/mnor/pedestrn zone] other dsturbnces (plese specfy) [yes / - ] worng re requred [m 2 ] pyment of compenstons [yes / - ] number of loctons (wor res) [No.] f trenchless technology used: uxlr dggng needed? [yes ->m 2 surfce ffected / no] lenght constructed n 1 worng cycle [verge rto n m] (f nown) Impct on other utlty ssets servce lne ffected [yes / - ] 45

47 2. Sewer condton pror to rehbltton CCTV nd vsul nspecton CCTV or vsul nspecton performed? [yes / - ] f yes: plese gve the Code regstered (ncludng the stndrd used) Are the results vlble? [yes / - ] - photogrphs [yes / - ] - vdeo mges (tpe, CD) [yes / - ] - wrtten report [yes / - ] - dtbse [yes / - ] - others (specfy) [yes / - ] Sewer dgnoss from the nspecton (f done) nd of flure, bref descrpton of the pthology Tests done n sewer (f ny) Pror rehbltton wor hs ths sset been rehbltted before? [yes / - ] f yes: yer of rehbltton [yer] f yes: type of rehbltton (flushng, repr, replce, relnng etc.) f yes: bref descrpton of former rehbltton 46

48 CARE-S WP6 D16 report 3. Informton on rehbltton method used Generl Rehbltton method used Bref descrpton of rehbltton method used (trenchless or open cut, replce, relnng, etc.) Documentton obtned by end-user [yes / - ] project documentton Schedules plnned ctul photogrphs, pctures, grphs Strt of the project vdeo document End of the project dvertsng mterls n prnt Totl durton [wees] dvertsng n electronc formt dvertsng web pges personl nspecton reports others (specfy) Contrctor Nme webste ddress Is contrctor's presentton of ths method vlble? [yes / - ] photogrphs, pctures, grphs [yes / - ] vdeo document [yes / - ] dvertsng mterls n prnt [yes / - ] dvertsng n electronc formt [yes / - ] dvertsng web pges [yes / - ] personl nspecton reports [yes / - ] others (specfy) [yes / - ] generl prtculr (of ths sset) Costs [EUR] set up costs (moblston) rehbltton of sewer length object rehbltton Totl costs 0 surfce rensttement (mnhole entry ncluded) collterl costs nd rtos Plnnng costs Inspecton costs (vsul / CCTV) Prevous clenng Socoeconomc costs nd compenstons Averge cost of lnng/ppe nstllton (f nown) Averge cost of robotc reprs/reopenng of lterls (f nown) [ /m] [ /unt] 47

49 4. Decson crter Crter for hvng chosen ths sewer for rehbltton Crter for hvng chosen ths rehb technology Plese, ndcte by rnng numbers (0-10, 10 s very mportnt, 0 s not mportnt) the mportnce of ech crteron. Who chose rehb technology? [yes / no] - sewer opertor crteron rn - sewer owner ge of ppes - contrctor ppe mterl - publc uthorty, muncplty etc. hydrulc spect (e.g. dmeter, slope) - others (plese specfy) entty mportnce for networ ppe dmge Dd you put ths project out to tender? totl collpse of ppe cptl costs for rehbltton Dd you determne rehb technology by yourselves? runnng costs fter rehbltton In cse of yes: totl costs for rehbltton trffc dsrupton busness losses Plese, ndcte by rnng numbers (0-10, 10 s very mportnt, 0 s not mportnt) the mportnce of ech crteron. crteron rn floodng nto houses mnmum of ndrect costs (no dg) surfce overflow of wste wter servce lfe expected to be provded (prolonged) polluton of ground nd ground wter hydrulc spects (e.g. chnge of profle) polluton of surfce recevng wter cptl cost (nvestment) coordnton wth other networs ppe mterl rod wors sewer trcng nd surroundng wter ppe flure reputton of bddng frm complnts depth of ppes others (plese specfy) trffc dsrupton others (plese specfy) busness losses others (plese specfy) nnoynce (nose, dust) dffcult ccessblty nto prvte propertes (buldngs, lnds,...) durton of rehb wor rnge of mngeble dmeters meets the structurl requrements wtertble vlblty of trenchless technologes curng tme others (plese specfy) others (plese specfy) 48

50 CARE-S WP6 D16 report 5. Opertor's stsfcton wth relston of the project Does rehb relzton meet your expecttons? Plese, ndcte by rnng numbers (0-10, 10 s very mportnt, 0 s not mportnt) the mportnce of ech tem. hydrulc spect mprovement flure removng rehb relzton rte totl costs project documentton qulty reduce of complnts others (plese specfy) Wrte the postve spects of rehb relston: Wrte the negtve spects of rehb relston: Hve ny opertonl problems occurred on the rehb entty? Descrbe them, plese. 49

51 50

52 CARE-S WP6 D16 report Appendx 2 Economc Evluton of Rehbltton Technologes WRc CARE S Computer Aded REhbltton of Sewer networs. Decson Support Tools for Sustnble Sewer Networ Mngement WP6 Multcrteron Decson Support Authors: Jonne Hulnce, WRc Project Mnger John Cnt, WRc Techncl Speclst Ross Crosbe, WRc Techncl Speclst Amnd Bley, WRc Grdute Economst 51

