Environmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines

Transcription

1 GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: INTRODUCTION Envirnmental, Health, and Safety General Guidelines Intrductin The Envirnmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines are technical reference dcuments with general and industry-specific examples f Gd Internatinal Industry Practice (GIIP) 1. When ne r mre members f the Wrld Bank Grup are invlved in a prject, these EHS Guidelines are applied as required by their respective plicies and standards. These General EHS Guidelines are designed t be used tgether with the relevant Industry Sectr EHS Guidelines which prvide guidance t users n EHS issues in specific industry sectrs. Fr cmplex prjects, use f multiple industry-sectr guidelines may be necessary. A cmplete list f industry-sectr guidelines can be fund at: The EHS Guidelines cntain the perfrmance levels and measures that are generally cnsidered t be achievable in new facilities by existing technlgy at reasnable csts. Applicatin f the EHS Guidelines t existing facilities may invlve the establishment f site-specific targets, with an apprpriate timetable fr achieving them. The applicability f the EHS Guidelines shuld be tailred t the hazards and risks established fr each prject n the basis f the results f an envirnmental assessment 2 in which site-specific variables, such as hst cuntry cntext, assimilative capacity f the envirnment, and ther prject factrs, are taken int accunt. The applicability f specific technical recmmendatins shuld be 1 Defined as the exercise f prfessinal skill, diligence, prudence and fresight that wuld be reasnably expected frm skilled and experienced prfessinals engaged in the same type f undertaking under the same r similar circumstances glbally. The circumstances that skilled and experienced prfessinals may find when evaluating the range f pllutin preventin and cntrl techniques available t a prject may include, but are nt limited t, varying levels f envirnmental degradatin and envirnmental assimilative capacity as well as varying levels f financial and technical feasibility. 2 Fr IFC, such assessment is carried ut cnsistent with Perfrmance Standard 1, and fr the Wrld Bank, with Operatinal Plicy based n the prfessinal pinin f qualified and experienced persns. When hst cuntry regulatins differ frm the levels and measures presented in the EHS Guidelines, prjects are expected t achieve whichever is mre stringent. If less stringent levels r measures than thse prvided in these EHS Guidelines are apprpriate, in view f specific prject circumstances, a full and detailed justificatin fr any prpsed alternatives is needed as part f the site-specific envirnmental assessment. This justificatin shuld demnstrate that the chice fr any alternate perfrmance levels is prtective f human health and the envirnment. The General EHS Guidelines are rganized as fllws: 1. Envirnmental Air Emissins and Ambient Air Quality Energy Cnservatin Wastewater and Ambient Water Quality Water Cnservatin Hazardus Materials Management Waste Management Nise Cntaminated Land Occupatinal Health and Safety General Facility Design and Operatin Cmmunicatin and Training Physical Hazards Chemical Hazards Bilgical Hazards Radilgical Hazards Persnal Prtective Equipment (PPE) Special Hazard Envirnments Mnitring Cmmunity Health and Safety Water Quality and Availability Structural Safety f Prject Infrastructure Life and Fire Safety (L&FS) Traffic Safety Transprt f Hazardus Materials Disease Preventin Emergency Preparedness and Respnse Cnstructin and Decmmissining Envirnment Occupatinal Health & Safety Cmmunity Health & Safety 94 References and Additinal Surces* 96 APRIL 30,

2 Envirnmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: INTRODUCTION General Apprach t the Management f EHS Issues at the Facility r Prject Level Effective management f envirnmental, health, and safety (EHS) issues entails the inclusin f EHS cnsideratins int crprate- and facility-level business prcesses in an rganized, hierarchical apprach that includes the fllwing steps: Identifying EHS prject hazards 3 and assciated risks 4 as early as pssible in the facility develpment r prject cycle, including the incrpratin f EHS cnsideratins int the site selectin prcess, prduct design prcess, engineering planning prcess fr capital requests, engineering wrk rders, facility mdificatin authrizatins, r layut and prcess change plans. Invlving EHS prfessinals, wh have the experience, cmpetence, and training necessary t assess and manage EHS impacts and risks, and carry ut specialized envirnmental management functins including the preparatin f prject r activity-specific plans and prcedures that incrprate the technical recmmendatins presented in this dcument that are relevant t the prject. Understanding the likelihd and magnitude f EHS risks, based n: peple r t the envirnmental resurces n which they depend. Priritizing risk management strategies with the bjective f achieving an verall reductin f risk t human health and the envirnment, fcusing n the preventin f irreversible and / r significant impacts. Favring strategies that eliminate the cause f the hazard at its surce, fr example, by selecting less hazardus materials r prcesses that avid the need fr EHS cntrls. When impact avidance is nt feasible, incrprating engineering and management cntrls t reduce r minimize the pssibility and magnitude f undesired cnsequences, fr example, with the applicatin f pllutin cntrls t reduce the levels f emitted cntaminants t wrkers r envirnments. Preparing wrkers and nearby cmmunities t respnd t accidents, including prviding technical and financial resurces t effectively and safely cntrl such events, and restring wrkplace and cmmunity envirnments t a safe and healthy cnditin. Imprving EHS perfrmance thrugh a cmbinatin f nging mnitring f facility perfrmance and effective accuntability. The nature f the prject activities, such as whether the prject will generate significant quantities f emissins r effluents, r invlve hazardus materials r prcesses; The ptential cnsequences t wrkers, cmmunities, r the envirnment if hazards are nt adequately managed, which may depend n the prximity f prject activities t 3 Defined as threats t humans and what they value (Kates, et al., 1985). 4 Defined as quantitative measures f hazard cnsequences, usually expressed as cnditinal prbabilities f experiencing harm (Kates, et. al., 1985) APRIL 30,

