European Space Agency EO Missions. Ola Gråbak ESA Earth Observation Programmes Tromsø, 17 October 2012

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1 European Space Agency EO Missions Ola Gråbak ESA Earth Observation Programmes Tromsø, 17 October 2012

2 Europe and Space, A POLICY Article 189 of the Lisbon Treaty (2009) gives the European Union an explicit role in designing a policy for the exploration and exploitation of space in order to promote scientific and technical progress, industrial competitiveness and the implementation of its policies. Space policy is a key element of Europe 2020 strategy and an integral part of the industrial policy flagship initiative On the 4th April 2011 the European Commission released the Communication "Towards a space strategy for the European Union that benefits its citizens, which reflects the crucial role of space for the economy and society. The Communication sets out the main priorities for the EU, which include ensuring the success of the EU's two flagship space programmes Galileo and GMES, the protection of space infrastructures, and space exploration. The Communication also calls for the development of an industrial space policy in close cooperation with EU Member States and the European Space Agency. 2

3 Europe and Space, GALILEO With four identical satellites now in orbit, ESA will be able to demonstrate the performance of the Galileo positioning system fully before the deployment of the remaining operational satellites. Since the first launch a year ago, Galileo s technology has proven itself in orbit, said Didier Faivre, ESA s Director of the Galileo Programme and Navigation-related activities. Thanks to the satellites launched today, the testing phase will be completed, and clear the way for rapid full-scale deployment of the constellation. By late 2014, 18 satellites are scheduled to have been launched, by which time early services to Europeans can begin. Galileo s Full Operational Capability (FOC) will be reached with 30 satellites (including the four IOVs and in-orbit spares) in

4 Global Monitoring for Environment and Security European independence in data sources for environment and security monitoring Global, timely and easily accessible information in Land, Marine, Emergency response, Atmosphere, Security and Climate Change domains

5 The ESA Earth Observation fleet

6 Iceland 2010 ENVISAT mission: 10 years Arctic 2007 Ozone hole 2005 L Aquila 2009 First images Japan 2011 Global air pollution Prestige tanker oil slick CO2 map Bam earthquake Launch Hurricane Katrina Envisat Symposium Salzburg (A) Mar 02 Chlorophyll concentration B-15A iceberg Sep 04 Envisat Symposium Montreux (CH) Apr 07 Serving 4000 scientific projects and many operational users Living Planet Symposium Bergen (N) Jun 10 and many workshops dedicated to specific Envisat user communities Mar 12

7 Envisat In April 2012, contact with Envisat was suddenly lost, preventing ESA from controlling the spacecraft and disrupting data provision to the international Earth observation user community.

8 Envisat

9 The Earth Explorer Missions GOCE 17 March 2009 SMOS 2 Nov Cryosat 8 April 2010 Swarm Early 2013 ADM AEOLUS 7 th EE EARTH CARE

10 EE 7??

11 GMES: today s status ü The Sentinel-Satellites (1A/B, 2A/B, 3A/B, 4 and 5 Precursor) are under development, Sentinel-5 in definition ü Satellite launches as from Q ü The ground segment (data reception, processing and dissemination) is being implemented ü ESA is responsible for the space component ü Sustainability and adequate funding of operational GMES is the biggest political challenge

12 GMES Services domains Land monitoring Emergency management response Marine environmenta l monitoring Atmospheric monitoring Security Climate Change monitoring

13 GMES dedicated missions: Sentinels Sentinel-1 SAR imaging All weather, day/night applications, interferometry 2013 / 2015 Sentinel-2 Multi-spectral imaging Land applications: urban, forest, agriculture, Continuity of Landsat, SPOT 2014 / 2016 Sentinel-3 Ocean and global land monitoring Wide-swath ocean color, vegetation, sea/land surface temperature, altimetry 2014/ 2017 Sentinel-4 Geostationary atmospheric Atmospheric composition monitoring, transboundary pollution 2019 Sentinel-5 precursor/ Sentinel-5 Low-orbit atmospheric Atmospheric composition monitoring 2015/2020

14 Users need long term perspectives Access to GCMs > Sentinel-1 A/B/C Sentinel-1 A/B/C 2 nd gen. Sentinel-2 A/B/C Sentinel-2 A/B/C 2 nd gen. Sentinel-3 A/B/C Sentinel-3 A/B/C 2 nd gen. Sentinel-4 A/B (MTG-S1/2) Sentinel-5 Precursor Sentinel-5 A/B (MetOP-SG) Jason-CS A/B Jason-CS Follow-on A/B GSC Evolution

15 Sentinel 1: C-band SAR mission ü Data continuity of ERS and ENVISAT missions ü GMES radar imaging mission for ocean and land services ü Applications: mapping in support of humanitarian aid in crisis situations mapping of land surfaces: forest, water and soil, agriculture, etc. The Sentinel-1 mission is based on a constellation of 2 satellites Sentinel-1A to be launched end 2013 Sentinel-1B under procurement, launch date is TBD (indicatively 2014/2015)