53 52

54 CARE-S WP6 Ts1 Introducton The correct/best sewer rehbltton technque, n economc s well s techncl terms, s chosen from set of cnddtes fulfllng the requrements under specfc locl condtons. Ts 6.1 wll systemtclly nlyse nd document drect rehbltton costs for vrety of open trenchng nd no dg rehbltton technologes. Ths pper forms WRc s contrbuton to ths sub-ts. Our bref for ths sub-ts ws s follows: Consderton of drect costs nd servce lfe (prolongton) of dfferent rehbltton technologes. Development of procedure for cost-effectveness-nlyss ncludng netcptl-vlues nd nnutes. Ths ts hs been dvded nto three dscrete sectons; Consderton of drect costs of dfferent rehbltton technologes; Consderton of the servce lfe of these technologes, nd; Procedure detlng the elements to be consdered when evlutng the sutblty of rehbltton scheme, bsed on drect costs. Ech of these sectons wll be ddressed n ths pper. Development of reltve costs The frst of these tss s the development of drect costs for sewer rehbltton technques. As costs wll chnge over tme, due to chngng economc condtons, reltve costs hve been presented here. Where the nformton s vlble, costs hve been presented s percentges reltve to bse lne. In ths nstnce the bse lne s the nstllton of new 300 mm dmeter sewer ppe by open cut trenchng, n rod requrng Type 2 rensttement 2. Ths bse lne cost s for sewer ppe tht hs been nstlled to depth of 4m. Ths hs been ssumed to be resonble verge depth for typcl sewer networ, but generlly smller dmeter sewers would be nstlled t shllow depth nd lrger dmeters t greter depth. The reltve costs gven here re bsed on cost models tht hve been developed from ctul UK sewer rehbltton contrcts. The number of contrcts used to develop the costs for ech technque vres from 2 to 17. The ctul numbers used for ech technque re summrsed n Tble A1 n Appendx A. All the cost models re sttstclly robust. The open cut costs hve been ten from UK wter ndustry cost model developed by WRc over number of yers. The costs hve been ten from the most recent verson of the model, relesed n June The reltve costs nclude ll tems tht cn be drectly ttrbuted to the use of the technque. The followng tems re therefore ncluded: Generl tems; Dywors; Provsonl sums; CCTV nspecton; Overpumpng of sewge; Clenng exstng sewer; Trffc mngement; 2 A Type 2 rensttement s requred for rods or hghwys crryng over 2.5 to 10 mllons of stndrd xels. These would typclly be mnor urbn or secondry rurl rods. 53

55 Ste nvestgton; Instllton costs; Permnent rensttement of surfce, nd; Mterls. The exceptons to ths re the tunnellng, mcrotunnellng nd ppe jcng technques. As new nstllton technques they do not requre CCTV nspecton, overpumpng or sewer clenng. The followng tems re not ncluded n these drect costs: Desgn nd supervson; Dvertng other utltes; Lnd purchse nd esement (ccess chrge); Removl of obstructons; Reconnecton of lterls; Mnholes, nd; Contngences. A proporton of open cut costs were from new nstllton wth the remnder beng from rehbltton wor. The cost to nstll new sewer ppe, per metre length, hs been compred to the metre length cost for ech rehbltton technque. The costs were ll djusted to common prce bse. The reltve costs re presented n the followng two tbles. Tble 1 s concerned wth sewer renovton technques nd Tble 2 wth sewer replcement technques. The presentton of the tbles nd the clssfctons of the technques follows the formt of the rehbltton chrt 3 produced under Wor Pcge 4. Ech tble gves the clssfcton nd nme of the technque nd the reltve cost s percentge, per dmeter ctegory. The cost of sewer repr technques hs not been presented. Ths s becuse the cost models for the vrous repr methods re bsed on cost per repr rther thn per metre length. It s therefore not possble to do resonble cost comprson between open cut replcement of length of sewer nd loclsed repr. 3 WP4_Rtchrt_v2.2.xls, posted on the BSCW server on the 6 th June

56 CARE-S WP6 Ts1 Sewer renovton technques Tble 1 Sewer Renovton Technques Reltve cost (%) Dmeter (mm) Clssfcton Technque dg technology open cut conventonl trench renforced, cementtous Dt not vlble steel renforced cement-mortr trenchless technology cotng lnng Dt not vlble spry spry lnng fbres (steel, glss) renforced (projected) Dt not vlble cement-mortr spry polymer lnng Dt not vlble close-ft lnng swged lners (swgelnng) Dt not vlble folded lners (fold & form lnng) Dt not vlble contnuous ppe contnuous slplnng dscrete slplnng, GRP long ppes slplnng dscrete slplnng, Plstc short ppes segmentl slplnng, GRC segmentl slplnng, GRP & PE sprlly wound lnng sprl lnng Dt not vlble hot wter cure cured-n-plce lnng (CIPP) therml cure pre-cst elements lnng. stem cure UV cure mbent cure Dt not vlble July of 83 WRc plc

57 Sewer replcement technques Tble 2 Sewer Replcement technques Reltve cost (%) Dmeter (mm) Clssfcton Technque open cut conventonl trench mole ploughng Dt not vlble dg technology trenchless technology sem-open cut nrrow trenchng trench box concrete sheet ple steel sheet ple ppe burstng percussve (Pneumtc) ppe burstng ppe burstng hydrulc (ppe crcng) ppe burstng sttc Dt not vlble Dt not vlble Dt not vlble on-lne replcement off-lne replcement - non steered Controlled Lne nd Grde system (CLG System) ppe splttng ppe etng ppe remng Ppe crushng (mploson) ppe ejecton (modfed ppe jcng) ppe extrcton (modfed sttc pull) ppe pullng rod pushng pneumtc hmmer mpct molng hydrulc hmmer steerble molng ppe rmmng (mpct rmmng) uger borng Dt not vlble Dt not vlble Dt not vlble Dt not vlble Dt not vlble Dt not vlble Dt not vlble Dt not vlble Dt not vlble Dt not vlble Dt not vlble Dt not vlble Dt not vlble Dt not vlble 56

58 CARE-S WP6 Ts1 Reltve cost (%) Dmeter (mm) Clssfcton Technque guded uger borng (guded borng) Dt not vlble drectonl horzontl drectonl drllng (HDD) Dt not vlble drllng guded drllng (mn-hdd) Dt not vlble conventonl ppe jcng off-lne replcement - steered ppe jcng low lod ppe jcng Dt not vlble thrust jcng Dt not vlble mcrotunnellng mntunnellng Dt not vlble tunnellng 118 sheld Dt not vlble July of 83 WRc plc