3 Envirnmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY 1.0 Envirnmental 1.1 Air Emissins and Ambient Air Quality Applicability and Apprach...3 Ambient Air Quality...4 General Apprach...4 Prjects Lcated in Degraded Airsheds r Eclgically Sensitive Areas...5 Pint Surces...5 Stack Height...5 Small Cmbustin Facilities Emissins Guidelines...6 Fugitive Surces...8 Vlatile Organic Cmpunds (VOCs)...8 Particulate Matter (PM)...8 Ozne Depleting Substances (ODS)...9 Mbile Surces Land-based...9 Greenhuse Gases (GHGs)...9 Mnitring...10 Mnitring f Small Cmbustin Plants Emissins...11 Applicability and Apprach This guideline applies t facilities r prjects that generate emissins t air at any stage f the prject life-cycle. It cmplements the industry-specific emissins guidance presented in the Industry Sectr Envirnmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines by prviding infrmatin abut cmmn techniques fr emissins management that may be applied t a range f industry sectrs. This guideline prvides an apprach t the management f significant surces f emissins, including specific guidance fr assessment and mnitring f impacts. It is als intended t prvide additinal infrmatin n appraches t emissins management in prjects lcated in areas f pr air quality, where it may be necessary t establish prject-specific emissins standards. the spatial characteristic f the surce including pint surces, fugitive surces, and mbile surces and, further, by prcess, such as cmbustin, materials strage, r ther industry sectrspecific prcesses. Where pssible, facilities and prjects shuld avid, minimize, and cntrl adverse impacts t human health, safety, and the envirnment frm emissins t air. Where this is nt pssible, the generatin and release f emissins f any type shuld be managed thrugh a cmbinatin f: Energy use efficiency Prcess mdificatin Selectin f fuels r ther materials, the prcessing f which may result in less plluting emissins Applicatin f emissins cntrl techniques The selected preventin and cntrl techniques may include ne r mre methds f treatment depending n: Regulatry requirements Significance f the surce Lcatin f the emitting facility relative t ther surces Lcatin f sensitive receptrs Existing ambient air quality, and ptential fr degradatin f the airshed frm a prpsed prject Technical feasibility and cst effectiveness f the available ptins fr preventin, cntrl, and release f emissins Emissins f air pllutants can ccur frm a wide variety f activities during the cnstructin, peratin, and decmmissining phases f a prject. These activities can be categrized based n APRIL 30,

4 Envirnmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY Ambient Air Quality General Apprach Prjects with significant 5,6 surces f air emissins, and ptential fr significant impacts t ambient air quality, shuld prevent r minimize impacts by ensuring that: Emissins d nt result in pllutant cncentratins that reach r exceed relevant ambient quality guidelines and standards 9 by applying natinal legislated standards, r in their absence, the current WHO Air Quality Guidelines 10 (see Table 1.1.1), r ther internatinally recgnized surces 11 ; Emissins d nt cntribute a significant prtin t the attainment f relevant ambient air quality guidelines r standards. As a general rule, this Guideline suggests 25 percent f the applicable air quality standards t allw 5 Significant surces f pint and fugitive emissins are cnsidered t be general surces which, fr example, can cntribute a net emissins increase f ne r mre f the fllwing pllutants within a given airshed: PM10: 50 tns per year (tpy); NOx: 500 tpy; SO2: 500 tpy; r as established thrugh natinal legislatin; and cmbustin surces with an equivalent heat input f 50 MWth r greater. The significance f emissins f inrganic and rganic pllutants shuld be established n a prject-specific basis taking int accunt txic and ther prperties f the pllutant. 6 United States Envirnmental Prtectin Agency, Preventin f Significant Deteriratin f Air Quality, 40 CFR Ch. 1 Part Other references fr establishing significant emissins include the Eurpean Cmmissin Guidance Dcument fr EPER implementatin. ; and Australian Gvernment Natinal Pllutant Inventry Guide. 7 Wrld Health Organizatin (WHO). Air Quality Guidelines Glbal Update, PM 24-hur value is the 99th percentile. 8 Interim targets are prvided in recgnitin f the need fr a staged apprach t achieving the recmmended guidelines. 9 Ambient air quality standards are ambient air quality levels established and published thrugh natinal legislative and regulatry prcesses, and ambient quality guidelines refer t ambient quality levels primarily develped thrugh clinical, txiclgical, and epidemilgical evidence (such as thse published by the Wrld Health Organizatin). 10 Available at Wrld Health Organizatin (WHO) Fr example the United States Natinal Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) ( and the relevant Eurpean Cuncil Directives (Cuncil Directive 1999/30/EC f 22 April 1999 / Cuncil Directive 2002/3/EC f February ). additinal, future sustainable develpment in the same airshed. 12 At facility level, impacts shuld be estimated thrugh qualitative r quantitative assessments by the use f baseline air quality assessments and atmspheric dispersin mdels t assess ptential grund level cncentratins. Lcal atmspheric, climatic, and air quality data shuld be applied when mdeling dispersin, prtectin against atmspheric dwnwash, wakes, r eddy effects f the surce, nearby 13 structures, and terrain features. The dispersin mdel applied shuld be internatinally recgnized, r cmparable. Examples f acceptable emissin estimatin and dispersin mdeling appraches fr pint and fugitive surces are Table 1.1.1: WHO Ambient Air Quality Guidelines 7, 8 Sulfur dixide (SO2) Nitrgen dixide (NO2) Particulate Matter PM10 Particulate Matter PM2.5 Ozne Averaging Perid 24-hur 10 minute 1-year 1-hur 1-year 24-hur 1-year 24-hur 8-hur daily maximum Guideline value in mg/m (Interim target-1) 50 (Interim target-2) 20 (guideline) 500 (guideline) 40 (guideline) 200 (guideline) 70 (Interim target-1) 50 (Interim target-2) 30 (Interim target-3) 20 (guideline) 150 (Interim target-1) 100 (Interim target-2) 75 (Interim target-3) 50 (guideline) 35 (Interim target-1) 25 (Interim target-2) 15 (Interim target-3) 10 (guideline) 75 (Interim target-1) 50 (Interim target-2) 37.5 (Interim target-3) 25 (guideline) 160 (Interim target-1) 100 (guideline) 12 US EPA Preventin f Significant Deteriratin Increments Limits applicable t nn-degraded airsheds. APRIL 30,