16 Sentinel-1 observation scenario Objective: Implement a pre-defined and conflict-free observation plan, aiming at fulfilling, to the max. feasible extent, the observation requirements from the various GMES and National services (Europe and Canada). Other observation requirements will be accommodated when feasible, i.e. in absence of technical or budget constraints. Need to find a priori the solutions on the potential conflict among services (e.g. different SAR operation modes / polarisation required over same geographical area) The observation plan shall be regularly updated based on: The evolution of the requirements from the services The constraints on the space and ground segment resources (high data rates and volume generated by the mission, instrument duty cycle, core ground station network and the overall data acquisition strategy) The main system capacity scenarios (e.g. inclusion of the 2nd Sentinel-1 satellite, use of European Data Relay System) The interoperability with the Radarsat Constellation Mission (RCM), i.e. integrated observations

17 Example of average revisit capability Revisit frequency for S1A and S1B (IW mode) Days Per revisit ü Two satellites in a 12 day orbit ü Repeat frequency: 6 days (important for coherence) ü Revisit frequency: (asc/desc & overlap): 3 days at the equator, <1 day at high latitudes (Europe ~ 2 days)

18 Sentinel 1: C-band SAR mission min/orbit in any imaging mode + remainder in Wave mode (Orbital period: 98.6 minutes) Daily coverage of high priority areas, e.g. Europe, Canada, shipping routes. Global coverage in 6 days with S1A + S1B. o 19 o Wide (EW) Extra Mode Swath 400 Km 250 K Wide metric ) o r e f r (IW Inte Mode Swath m 45 o 30 o 46 o 400 Km 19 o S 1 S 6 ode ap M Stripm (SM) 80 Km 23 ode 36 o 100 Km 200 Km o M Wave ) V W ( Operation modes: Modes Resolution Swath Width Polarisation Stripmap (SM) 5 x 5 m² > 80 km HH+HV or VV +VH Interf. Wideswath (IW) 5 x 20 m² > 250 km HH+HV or VV +VH Extra Wideswath (EW) 20 x 40 m² > 400 km HH+HV or VV +VH Wave (W) 5 x 5 m² 20 x 20 km² at 100 km HH or VV

19 Sentinel 2: Superspectral imaging mission ü Applications: generic land cover maps risk mapping and fast images for disaster relief ü 13 spectral bands (VIS, NIR & SWIR) ü Spatial resolution: 10, 20 and 60 m and 290 km swath ü 10 days repeat cycle at Equator (cloud free) with 1 sat ü Sun synchronous orbit at 786 km mean altitude ü 7 years design life time, consumables for 12 years

20 20 Sentinel-2 revisit time Revisit time over Europe in summer with 2 satellites days

21 Sentinel 3 mission instruments Ocean and Land Colour Instrument (OLCI): with 5 cameras, each covering a spectral range from 400 to 1020 nm, binned to 15 (MERIS) & 6 additional bands Swath: 1270 km Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR): with 7 AATSR & 2 additional bands, plus 2 additional Fire channels, with 500 m (solar) and 1 km (TIR) ground resolution Swath: 1420 km/750 km (single or dual view) Solar Panel Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer Microwave Radiometer Ocean and Land Colour Instrument X-band Antenna DORIS Antenna Topography package: SRAL Ku-C altimeter (LRM and SAR measurement modes), MWR, POD (with Laser Retro Reflector, GPS and DORIS) Laser Retro- Reflector S-band Antenna SAR Radar Altimeter

22 Funding of GMES 1 - Past funding (Development) ü Overall, approx. 3.4 B have been provided for GMES by EU and ESA ü Of this, about 2.4 B have been invested into the GMES Space Component (1.6 B by ESA and 0.8 B by the EU) 2 - Future funding needs (Operation) ü To achieve the operational configuration of the overall GMES Programme, an average amount of 834 M /year has been identified in the EC s Communication of 29 June 2011, i.e. 5.8 B (2011 e.c.) in total ü This corresponds to approx. 0.5% of the EU MFF budget ü It is essential that this funding is obtained within the EU MFF, and at the sufficient level

23 Sentinel Data Policy Principles FREE and OPEN ü Anybody can access Sentinel data; no difference is made between public, commercial and scientific use ü à open access ü Sentinel data will be made available to the users via a generic online access mode ü à free of charge In the event security restrictions would apply to specific Sentinel data affecting data availability or timeliness, specific operational procedures would be activated

24 GMES Sentinel Data Policy Principles Ø The overall GMES Data and Information Policy, which contains the Sentinel Data Policy, is addressed in the EU GMES regulation - 911(2010) Ø Joint EC/ESA Principles of Sentinel data policy (approved by ESA in Sep ESA/PB-EO(2009)98 rev.1): ü ü ü ü ü In principle anybody (European users and non) can access acquired Sentinel data for any use Sentinel data licenses are free of charge The Sentinel data will be made available to the users via a "generic" online access mode, free of charge Additional access modes and the delivery of additional products will be subject to tailored conditions In the event security restrictions apply to specific Sentinel data affecting data availability or timeliness, specific operational procedures will be activated. Ø Next step è Finalize Sentinel data policy; EU to prepare Legal Act (to be issued in 2012)

25 Earth observation: a necessity