59 Servce Lfe Expectnces for Rehbltted Sewers The second prt of ths ts s the development of servce lfe (prolongton) vlues for the dfferent sewer rehbltton technques. The servce lfe of technque wll be dependent on the mterl used n the rehbltton of sewer, s ths wll be the resultnt mterl of the sset. WRc hs therefore pproched ths ts n terms of the mterls used n ech technque, rther thn the technques themselves. The nformton provded n ths pper s bsed on product testng, nown performnce nd WRc s experence. The sset desgn lves represent generl vlues only nd more ccurte vlues cn be determned for prtculr schemes. Further dvse on the selecton of pproprte mterls for sewer rehbltton cn be found n the Sewerge Rehbltton Mnul 4. It should lso be noted tht the sset desgn lves presented here ssume tht the rehbltton wor hs been completed to good stndrd, n ccordnce wth mnufcturers nstructons. Typcl Asset Desgn Lves The sset desgn lfe s the length of tme desgner cn resonbly expect sewer to operte before there re structurl or servceblty problems ssocted wth the ge of the sewer. The mn fctors ffectng sset lfe of sewer cn be reduced down to the type of mterl used nd the mbent tempertures n whch sewer opertes. The dfferent mterls cn be grouped under the generc hedngs lsted n Tble 3 below. Tble 3 Generc Mterl Types GENERIC MATERIAL TYPE Cementtous (unprotected) Thermoset plstcs Thermoplstcs Cly Ferrous Stnless steel MATERIALS Cement Mortr, Renforced concrete, Glss Renforced Cement (GRC), Plstc Renforced Concrete (PRC), Pre-stressed Concrete (PSC), Renforced Concrete (RC), Pre-cst Concrete (PC) Epoxy Resn, Glss Renforced Plstc (GRP), Polyester Resn, Hgh Performnce Polyethylene (HPPE), Medum Densty Polyethylene (MDPE), Polyvnyl Chlorde (PVC) Vtrfed Cly (VC) Steel (protected), DI (protected) Stnless steel The generton of hydrogen sulphde (H 2 S) n sewers cuses sgnfcnt corroson to cementtous mterls f the sewer surfce s unprotected. Exmples of protecton systems nclude PVC lnngs eyed to the nsde of concrete ppes n whch cse the sset lfe would chnge to tht for thermoplstcs. The rte of generton of H 2 S ncreses exponentlly wth temperture nd therefore s much more prevlent n hotter clmtes. Wthn Europe the sewers n southern countres wll be fr more prone to corroson problems of cementtous sewer mterls thn more northerly countres. The terms cool nd hot re used where cool ncludes the UK nd Scndnv nd hot covers the Medterrnen re. All mterls other thn cementtous re unffected by the clmte. Steel nd DI my be protected usng vrety of dfferent lnng mterls ncludng 4 The Sewerge Rehbltton Mnul (SRM), 4 th Edton. WRc,

60 CARE-S WP6 Ts1 cementtous nd thermoset type mterls nd the use of cthodc protecton. In sewerge envronment none of these protecton systems wll provde permnent protecton but wll sgnfcntly slow the corroson process. The generc mterls cn be ssgned n estmted sset desgn lfe bsed on clmte s shown n Tble 4 below. Tble 4 Estmte of Mterl Desgn Lfe GENERIC MATERIAL TYPE ASSET DESIGN LIFE (yers) Cool clmte Cementtous 100+ <50 (unprotected) Thermoset plstcs Thermoplstcs Cly Ferrous <50 <50 Stnless steel Hot clmte The mterls used n the vrous rehbltton technques, nd therefore the sset desgn lves, re presented n the followng three tbles. The defnton nd clssfcton of the ndvdul technques hs gn been bsed on the rehbltton chrt 5 produced under wor pcge 4. As n secton 2 bove, Tble 5 contns sewer renovton technques, Tble 6 sewer replcement technques nd Tble 7 sewer repr technques. It should be noted tht the sset desgn lfe vlues quoted n Tble 7 re for the repr tself. It hs been ssumed tht the remnng sewer s n good condton nd s stll performng stsfctorly. 5 WP4_Rtchrt_v2.2.xls, posted on the BSCW server on the 6 th June

61 Tble 5 Asset Desgn Lves for Sewer Renovton Technques Typcl sset lfe (yers) Clssfcton Technque Mterl Generc mterl type Clmte - temperte Clmte - hot dg technology open cut conventonl trench Any Any renforced, cementtous Cement Mortr, RC cementtous 100+ <50 steel renforced cementmortr Cement mortr cementtous 100+ <50 spry cotng lnng spry lnng fbres (steel, glss) renforced Cement mortr (projected) cement-mortr spry cementtous 100+ <50 polymer lnng Epoxy Resn Thermoset plstcs swged lners (swgelnng) HPPE, MDPE, PVC Thermoplstcs close-ft lnng folded lners HPPE, MDPE, PVC Thermoplstcs contnuous ppe contnuous slplnng HPPE, MDPE, PVC Thermoplstcs trenchless GRP Thermoplstcs technology: long ppes dscrete slplnng HPPE, MDPE, PP Thermoplstcs contnuous slplnng GRC, Gunnte, cementtous 100+ <50 relnngs short ppes segmentl slplnng PRC, RC GRP, PE, PP Thermoplstcs sprlly wound sprl lnng PE, PVC Thermoplstcs lnng hot wter cure therml cure cured-n-plce stem cure Polyester Resn Thermoset plstcs lnng (CIPP) UV cure (WIS ) mbent cure pre-cst elements GRC, PRC cementtous 100+ <50 lnng GRP Thermoset plstcs

62 CARE-S WP6 Ts1 Tble 6 Asset Desgn Lves for Sewer Replcement Technques Typcl sset lfe (yers) Clssfcton Technque Mterl Generc mterl type Clmte - temperte Clmte - hot open cut conventonl trench Any Any mole ploughng MDPE, HDPE Thermoplstcs DI, Steel Ferrous <50 <50 HPPE, MDPE Thermoplstcs trench box dg technology DI, Steel Ferrous <50 <50 sem-open cut nrrow HPPE, MDPE Thermoplstcs concrete sheet ple trenchng DI, Steel Ferrous <50 <50 steel sheet ple HPPE, MDPE Thermoplstcs DI, Steel Ferrous <50 <50 trenchless ppe burstng percussve ppe burstng HPPE, MDPE, technology ppe burstng hydrulc Thermoplstcs (ppe crcng) PVC ppe burstng sttc HPPE, MDPE, on-lne PVC Thermoplstcs replcement DI Ferrous <50 <50 ppe etng GRP Thermoset plstcs PC Cementtous 100+ <50 off-lne replcement - non steered VC Cly rod pushng HPPE, MDPE Thermoplstcs pneumtc hmmer HPPE, MDPE Thermoplstcs mpct molng hydrulc hmmer HPPE, MDPE Thermoplstcs steerble molng HPPE, MDPE Thermoplstcs ppe rmmng (mpct rmmng) Steel Ferrous <50 <50 HPPE, MDPE Thermoplstcs