5 Envirnmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY included in Annex These appraches include screening mdels fr single surce evaluatins (SCREEN3 r AIRSCREEN), as well as mre cmplex and refined mdels (AERMOD OR ADMS). Mdel selectin is dependent n the cmplexity and gemrphlgy f the prject site (e.g. muntainus terrain, urban r rural area). Prjects Lcated in Degraded Airsheds r Eclgically Sensitive Areas Facilities r prjects lcated within pr quality airsheds 14, and within r next t areas established as eclgically sensitive (e.g. natinal parks), shuld ensure that any increase in pllutin levels is as small as feasible, and amunts t a fractin f the applicable shrt-term and annual average air quality guidelines r standards as established in the prject-specific envirnmental assessment. Suitable mitigatin measures may als include the relcatin f significant surces f emissins utside the airshed in questin, use f cleaner fuels r technlgies, applicatin f cmprehensive pllutin cntrl measures, ffset activities at installatins cntrlled by the prject spnsr r ther facilities within the same airshed, and buy-dwn f emissins within the same airshed. Specific prvisins fr minimizing emissins and their impacts in pr air quality r eclgically sensitive airsheds shuld be established n a prject-by-prject r industry-specific basis. Offset prvisins utside the immediate cntrl f the prject spnsr r buy-dwns shuld be mnitred and enfrced by the lcal agency respnsible fr granting and mnitring emissin permits. Such prvisins shuld be in place prir t final cmmissining f the facility / prject. Pint Surces Pint surces are discrete, statinary, identifiable surces f emissins that release pllutants t the atmsphere. They are typically lcated in manufacturing r prductin plants. Within a given pint surce, there may be several individual emissin pints that cmprise the pint surce. 15 Pint surces are characterized by the release f air pllutants typically assciated with the cmbustin f fssil fuels, such as nitrgen xides (NOx), sulfur dixide (SO2), carbn mnxide (CO), and particulate matter (PM), as well as ther air pllutants including certain vlatile rganic cmpunds (VOCs) and metals that may als be assciated with a wide range f industrial activities. Emissins frm pint surces shuld be avided and cntrlled accrding t gd internatinal industry practice (GIIP) applicable t the relevant industry sectr, depending n ambient cnditins, thrugh the cmbined applicatin f prcess mdificatins and emissins cntrls, examples f which are prvided in Annex Additinal recmmendatins regarding stack height and emissins frm small cmbustin facilities are prvided belw. Stack Height The stack height fr all pint surces f emissins, whether significant r nt, shuld be designed accrding t GIIP (see Annex 1.1.3) t avid excessive grund level cncentratins due t dwnwash, wakes, and eddy effects, and t ensure reasnable diffusin t minimize impacts. Fr prjects where there are multiple surces f emissins, stack heights shuld be established with due cnsideratin t emissins frm all ther prject surces, bth pint and fugitive. Nn-significant surces f emissins, 13 Nearby generally cnsiders an area within a radius f up t 20 times the stack height. 14 An airshed shuld be cnsidered as having pr air quality if natinally legislated air quality standards r WHO Air Quality Guidelines are exceeded significantly. 15 Emissin pints refer t a specific stack, vent, r ther discrete pint f pllutin release. This term shuld nt be cnfused with pint surce, which is a regulatry distinctin frm area and mbile surces. The characterizatin f pint surces int multiple emissins pints is useful fr allwing mre detailed reprting f emissins infrmatin. APRIL 30,

6 Envirnmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY including small cmbustin surces, 16 shuld als use GIIP in stack design. Small Cmbustin Facilities Emissins Guidelines Small cmbustin prcesses are systems designed t deliver electrical r mechanical pwer, steam, heat, r any cmbinatin f these, regardless f the fuel type, with a ttal, rated heat input capacity f between three Megawatt thermal (MWth) and 50 MWth. The emissins guidelines in Table are applicable t small cmbustin prcess installatins perating mre than 500 hurs per year, and thse with an annual capacity utilizatin f mre than 30 percent. Plants firing a mixture f fuels shuld cmpare emissins perfrmance with these guidelines based n the sum f the relative cntributin f each applied fuel 17. Lwer emissin values may apply if the prpsed facility is lcated in an eclgically sensitive airshed, r airshed with pr air quality, in rder t address ptential cumulative impacts frm the installatin f mre than ne small cmbustin plant as part f a distributed generatin prject. 16 Small cmbustin surces are thse with a ttal rated heat input capacity f 50MWth r less. 17 The cntributin f a fuel is the percentage f heat input (LHV) prvided by this fuel multiplied by its limit value. APRIL 30,