63 Typcl sset lfe (yers) Clssfcton Technque Mterl Generc mterl type Clmte - temperte Clmte - hot PC, RC Cementtous 100+ <50 Cly Cly Steel Ferrous <50 <50 uger borng Concrete Cementtous 100+ <50 Cly Cly Steel Ferrous <50 <50 guded uger borng (guded Cly Cly borng) Concrete Cementtous 100+ <50 off-lne replcement - steered drectonl drllng ppe jcng horzontl drectonl drllng Steel Ferrous <50 <50 (HDD) HPPE, MDPE Thermoplstcs guded drllng (mn-hdd) HPPE, MDPE Thermoplstcs Cly Cly Concrete Cementtous 100+ <50 conventonl ppe jcng GRP Thermoset plstcs Steel Ferrous <50 <50 thrust jcng HPPE, MDPE Thermoplstcs Ductle Iron Ferrous <50 <50 mcrotunnellng GRP Thermoset plstcs PC, RC, PSC Cementtous 100+ <50 tunnellng Any Any sheld Any Any 62

64 CARE-S WP6 Ts1 Tble 7 Asset Desgn Lves for Sewer Repr Technques Typcl sset lfe (yers) Clssfcton Technque Mterl Generc mterl type Clmte - temperte Clmte - hot dg technology: open cut externl repr conventonl trench Any Any trenchless njecton n jonts, crcs Epoxy resn, gel or technology: nternl or frctures grout Thermoset plstcs repr mllng robot (mortr, ppes, jonts...) n/ n/ robotc reprs short -lner nstlled wth pcers or mn-mde mn-mde reprs Root cuttng robot (repr/opertonl) n/ n/ pontng mortr Cementtous 100+ <50 reroundng n/ n/ connecton restorton n/ n/ Fbergls & polymer Metllc Glss fbre, crbon fbre or polyester felt wth Thermoset plstcs epoxy resn or polyester resn stnless steel sleeve wth hydrofom gset wth polyurethne grout Stnless steel msonry or brcs wors Mortr Cementtous 100+ <50 pontng Mortr Cementtous 100+ <50 n stu repr (concrete nvert repr nd mortr) Mortr, Concrete Cementtous 100+ <50 63

65 Typcl sset lfe (yers) Clssfcton Technque Mterl Generc mterl type Clmte - temperte Clmte - hot pre-cst repr (wth precst GRC, PRC cementtous 100+ <50 elements mde of gres, plstc,...) GRP Thermoset plstcs chemcl stblston (fll Composte nd drn systems) Thermoset plstcs nsde mortr stblston Mortr Cementtous 100+ <50 groutng jont selng Epoxy resn, Gel, Grout Thermoset plstcs (njecton) resn njecton Epoxy resn, Gel Thermoset plstcs methods compcted fllng wth structurl regenerton outsde through the extrdos surroundng sol stblzton 64

66 Cost-effectveness of Rehbltton Optons The bsc prncpl of sewer desgn s to cheve system whch wll remn mntennce free for resonble perod of tme. Trdtonlly, ths hs been mnmum of 50 yers. For the estblshed renovton mterls suffcent durblty dt hve been ccumulted to justfy desgn lfe predctons of yers. Ths ssumes tht the mterl hs been mnufctured to n dequte specfcton, tht desgn nd nstllton procedures re properly followed nd tht dvce bout dverse condtons s heeded. Ths s prtculrly relevnt for cementtous mterls, whch must hve dequte protecton n hot clmtes. Cost effectveness nlyss uses drect costs (nd ndrect costs where vlble) nd normlses these usng non-monetry mesure of benefts. When servce lfe s the only mesure of the beneft of rehbltton then, n prncpl there should be lttle to choose between the dfferent technques. It s evdent from ths tht ll correctly desgned nd mplemented rehbltton optons wll result n sgnfcnt prolongton of servce lves (by 50 yers or more). The net present vlues of costs fter ths tme re lely to be very low due to dscountng. Furthermore, ech vld technque should result n very smlr performnce of the sewer. Therefore there should be no dfferences n nnul opertng expendture between ll of the technclly sutble optons for rehbltton. These fctors suggest tht n economc comprson of net present costs for dfferent rehbltton optons would lwys yeld the method wth the lowest cptl cost whch s technclly vld. It s therefore concluded tht sophstcted economc nlyss would not be useful n selectng n pproprte rehbltton method for prtculr scheme. However, compnes usully hve lmted budgets whch re nsuffcent to solve ll problems wth ther sewer networ. A cost-effectveness nlyss could be developed to ensure tht budgets re llocted effectvely. Such method could be bsed round: the lely costs rsng from not rehblttng sewers nd the costs of sewer rehbltton. The ltter cost should nclude both drect cptl costs nd ndrect (socl) cost mpcts of rehbltton (nvestgted under WP5). Socl costs wll lso need to be consdered for the frst opton. For ths n ssessment of both the lelhood nd consequences of sset flure wll need to be ssessed. The economc nlyss wll therefore be closely lned to Rs ssessment nlyss. Usng the nformton derved under WP6.2 (nd WP5 f vlble) seres of notonl schemes wll be developed to trl ths pproch n WP

67 Appendx A Dt used to develop cost models for sewer rehbltton technques. The followng tble summrses the dt tht ws used to develop the costs models for the vrous sewer rehbltton technques. The cost models were bult usng dt suppled by vrous UK wter utltes. The costs were ten from ctul sewer rehbltton contrcts tht hd been underten by the utlty. The costs hve been ten from ether the Bll of Quntty or the Schedule of Rtes from ech contrct. Tble A.1 Technque No of Bll of Qunttes No of Schedule of Rtes Totl Cured n Plce Ppes GRP lnng Dscrete slplnng, GRC Segmentl Lnng, GRC Lnng wth contnuous Ppes Dscrete slplnng, PE Ppe jcng Conventonl tunnelng Mcrotunnellng Ppe burstng