7 Envirnmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY Cmbustin Technlgy / Fuel Engine Table Small Cmbustin Facilities Emissins Guidelines (3MWth 50MWth) (in mg/nm 3 r as indicated) Particulate Matter (PM) Sulfur Dixide (SO2) Nitrgen Oxides (NOx) Gas N/A N/A Liquid Turbine Natural Gas =3MWth t < 15MWth Natural Gas =15MWth t < 50MWth 50 r up t 100 if justified by prject specific cnsideratins (e.g. Ecnmic feasibility f using lwer ash cntent fuel, r adding secndary treatment t meet 50, and available envirnmental capacity f the site) N/A 1.5 percent Sulfur r up t 3.0 percent Sulfur if justified by prject specific cnsideratins (e.g. Ecnmic feasibility f using lwer S cntent fuel, r adding secndary treatment t meet levels f using 1.5 percent Sulfur, and available envirnmental capacity f the site) N/A 200 (Spark Ignitin) 400 (Dual Fuel) 1,600 (Cmpressin Ignitin) If bre size diameter [mm] < 400: 1460 (r up t 1,600 if justified t maintain high energy efficiency.) If bre size diameter [mm] > r = 400: 1, ppm (Electric generatin) 100 ppm (Mechanical drive) Dry Gas, Excess O2 Cntent (%) N/A N/A 25 ppm Fuels ther than Natural Gas =3MWth t < 15MWth N/A 0.5 percent Sulfur r lwer percent Sulfur (e.g. 0.2 percent Sulfur) if cmmercially available withut significant excess fuel cst 96 ppm (Electric generatin) 150 ppm (Mechanical drive) 15 Fuels ther than Natural Gas =15MWth t < 50MWth Biler N/A 0.5% S r lwer % S (0.2%S) if cmmercially available withut significant excess fuel cst 74 ppm 15 Gas N/A N/A Liquid 50 r up t 150 if justified by envirnmental assessment Slid 50 r up t 150 if justified by envirnmental assessment Ntes: -N/A/ - n emissins guideline; Higher perfrmance levels than these in the Table shuld be applicable t facilities lcated in urban / industrial areas with degraded airsheds r clse t eclgically sensitive areas where mre stringent emissins cntrls may be needed.; MWth is heat input n HHV basis; Slid fuels include bimass; Nm 3 is at ne atmsphere pressure, 0 C.; MWth categry is t apply t the entire facility cnsisting f multiple units that are reasnably cnsidered t be emitted frm a cmmn stack except fr NOx and PM limits fr turbines and bilers. Guidelines values apply t facilities perating mre than 500 hurs per year with an annual capacity utilizatin factr f mre than 30 percent. APRIL 30,

8 Envirnmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY Fugitive Surces Fugitive surce air emissins refer t emissins that are distributed spatially ver a wide area and nt cnfined t a specific discharge pint. They riginate in peratins where exhausts are nt captured and passed thrugh a stack. Fugitive emissins have the ptential fr much greater grund-level impacts per unit than statinary surce emissins, since they are discharged and dispersed clse t the grund. The tw main types f fugitive emissins are Vlatile Organic Cmpunds (VOCs) and particulate matter (PM). Other cntaminants (NOx, SO2 and CO) are mainly assciated with cmbustin prcesses, as described abve. Prjects with ptentially significant fugitive surces f emissins shuld establish the need fr ambient quality assessment and mnitring practices. Open burning f slid wastes, whether hazardus r nnhazardus, is nt cnsidered gd practice and shuld be avided, as the generatin f plluting emissins frm this type f surce cannt be cntrlled effectively. Vlatile Organic Cmpunds (VOCs) The mst cmmn surces f fugitive VOC emissins are assciated with industrial activities that prduce, stre, and use VOC-cntaining liquids r gases where the material is under pressure, expsed t a lwer vapr pressure, r displaced frm an enclsed space. Typical surces include equipment leaks, pen vats and mixing tanks, strage tanks, unit peratins in wastewater treatment systems, and accidental releases. Equipment leaks include valves, fittings, and elbws which are subject t leaks under pressure. The recmmended preventin and cntrl techniques fr VOC emissins assciated with equipment leaks include: Equipment mdificatins, examples f which are presented in Annex 1.1.4; Implementing a leak detectin and repair (LDAR) prgram that cntrls fugitive emissins by regularly mnitring t detect leaks, and implementing repairs within a predefined time perid. 18 Fr VOC emissins assciated with handling f chemicals in pen vats and mixing prcesses, the recmmended preventin and cntrl techniques include: Substitutin f less vlatile substances, such as aqueus slvents; Cllectin f vaprs thrugh air extractrs and subsequent treatment f gas stream by remving VOCs with cntrl devices such as cndensers r activated carbn absrptin; Cllectin f vaprs thrugh air extractrs and subsequent treatment with destructive cntrl devices such as: Catalytic Incineratrs: Used t reduce VOCs frm prcess exhaust gases exiting paint spray bths, vens, and ther prcess peratins Thermal Incineratrs: Used t cntrl VOC levels in a gas stream by passing the stream thrugh a cmbustin chamber where the VOCs are burned in air at temperatures between 700º C t 1,300º C Enclsed Oxidizing Flares: Used t cnvert VOCs int CO2 and H2O by way f direct cmbustin Use f flating rfs n strage tanks t reduce the pprtunity fr vlatilizatin by eliminating the headspace present in cnventinal strage tanks. Particulate Matter (PM) The mst cmmn pllutant invlved in fugitive emissins is dust r particulate matter (PM). This is released during certain peratins, such as transprt and pen strage f slid materials, and frm expsed sil surfaces, including unpaved rads. 18 Fr mre infrmatin, see Leak Detectin and Repair Prgram (LDAR), at: APRIL 30,

9 Envirnmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY Recmmended preventin and cntrl f these emissins surces include: Use f dust cntrl methds, such as cvers, water suppressin, r increased misture cntent fr pen materials strage piles, r cntrls, including air extractin and treatment thrugh a baghuse r cyclne fr material handling surces, such as cnveyrs and bins; Use f water suppressin fr cntrl f lse materials n paved r unpaved rad surfaces. Oil and il by-prducts is nt a recmmended methd t cntrl rad dust. Examples f additinal cntrl ptins fr unpaved rads include thse summarized in Annex Ozne Depleting Substances (ODS) Several chemicals are classified as zne depleting substances (ODSs) and are scheduled fr phase-ut under the Mntreal Prtcl n Substances that Deplete the Ozne Layer. 19 N new systems r prcesses shuld be installed using CFCs, halns, 1,1,1-trichlrethane, carbn tetrachlride, methyl brmide r HBFCs. HCFCs shuld nly be cnsidered as interim / bridging alternatives as determined by the hst cuntry cmmitments and regulatins. 20 Mbile Surces Land-based Similar t ther cmbustin prcesses, emissins frm vehicles include CO, NOx, SO2, PM and VOCs. Emissins frm n-rad and ff-rad vehicles shuld cmply with natinal r reginal 19 Examples include: chlrflurcarbns (CFCs); halns; 1,1,1-trichlrethane (methyl chlrfrm); carbn tetrachlride; hydrchlrflurcarbns (HCFCs); hydrbrmflurcarbns (HBFCs); and methyl brmide. They are currently used in a variety f applicatins including: dmestic, cmmercial, and prcess refrigeratin (CFCs and HCFCs); dmestic, cmmercial, and mtr vehicle air cnditining (CFCs and HCFCs); fr manufacturing fam prducts (CFCs); fr slvent cleaning applicatins (CFCs, HCFCs, methyl chlrfrm, and carbn tetrachlride); as aersl prpellants (CFCs); in fire prtectin systems (halns and HBFCs); and as crp fumigants (methyl brmide). 20 Additinal infrmatin is available thrugh the Mntreal Prtcl Secretariat web site available at: prgrams. In the absence f these, the fllwing apprach shuld be cnsidered: Regardless f the size r type f vehicle, fleet wners / peratrs shuld implement the manufacturer recmmended engine maintenance prgrams; Drivers shuld be instructed n the benefits f driving practices that reduce bth the risk f accidents and fuel cnsumptin, including measured acceleratin and driving within safe speed limits; Operatrs with fleets f 120 r mre units f heavy duty vehicles (buses and trucks), r 540 r mre light duty vehicles 21 (cars and light trucks) within an airshed shuld cnsider additinal ways t reduce ptential impacts including: Replacing lder vehicles with newer, mre fuel efficient alternatives Cnverting high-use vehicles t cleaner fuels, where feasible Installing and maintaining emissins cntrl devices, such as catalytic cnverters Implementing a regular vehicle maintenance and repair prgram Greenhuse Gases (GHGs) Sectrs that may have ptentially significant emissins f greenhuse gases (GHGs) 22 include energy, transprt, heavy industry (e.g. cement prductin, irn / steel manufacturing, aluminum smelting, petrchemical industries, petrleum refining, fertilizer manufacturing), agriculture, frestry and waste management. GHGs may be generated frm direct emissins 21 The selected fleet size threshlds are assumed t represent ptentially significant surces f emissins based n individual vehicles traveling 100,000 km / yr using average emissin factrs. 22 The six greenhuse gases that frm part f the Kyt Prtcl t the United Natins Framewrk Cnventin n Climate Change include carbn dixide (C02); methane (CH4); nitrus xide (N2O); hydrflurcarbns (HFCs); perflurcarbns (PFCs); and sulfur hexafluride (SF 6). APRIL 30,

10 Envirnmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY frm facilities within the physical prject bundary and indirect emissins assciated with the ff-site prductin f pwer used by the prject. Recmmendatins fr reductin and cntrl f greenhuse gases include: Carbn financing; 23 Enhancement f energy efficiency (see sectin n Energy Cnservatin ); Prtectin and enhancement f sinks and reservirs f greenhuse gases; Prmtin f sustainable frms f agriculture and frestry; Prmtin, develpment and increased use f renewable frms f energy; Carbn capture and strage technlgies; 24 Limitatin and / r reductin f methane emissins Mnitring thrugh recvery and use in waste management, as well as in the prductin, transprt and distributin f energy (cal, il, and gas). Emissins and air quality mnitring prgrams prvide infrmatin that can be used t assess the effectiveness f emissins management strategies. A systematic planning prcess is recmmended t ensure that the data cllected are adequate fr their intended purpses (and t avid cllecting unnecessary data). This prcess, smetimes referred t as a data quality bjectives prcess, defines the purpse f cllecting the data, the 23 Carbn financing as a carbn emissins reductin strategy may include the hst gvernment-endrsed Clean Develpment Mechanism r Jint Implementatin f the United Natins Framewrk Cnventin n Climate Change. 24 Carbn dixide capture and strage (CCS) is a prcess cnsisting f the separatin f CO2 frm industrial and energy-related surces; transprt t a strage lcatin; and lng-term islatin frm the atmsphere, fr example in gelgical frmatins, in the cean, r in mineral carbnates (reactin f CO2 with metal xides in silicate minerals t prduce stable carbnates). It is the bject f intensive research wrldwide (Intergvernmental Panel n Climate Change (IPCC), Special Reprt, Carbn Dixide Capture and Strage (2006). decisins t be made based n the data and the cnsequences f making an incrrect decisin, the time and gegraphic bundaries, and the quality f data needed t make a crrect decisin. 25 The air quality mnitring prgram shuld cnsider the fllwing elements: Mnitring parameters: The mnitring parameters selected shuld reflect the pllutants f cncern assciated with prject prcesses. Fr cmbustin prcesses, indicatr parameters typically include the quality f inputs, such as the sulfur cntent f fuel. Baseline calculatins: Befre a prject is develped, baseline air quality mnitring at and in the vicinity f the site shuld be undertaken t assess backgrund levels f key pllutants, in rder t differentiate between existing ambient cnditins and prject-related impacts. Mnitring type and frequency: Data n emissins and ambient air quality generated thrugh the mnitring prgram shuld be representative f the emissins discharged by the prject ver time. Examples f time-dependent variatins in the manufacturing prcess include batch prcess manufacturing and seasnal prcess variatins. Emissins frm highly variable prcesses may need t be sampled mre frequently r thrugh cmpsite methds. Emissins mnitring frequency and duratin may als range frm cntinuus fr sme cmbustin prcess perating parameters r inputs (e.g. the quality f fuel) t less frequent, mnthly, quarterly r yearly stack tests. Mnitring lcatins: Ambient air quality mnitring may cnsists f ff-site r fence line mnitring either by the prject spnsr, the cmpetent gvernment agency, r by cllabratin between bth. The lcatin f ambient air 25 See, fr example, United States Envirnmental Prtectin Agency, Guidance n Systematic Planning Using the Data Quality Objectives Prcess EPA QA/G-4, EPA/240/B-06/001 February APRIL 30,