68 Appendx 3 Methodologcl comprson: Applcton of n ELECTRE pproch Cemgref / ENGEES Strsbourg CARE S Computer Aded REhbltton of Sewer networs. Decson Support Tools for Sustnble Sewer Networ Mngement WP6 Multcrteron Decson Support Authors: Cty Werey, ENGEES/Cemgref Strsbourg Project Mnger Kt Lffréchne, Dens Mornd & Youssef Db Mrne l Vllée Unversty (subcontctor of Cemgref) 67

69 68

70 APPENDIX 3.I : ELECTRE II [ROY 1993] ELECTRE II, developed by Roy n 1973, s γ reference problem (rnng procedure of ll optons 6 n relton to ech other) for whch the objectve s the rrngement n clsses of equvlence, conssted of ctons, these clsses beng ordered n complete or prtl wy. ELECTRE II method ms t clssfyng the potentl ctons, snce "best" untl "less good", tolertng ex æquo. To do t, ELECTRE II uses the outrnng relton, S. In order to develop ths outrnng reltonshp, two concepts re requred tht of concordnce nd dscordnce. Concordnce nd dscordnce tests re ft nto ech other. Besdes, the dstncton s done between two types of surclssement : strong nd we surclssements. Assume tht there exst defned crter, g j, j=1,2,,r nd set of optons, A ( 1, 2,.., n ). Sttement of the development hypothess of the of the method : 6 For the CARE-S project, n opton s rehbltton technque 69

71 S (mens tht " s t lest s good s "),, A CONCORDANCE CONDITIONS Defntons { } A =,,..., 1 2,..., n : set of potentl optons { 1,2,2,..., j m} F =,..., : coherent set of crter g ) : opton ssessment regrdng crter j j ( P j : weght of crter j { j F / g ( ) g ( )} + J (, ) = j > j to opton. { j F / g ( ) g ( )} = J (, ) = j = j to opton. { j F / g ( ) g ( )} J (, ) = j < j to opton. + + (, ) = Pj, j J (, ) : ll the crter for whch opton s preferred : ll the crter for whch opton s equvlent : ll the crter for whch opton s preferred P : Weght sum of crter belongng to J +, ) = = (, ) = Pj, j J (, ) ( P : Weght sum of crter belongng to J =, ) (, ) = Pj, j J (, ) ( P : Weght sum of crter belongng to J, ) Concordnce ndces The concordnce ndce C s gven by : ( C = P + (, ) + P P (, ) = Menng of the concordnce test It s necessry to now f the mportnce of the crter, for whch the opton s preferred to the opton, s strong enough Three thresholds re defned : c +, c 0 et c -, nd lwys follow the order : c + c 0 c - relton C c + corresponds to the stsfcton of the concordnce test of wth strong certnty relton C c 0 corresponds to the stsfcton of the concordnce test of wth verge certnty relton C c - corresponds to the stsfcton of the concordnce test of wth we certnty 70

72 Nevertheless, ths relton s necessry but not enough to the stsfcton of ths test. There s supplementry condton : To sum up : P P + (, (, ) 1. ) The test of concordnce s ccepted f: C c + ou C c 0 ou C c - nd P P + (, (, ) 1 ) UNDISCORDANCE CONDITIONS (UNDISCORDANCE TEST) In whch lmts the opposton of the dscordnt crter to the outrnng hypothess should contn tself so tht ths lst hypothess remns cceptble. Concordnce should not exceed lmts fxed for every crteron, two by crteron. These lmts re concordnce thresholds : D 1 nd D 2 D 2 D 1. Il s'gt de défnr dns quelles lmtes l'opposton des crtères dscordnts à l'hypothèse de surclssement dot se contenr pour que cette dernère hypothèse reste cceptble. To sum up : Undscordnce test, for j J(, ) s gven by : - f g j ( ) g j ( ) D2( j), then there s strong certnty whch the crteron j does not present mjor opposton to the outrnng hypothess - f D2 ( j) < g j ( ) g j ( ) D1( j), then there s we certnty whch the crteron j does not present mjor opposton to the outrnng hypothess STRONG AND WEAK OUTRANKING RELATIONSHIP Concordnce nd dscordnce tests should be stsfed t the sme moment to estblsh n outrnng relton. Besdes, the method bses on two outrnng reltons, correspondng to dfferent rs levels : - strong outrnng S F trnsltng the sserton "opton outrn opton " more soldy estblshed (strong certnty on the hypothess cceptnce) - we outrnng S f trnsltng the sserton "opton outrn opton " less soldy estblshed (we certnty on the hypothess cceptnce) 71

73 72 Strong S F nd we S f outrnng condtons re gven by : - strong outrnng : S F C c + nd, ) ( ) ( ) ( 1 F j D g g j j j nd 1 ), ( ), ( + P P nd / or C c 0 nd, ) ( ) ( ) ( 2 F j D g g j j j nd 1 ), ( ), ( + P P - we outrnng : S f C c - nd, ) ( ) ( ) ( 1 F j D g g j j j nd 1 ), ( ), ( + P P

74 yes + P (, P (, ) 1 ) yes no g j ( ) g j ( ) D 1( j ) j F no yes C c yes no C c 0 yes no C c yes + no g j ( ) g j ( ) D 2( j ) j F yes Hypothess " outrn " throw Hypothess " outrn " verfy wth strong certnty Hypothess " outrn " verfy wth we certnty S S f S F EXPLOITATION OF OUTRANKING'S RELATION The purpose looed for by ELECTRE II s to clssfy the potentl optons snce "best" untl "less good" ones. Three preorderng (qus-order) re estblshed : two smple orderng V 1 nd V 2 nd prtl orderng V. Frst step before the pplcton of the outrnng lgorthm : elmnton of possble crcuts n the outrnng grphs. Actons formng crcut consttute clss of equvlence. Any crcut wll thus be replced by substtuton top. V 1 : frst smple orderng - In every new step l, optons lredy clssfed re removed by the strong outrnng grph. The remnng optons consttute the set A l (subset of A). The reltons between optons re suppled by the grph Y l, whch s sub-grph of G' F - In the grph Y l, ll the top whch re not outrnng re lsted : they form the set D, 73