11 Envirnmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY quality mnitring statins shuld be established based n the results f scientific methds and mathematical mdels t estimate ptential impact t the receiving airshed frm an emissins surce taking int cnsideratin such aspects as the lcatin f ptentially affected cmmunities and prevailing wind directins. Sampling and analysis methds: Mnitring prgrams shuld apply natinal r internatinal methds fr sample cllectin and analysis, such as thse published by the Internatinal Organizatin fr Standardizatin, 26 the Eurpean Cmmittee fr Standardizatin, 27 r the U.S. Envirnmental Prtectin Agency. 28 Sampling shuld be cnducted by, r under, the supervisin f trained individuals. Analysis shuld be cnducted by entities permitted r certified fr this purpse. Sampling and analysis Quality Assurance / Quality Cntrl (QA/QC) plans shuld be applied and dcumented t ensure that data quality is adequate fr the intended data use (e.g., methd detectin limits are belw levels f cncern). Mnitring reprts shuld include QA/QC dcumentatin. Mnitring f Small Cmbustin Plants Emissins Additinal recmmended mnitring appraches fr bilers: Bilers with capacities between =3 MWth and < 20 MWth: Annual Stack Emissin Testing: SO2, NOx and PM. Fr gaseus fuel-fired bilers, nly NOx. SO2 can be calculated based n fuel quality certificatin if n SO2 cntrl equipment is used. 26 An n-line catalgue f ISO standards relating t the envirnment, health prtectin, and safety is available at: 3=&scpelist= 27 An n-line catalgue f Eurpean Standards is available at: 28 The Natinal Envirnmental Methds Index prvides a searchable clearinghuse f U.S. methds and prcedures fr bth regulatry and nnregulatry mnitring purpses fr water, sediment, air and tissues, and is available at If Annual Stack Emissin Testing demnstrates results cnsistently and significantly better than the required levels, frequency f Annual Stack Emissin Testing can be reduced frm annual t every tw r three years. Emissin Mnitring: Nne Bilers with capacities between =20 MWth and < 50 MWth Annual Stack Emissin Testing: SO2, NOx and PM. Fr gaseus fuel-fired bilers, nly NOx. SO2 can be calculated based n fuel quality certificatin (if n SO2 cntrl equipment is used) Emissin Mnitring: SO2. Plants with SO2 cntrl equipment: Cntinuus. NOx: Cntinuus mnitring f either NOx emissins r indicative NOx emissins using cmbustin parameters. PM: Cntinuus mnitring f either PM emissins, pacity, r indicative PM emissins using cmbustin parameters / visual mnitring. Additinal recmmended mnitring appraches fr turbines: Annual Stack Emissin Testing: NOx and SO2 (NOx nly fr gaseus fuel-fired turbines). If Annual Stack Emissin Testing results shw cnstantly (3 cnsecutive years) and significantly (e.g. less than 75 percent) better than the required levels, frequency f Annual Stack Emissin Testing can be reduced frm annual t every tw r three years. Emissin Mnitring: NOx: Cntinuus mnitring f either NOx emissins r indicative NOx emissins using cmbustin parameters.so2: Cntinuus mnitring if SO2 cntrl equipment is used. Additinal recmmended mnitring appraches fr engines: Annual Stack Emissin Testing: NOx,SO2 and PM (NOx nly fr gaseus fuel-fired diesel engines). APRIL 30,

12 Envirnmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY If Annual Stack Emissin Testing results shw cnstantly (3 cnsecutive years) and significantly (e.g. less than 75 percent) better than the required levels, frequency f Annual Stack Emissin Testing can be reduced frm annual t every tw r three years. Emissin Mnitring: NOx: Cntinuus mnitring f either NOx emissins r indicative NOx emissins using cmbustin parameters. SO2: Cntinuus mnitring if SO2 cntrl equipment is used. PM: Cntinuus mnitring f either PM emissins r indicative PM emissins using perating parameters. APRIL 30,

13 Envirnmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY Annex Air Emissins Estimatin and Dispersin Mdeling Methds The fllwing is a partial list f dcuments t aid in the estimatin f air emissins frm varius prcesses and air dispersin mdels: Australian Emissin Estimatin Technique Manuals Atmspheric Emissin Inventry Guidebk, UN / ECE / EMEP and the Eurpean Envirnment Agency Emissin factrs and emissin estimatin methds, US EPA Office f Air Quality Planning & Standards Guidelines n Air Quality Mdels (Revised), US Envirnmental Prtectin Agency (EPA), Frequently Asked Questins, Air Quality Mdeling and Assessment Unit (AQMAU), UK Envirnment Agency OECD Database n Use and Release f Industrial Chemicals APRIL 30,