75 - The elements of D whch re nterconnected n the we outrnng grph G f consttutes the set U, - The set B contns ll the top of U whch re not outrnng by nother top of U. The equvlence clss of rn optons n step l, desgn by A l, s gven by subset unon U & B. The set D-U ggregte ll the tops whch : () re not yet clssfed, () re not outrnng by ny top of the grph Y l. Y l s the reduce grph G' F wthout top lredy clssfed () don't hve relton le "we outrnng" mong them. - The set B ggregte ll the tops whch stsfy s well prevous condtons () nd (). These tops hve thrd condton : (), other tops whch represents condtons () nd (). - For ny optons clssfed n the step l (consttutng the equvlent clss A l ) s ssgned the rn l+1. So n every potentl opton corresponds rn obtned by the drect clssfcton. Rn r 1 ( )<rn (r 1 ( ) mens tht opton s "better" thn the opton - Tops rn t step l re removed from the strong outrnng grph. Ths stge crete new sub-grph Y l+1 - Fnlly, f Y l+1 do not contns top optons, the clssfcton s ended; otherwse t contnues wth the stge l+1 74

76 75 l = 0 Step l : A A G Y Y l F l = = ' 0 { } { } { } l f f f l F l Y S U B S S D U Y S Y D / = = / =, /, /,, / D A A B U D A l l l = = = 0 ; ) ( l A l r + = 1, ) 1 ( l l l A Y Y = +1 Y l+1 = 0 end l = l + 1 yes no l = 0 Step l : A A G Y Y l F l = = ' 0 Step l : A A G Y Y l F l = = ' 0 { } { } { } l f f f l F l Y S U B S S D U Y S Y D / = = / =, /, /,, / { } { } { } l f f f l F l Y S U B S S D U Y S Y D / = = / =, /, /,, / D A A B U D A l l l = = = 0 ; ) ( D A A B U D A l l l = = = 0 ; ) ( l A l r + = 1, ) ( 1 l A l r + = 1, ) 1 ( l l l A Y Y = +1 l l l A Y Y = +1 l+1 = 0 Y 0 Y l+1 = end l = l + 1 yes no Ths procedure mens clssfyng tops of the grph. Ths clssfcton s mde ccordng to the length of the ncdentl rods whch end n t, n the ncresng order of these lengths. V2 : second smple orderng The " nverse clssfcton " s bsed on the sme lgorthm s V1 wth the followng modfctons: - Invert the drecton of the rcs n the grphs G' F nd G' f, - Once the rn obtned s (r ' 2( )=l+1), djust t n the followng wy : r 2 ( )=1+ r' 2 ( )mx-r' 2 ( ) It mens clssfyng the tops of the grph ccordng to the length of the rods whch rse from t, n the decresng order of these lengths

77 Fnl prtl orderng The ntersecton of the both smple orderng (drect -V1- n ndrect -V2- clssfctons) s prtl orderng. It mens tht " cnnot be compred to " s llowed. To estblsh the fnl orderng, t wll be necessry to consder the followng rules : - f s preferred to consderng the both smple orderng, t wll be the sme for the fnl orderng, - f s equvlent to consderng one smple orderng, but f s preferred to n the other smple orderng, then wll be prefer to for the fnl orderng, - f n the frst smple orderng s preferred to nd f n the second smple orderng s preferred to, then nd cnnot be compred n the fnl orderng. Weghts The choce of the decson-mer s gong to be trnslted through the weghty llocton on ll the crter. Ths choce s due to the current mngement pproch, but cn lso result from future mngements... Concordnce nd dscordnce ndces nd thresholds The concordnce ndces expresses how much the hypothess " outrn " sut to the relty represented by the evluton of the ctons. Ths ndcton vres between 0 nd 1. Three concordnce thresholds re defned : c +, c 0 et c -. The concordnce ndces gves the opposton mesure shown by the dscordnt crter to the cceptnce of the outrnng hypothess. Ths ndcton lso vres between 0 nd 1. Two dscordnce thresholds re defned : D 1 d D 2 for ech of consdered crteron. Concordnce thresholds domnnt wth regrd to the dscordnce thresholds. Robustness nlyss The robustness nlyss tres to elborte recommendtons so synthetc s possble, cceptble for vst rnge of prmeters. It s possble to overcome the hesttons s well decson-mers s engneer, s for the ntl vlues of the prmeters wth robustness nlyss. If by mng vry the prmeters round ther ntl vlue the results re not modfed n mportnt wy, the recommendton s sturdy. The ELECTRE II prmeters susceptble to be the object of robustness nlyss re the followng ones: - crter weghts - concordnce thresholds : c +, c 0 et c -. - dscordnce thresholds : D 1(j) et D 2(j) 76

78 APPENDIX 3.II : Exmple of pplcton for rehbltton technque choce usng ELECTRE [Db 2000] Mult crter nlyss s methodologcl pproch for mng decson problems. It helps the decson mer n the mngement of problems hvng contrdctons. Our m s not to obtn the best soluton but to gve few elements permttng the mprovement of the decson process by ntegrtng ll crter lredy defned by the mnger of the fclty. The prncples of these methods were developed by B. Roy (1993). The prncple of ths pproch s showed on Fehler! Verwesquelle onnte ncht gefunden werden.. Rehbltton solutons Dt collecton nd l Knowledge Pré -Elmnton Multcrter nlyss Selected solutons Reducton Domnted solutons Elmnted solutons Frst Step Fgure 18 : The multcrter procedure Selected solutons Second t Clssfcton Clssfed solutons Frst step : An pré-elmnton phse n functon of mposed constrnts s proposed. Ths nlyss s bsed on comptblty rules between the rehbltton technologes nd the dgnoss results. For exmple, f the dgnoss shows structurl problem, ll non structurl solutons re elmnted. Crter developed n ths step re smple nd peremptory. The result of the nlyss s lst of potentl solutons ; on ths lst, the multcrter nlyss s done. Second step : The multcrter nlyss s bsed on the performnce evluton of ech technque to obtn clssfcton for the preselected technology. Two stges re requred : - the frst permts to dstngush domnted soluton n regrd of every crter. In ths cse, these solutons re elmnted. - the next stge clssfes non-domnted solutons by one of the well-nown multcrter methods (ELECTRE, Promete, ). For ech crter, the evluton of the rehbltton technque performnce s done followng specfc models. Some crter concern the elmnton nd the clssfcton crter. To 77

79 evlute ech crter, specfc models re developed. When t s possble, two levels re proposed : the frst one s bsed on summrsed nformton nd the second on detled nformton. Rehbltton technques Actully, round one hundred technques re vlble (FSTT, 1992). They mght be set n the followng ctegores : Punctul technques Contnue technques Technques wth cut trench Opened trench Replcement No-dg technques Groutng Sleeve Robot mllng mchne Multfuncton robot Lnng Tubng Burstng For ech ctegory, dfferent relston tools re vlble. The dfferences between these tools re lttle nd they don't permt to compre them followng rtonl crter (the mn dfference s only the provder or the opertor). For exmple, round twelve lnng methods re vlble ; the prncpl dfference s the wy to set them up (tensle or socng), the resn ctegory, the swellng method, polymerston (hetng, lghtng, pre-progrmmng). Crter Mny crter were dentfed to mprove the choce procedure nd to dpt t for sustnble relzton. Identfed crter re : Dgnoss Drect nd socl costs Hydrulc performnce Mechncl performnce Abrson resstnce Servce qulty Knd of sewer Effluent type Rehb executon complexty Rehbltton perennlly These crter evluton s detlled by (Db 2000), some exmples re presented n the followng prt. THE HYDRAULIC PERFORMANCE The flow cpcty of ppelne s clculted by usng the well-nown formul of Mnng : Q = K. S. R 2/3. 1/2 K : roughness coeffcent ccordng to Lencster or Mnng (wth K = 1/n) ; S : surfce of the ppe ; : slope of the networ ; 78

80 R : hydrulc rdus. To consder these prmeters, we bsed our nlyss on theoretcl nformton nd cse studes (Knov,1994), (Db,1994). The Tble 7 gves some vlues. Tble 7 : K vlues versus the ppe nture ppelne K vlue concrete New Between 75 et 90 Used Between 60 et 77 (wthout curng) Dmged Around 50 Fber cement New Between 95 et 100 Used Between 80 et 85 (wthout curng) Dmged Around 75 Cly New Between 95 et 100 Used Between 80 et 85 (wthout curng) Dmged Around 70 PVC New Around 100 Used Between 90 et 95 (wthout curng) Dmged Between 80 et 90 The hydrulc performnce s bsed on the evluton of the flow cpcty clculted by usng n extenson of the Mnng formul : Q 1 / Q 0 = (K 1 / K 2 ). ( D 1 / D 0 ) 8/3 wth :Q0, Q1 : hydrulc cpcty before nd fter rehbltton, K1, K2 : roughness coeffcent before nd fter rehbltton, D0,D1 : dmeter before nd fter rehbltton. Tble 8 : K vlue for PEHD lnng PEHD lnng New 120 Used Between 95 et 100 (wthout curng) Ths nlyss s completed by specfc prmeter clled functonl request. Ths prmeter trnsltes the dequcy of the used technology wth the requested results. The results of ths clssfcton re gven n Tble 9. 79

81 Tble 9: The functonl request relted to the hydrulc performnce Technology/functonl request) trnsversl secton non chnged s requested Robot mllngt Robots Mutfuncton Groutng Sleeve Lnnng Tubng Burstng Smller secton ccepted Bgger secton s requested Note : 1 : the technology s well dpted, the technology s dpted, 3 : the technque s not dpted 4 : not concerned DIRECT COST The cost of the rehbltton ncludes 4 ponts : 1 - ste nstllton : The evluton of ths cost s done n procedure "cse by cse" ; t depends on the technology (punctul or contnue). 2 - wors prelmnry : - dervton of the effluents : the prce ncludes the supply nd the nstllton of the pumps, nstllton of the bcflow ppes nd the mntennce of the tools durng the feld. The prce grows wth the flow derved nd the length of bcflow. - controllng of the ppelne : - drn scrpng : the prce depends on the dmeter of the ppe nd on the chong up rte ; - CCTV : t ncludes the bsc prce rsed ccordng to the dmeter nd the mterl of the ppe 3 - the rehbltton tself : Ech technology hs ts own clculton model. For exmple, the cost of lnng s functon of the dmeter of the ppe, the depth of the networ nd the presence or not of ground wter. 4 - nnex wor nd control A softwre bsed on method developed by the worng group (RES 1995) s used for the modelng of ths crter. SOCIAL COST A socl cost cn be consdered s n dvntge for trenchless technology becuse t reduces the mpcts of the neghbourhood nd users. But ll trenchless technologes don't hve the sme socl costs. Socl cost covers wde rnge of mpcts. It s not esy to quntfy them by usng crter such s the drect cost, especlly when the vlble nformton re very subjectve nd vrble followng ctes, muncpltes nd countres. The socl cost generted by the rehbltton grows wth the densty urbn, the durton of 80