14 Envirnmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY Annex Illustrative Pint Surce Air Emissins Preventin and Cntrl Technlgies Principal Surces and Issues General Preventin / Prcess Mdificatin Apprach Cntrl Optins Reductin Efficiency (%) Gas Cnditin Cmments Particulate Matter (PM) Main surces are the cmbustin f fssil fuels and numerus manufacturing prcesses that cllect PM thrugh air extractin and ventilatin systems. Vlcanes, cean spray, frest fires and blwing dust (mst prevalent in dry and semiarid climates) cntribute t backgrund levels. Fuel switching (e.g. selectin f lwer sulfur fuels) r reducing the amunt f fine particulates added t a prcess. Fabric Filters % Dry gas, temp <400F Electrstatic Precipitatr (ESP) 97 99% Varies depending f particle type Applicability depends n flue gas prperties including temperature, chemical prperties, abrasin and lad. Typical air t clth rati range f 2.0 t 3.5 cfm/ft 2 Achievable utlet cncentratins f 23 mg/nm 3 Precnditin gas t remve large particles. Efficiency dependent n resistivity f particle. Achievable utlet cncentratin f 23 mg/nm 3 Sulfur Dixide (SO2) Mainly prduced by the cmbustin f fuels such as il and cal and as a by-prduct frm sme chemical prductin r wastewater treatment prcesses. Cntrl system selectin is heavily dependent n the inlet cncentratin. Fr SO2 cncentratins in excess f 10%, the stream is passed thrugh an acid plant nt nly t lwer the SO2 emissins but als t generate high grade sulfur fr sale. Levels belw 10% are nt rich enugh fr this prcess and shuld therefre utilize absrptin r scrubbing, where SO2 mlecules are captured int a liquid phase r adsrptin, where SO2 mlecules are captured n the surface f a slid adsrbent. Cyclne 74 95% Nne Mst efficient fr large particles. Achievable utlet cncentratins f mg/nm 3 Wet Scrubber 93 95% Nne Wet sludge may be a dispsal prblem depending n lcal infrastructure. Achievable utlet cncentratins f mg/nm3 Fuel Switching >90% Alternate fuels may include lw sulfur cal, light diesel r natural gas with cnsequent reductin in particulate emissins related t sulfur in the fuel. Fuel cleaning r beneficiatin f fuels prir t cmbustin is anther viable ptin but may have ecnmic cnsequences. Srbent Injectin 30% - 70% Calcium r lime is injected int the flue gas and the SO2 is adsrbed nt the srbent Dry Flue Gas Desulfurizatin Wet Flue Gas Desulfurizatin 70%-90% Can be regenerable r thrwaway. >90% Prduces gypsum as a by-prduct APRIL 30,

15 Envirnmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY Annex 1.1.2: Illustrative Pint Surce Air Emissins Preventin and Cntrl Technlgies (cntinued) Oxides f Nitrgen (NOx) Percent Reductin by Fuel Type Cmments Assciated with cmbustin f fuel. May ccur in several frms f nitrgen xide; namely nitric xide (NO), nitrgen dixide (NO 2 ) and nitrus xide (N 2 O), which is als a greenhuse gas. The term NOx serves as a cmpsite between NO and NO 2 and emissins are usually reprted as NOx. Here the NO is multiplied by the rati f mlecular weights f NO 2 t NO and added t the NO 2 emissins. Means f reducing NOx emissins are based n the mdificatin f perating cnditins such as minimizing the resident time at peak temperatures, reducing the peak temperatures by increasing heat transfer rates r minimizing the availability f xygen. Cmbustin mdificatin (Illustrative f bilers) Cal Oil Gas Lw-excess-air firing Staged Cmbustin Flue Gas Recirculatin N/A Water/Steam Injectin N/A N/A. Lw-NOx Burners Flue Gas Treatment Cal Oil Gas Selective Catalytic Reductin (SCR) Selective Nn-Catalytic Reductin (SNCR) N/A These mdificatins are capable f reducing NOx emissins by 50 t 95%. The methd f cmbustin cntrl used depends n the type f biler and the methd f firing fuel. Flue gas treatment is mre effective in reducing NOx emissins than are cmbustin cntrls. Techniques can be classified as SCR, SNCR, and adsrptin. SCR invlves the injectin f ammnia as a reducing agent t cnvert NOx t nitrgen in the presence f a catalyst in a cnverter upstream f the air heater. Generally, sme ammnia slips thrugh and is part f the emissins. SNCR als invlves the injectin f ammnia r urea based prducts withut the presence f a catalyst. Nte: Cmpiled by IFC based n inputs frm technical experts. APRIL 30,