82 the nterventon, the wors ste re. We gve the prncpl permttng the evluton of the socl cost nd the followng elements (At 1997) : - Nose nd vbrton : We cn evlute the cost of the reducton of these bd effects, tht mens the cost of the devces nd solutons ntended to reduce the mpct of the sound or vbrton. On the other hnd, t s more dffcult to quntfy the cost of the embrrssment tself. - The r polluton : We don't hve model llowng to dentfy wth suffcent precson the shre specfclly cused by the rehbltton. Ths estmton wll be qulttve nd te nto ccount the tools used on the wor ste. - Embrrssment of pedestrns nd crs dsplcements : The buldng ste nfluences n the mjorty of cses the tme of trnsport of the motorzed users, even of the pedestrns. Becuse t ncreses the congeston, the buldng ste genertes socl costs (cost of the tme lg, ncresed energy consumpton, etc.) - Occupton of spce : Knowng the type of the occuped spce (crculton or prng) nd the re of the wor ste, we evlute totl cost of the consumpton of spce en FF/dy, n functon of the cost of moblzton of the nfrstructures of crculton nd/or the cost of neutrlzton of the spce of prng. Ths prce s estmted n Prs between 0,5 nd 1 FF/m²/hour. - Devtons of networs: Almost ll rehbltton technologes requre the devton of the effluents durng wor nd the neutrlzton of the brnches of the rehbltted ppelne. STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE. It s crter whch cn be consdered s n elmnton crter (frst step) nd/or clssfcton crter (second step). For exmple, f the dgnoss results show structurl problem n the nspected sewer, We elmnte mmedtely ll non structurl solutons. Then, we evlute the structurl performnce of ll selected solutons. Ths performnce mght be defned ether n terms of stresses or strengths. But the fnl m s to gve sfety fctor for short nd long terms. Mny reserches were relzed to estmte the mechncl wnnng or ernng obtned by the rehbltton soluton. Ths ernng n sfety reserves doesn t men reducton n the stress vlues n the wll of the ppe but resumpton of new lodng ppled to the sewer. Under these crcumstnces, we thn tht rehbltton s complementry to the strength of the old sewer. Ths mens good trnsmsson of ppled lods, ths mens perfect grp nd stcng between the two structures. The structurl performnce, s consdered n our modelng, s ppled to crculr ppes bured n depth of sol hgher thn 80 cm (TSM 1991). Ths model corresponds to the French regulton (CCT 1991) bsed on the Mrston pproch (Db 1992). It s mportnt to sy tht other methods cn be used, le the Germn regulton bsed on the ATV pproch. The needed prmeters for the modelng re : - the nture of the two mterls, - the thcness of the two ppelnes, 81

83 - the Young s modulus of the new ppelne (ntl nd fter fve yers) nd the Posson rto. - the nnulr stuffness, the bendng condtons nd the dmtted strength of the new ppe. The followng lodng confgurtons re consdered n the modelng : - the vertcl pressure of the bcfll (ded lods) (Mrston model), - the vertcl pressure of the lve lods (Boussnesq model), - the horzontl pressure of sols round the ppe, - the pressure due to wter sheet, * the temporry pressure due the opertng condtons (pressure of groutng n the cse of tubng). The durblty of rehbltton mterls. To estmte the durblty of mterls used n the rehbltton, dt were collected to justfy our estmton n short nd long terms. The durblty of the used technology for the short term s bsed on the combnton of three prmeters. These prmeters re the mechncl propertes of the used mterl, the qulty of nstllton nd mterl durblty. The results of ths nlyss re gven ntble 10. Tble 10 : short tme durblty of the rehbltton MECHANICAL PROPERTIES INSTALLATION FACTORS DURABILITY Tensle strength The stffness The nstllton speed The shoc strength Abrsve strength Resstnce to chemcl ttcs cement X XXX X X XX XXX XX Ductle ron cst XXX XXX X XXX XXX X(*) XX Asbestos XX XXX X XX X X(*) XX Concrete XX XXX X X X X(*) XX Jonts stte GRP XX(*) XX XX XX XX XX(*) XX(*) PRC XX(*) XXX X X XX(*) XXX XX PVC XX X(*) N/A N/A XX(*) XX(*) N/A PEHD X(*) X XXX XX(*) XXX XXX XXX PP X(*) XX XXX XX(*) XX(*) XX XXX NB:X : low, XX: medum, XXX: hgh, (*) : ndctes tht vlble dt s nsuffcent to dstngush vlue between the two proposed ( the lowest vlue wll be consdered). The long term behvor : The mterls behvour mght be ffected by the chemcl nd bologcl ttcs. The slow bsorpton of wter mght provoe the yeldng nd the relxton of the rehbltton. But good formulton of mterls cn nsure the resstnce to the wter ttcs. At ths tme, we re tryng to ntegrte ths behvour nd ll the nfluencng prmeters by usng vscoelstc soluton to nlyze the long tme behvour 82

84 Ths pproch permts to compre the behvor of dfferent rehbltton ppes n functon of the tme. The formul permttng to consder the long tme behvor s : Et ()= Et m 1 wth : E 1 : ntl Young modulus (mesured fter 1 mnute), t : tme, m : power. Ths lw seems to be good pproxmton for mny mterls but mny reserches hve to be done to be sure of ts relblty References At-Ass D. (1997). Impct des chnters urbns : les technques nouvelles qu rédusent l gène coûtent-elles plus chère? Exemple des technologes sns trnchée. Mémore de Mster ENPC. 116p. C.C.T.G. Ouvrges d'ssnssement, fsccule 70 modfé. Imprmere Ntonle, Prs, 1991 Db Y., Mornd D. (2000). Mutcrter choce of rehbltton technques for smll urbn sewers VI Interntonl ppelne constructon congress (proceedngs). pp Db Y. (1992). Comportement structurel des condutes rgdes enterrées. Doctort de géne cvl de l'unversté Lyon I. 430p Db Y. (1994). Improvement nd re-estblshment of good hydrulc condtons n sewers Hydrulcs of ppelnes (proceedngs). pp FST (1992). Gude nterntonl pour l uscultton et l réhbltton des condutes. FSTT/Nnce, Prs. Kenow K. (1994). Flow cpcty of rehbltted sntry sewers. Hydrulcs of ppelnes (proceedngs)., pp My LY., Pctet J. & Smos J. (1994) Méthodes multcrtères Electre : descrpton, consels prtques et cs d'pplcton à l geston envronnementle. Presses polytechnques et unverstres romnes Lusnne, 319 pges RES (1995). Réhbltton des réseux d ssnssement à écoulement grvtre : clcul des coûts pprochés. Mnstère de l Equpement, Prs. Roy B.,Bouyssou., D. (1993). Ade multcrtère à l décson : méthodes et cs, Economc, Prs. TSM (1991). Recuel des recommndtons technques pplcbles ux trvux de réhbltton des réseux d ssnssement, Technques Scences Méthodes, septembre

85 TU Dresden Rolf Bur Lehrstuhl Stdtbuwesen, D Dresden WP6, ts 6.1, delvery D16