16 Envirnmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY Annex Gd Internatinal Industry Practice (GIIP) Stack Height (Based n United States 40 CFR, part (ii)). Annex Examples f VOC Emissins Cntrls HG = H + 1.5L; where HG = GEP stack height measured frm the grund level elevatin at the base f the stack H = Height f nearby structure(s) abve the base f the stack. L = Lesser dimensin, height (h) r width (w), f nearby structures Nearby structures = Structures within/tuching a radius f 5L but less than 800 m. Pumps Equipment Type Mdificatin Apprximate Cntrl Efficiency (%) Seal-less design Clsed-vent system Dual mechanical seal with barrier fluid maintained at a higher pressure than the pumped fluid 100 Clsed-vent system 90 Stack Prjected width (w) Cmpressrs Pressure Relief Devices Dual mechanical seal with barrier fluid maintained at a higher pressure than the cmpressed gas 100 Clsed-vent system Variable 31 Rupture disk assembly 100 Valves Seal-less design 100 H G 1.5*L Cnnectrs Weld tgether 100 Open-ended Lines Blind, cap, plug, r secnd valve 100 Maximum 5*L h H Sampling Cnnectins Clsed-lp sampling 100 Nte: Examples f technlgies are prvided fr illustrative purpses. The availability and applicability f any particular technlgy will vary depending n manufacturer specificatins. 29 Seal-less equipment can be a large surce f emissins in the event f equipment failure. 30 Actual efficiency f a clsed-vent system depends n percentage f vaprs cllected and efficiency f cntrl device t which the vaprs are ruted. 31 Cntrl efficiency f clsed vent-systems installed n a pressure relief device may be lwer than ther clsed-vent systems. APRIL 30,

17 Envirnmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY Annex Fugitive PM Emissins Cntrls Cntrl Type Cntrl Efficiency Chemical Stabilizatin 0% - 98% Hygrscpic salts Bitumens/adhesives 60% - 96% Surfactants 0% - 68% Wet Suppressin Watering 12% - 98% Speed Reductin 0% - 80% Traffic Reductin Nt quantified Paving (Asphalt / Cncrete) 85% - 99% Cvering with Gravel, Slag, r "Rad Carpet" 30% - 50% Vacuum Sweeping 0% - 58% Water Flushing/Brm Sweeping 0% - 96% APRIL 30,

18 ENERGY CONSERVATION 1.2 Energy Cnservatin Applicability and Apprach...18 Energy Management Prgrams...18 Energy Efficiency...18 Prcess Heating...19 Heating Lad Reductin...19 Heat Distributin Systems...19 Energy Cnversin System Efficiency Imprvements20 Prcess Cling...20 Lad Reductin...21 Energy Cnversin...21 Refrigerant Cmpressin Efficiency...23 Refrigeratin System Auxiliaries...23 Cmpressed Air Systems...24 Lad reductin...24 Distributin...24 Applicability and Apprach This guideline applies t facilities r prjects that cnsume energy in prcess heating and cling; prcess and auxiliary systems, such as mtrs, pumps, and fans; cmpressed air systems and heating, ventilatin and air cnditining systems (HVAC); and lighting systems. It cmplements the industryspecific emissins guidance presented in the Industry Sectr Envirnmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines by prviding infrmatin abut cmmn techniques fr energy cnservatin that may be applied t a range f industry sectrs. Energy management at the facility level shuld be viewed in the cntext f verall cnsumptin patterns, including thse assciated with prductin prcesses and supprting utilities, as well as verall impacts assciated with emissins frm pwer surces. The fllwing sectin prvides guidance n energy management with a fcus n cmmn utility systems ften representing technical and financially feasible pprtunities fr imprvement in energy cnservatin. Hwever, peratins shuld als evaluate energy cnservatin pprtunities arising frm manufacturing prcess mdificatins. Energy Management Prgrams Energy management prgrams shuld include the fllwing elements: Identificatin, and regular measurement and reprting f principal energy flws within a facility at unit prcess level Preparatin f mass and energy balance; Definitin and regular review f energy perfrmance targets, which are adjusted t accunt fr changes in majr influencing factrs n energy use Regular cmparisn and mnitring f energy flws with perfrmance targets t identify where actin shuld be taken t reduce energy use Regular review f targets, which may include cmparisn with benchmark data, t cnfirm that targets are set at apprpriate levels Energy Efficiency Fr any energy-using system, a systematic analysis f energy efficiency imprvements and cst reductin pprtunities shuld include a hierarchical examinatin f pprtunities t: Demand/Lad Side Management by reducing lads n the energy system Supply Side Management by: Reduce lsses in energy distributin Imprve energy cnversin efficiency Explit energy purchasing pprtunities Use lwer-carbn fuels APRIL 30,

19 ENERGY CONSERVATION Cmmn pprtunities in each f these areas are summarized belw. 32 Prcess Heating Prcess heating is vital t many manufacturing prcesses, including heating fr fluids, calcining, drying, heat treating, metal heating, melting, melting agglmeratin, curing, and frming 33. In prcess heating systems, a system heat and mass balance will shw hw much f the system s energy input prvides true prcess heating, and quantify fuel used t satisfy energy lsses caused by excessive parasitic lads, distributin, r cnversin lsses. Examinatin f savings pprtunities shuld be directed by the results f the heat and mass balance, thugh the fllwing techniques are ften valuable and cst-effective. Heating Lad Reductin Ensure adequate insulatin t reduce heat lsses thrugh furnace/ven etc. structure Recver heat frm ht prcess r exhaust streams t reduce system lads In intermittently-heated systems, cnsider use f lw thermal mass insulatin t reduce energy required t heat the system structure t perating temperature Cntrl prcess temperature and ther parameters accurately t avid, fr example, verheating r verdrying Examine pprtunities t use lw weight and/r lw thermal mass prduct carriers, such as heated shapers, kiln cars etc. 32 Additinal guidance n energy efficiency is available frm surces such as Natural Resurces Canada (NRCAN the Eurpean Unin (EUROPA. ), and United States Department f Energy (US DOE, Review pprtunities t schedule wrk flw t limit the need fr prcess reheating between stages Operate furnaces/vens at slight psitive pressure, and maintain air seals t reduce air in-leakage int the heated system, thereby reducing the energy required t heat unnecessary air t system perating temperature Reduce radiant heat lsses by sealing structural penings and keep viewing prts clsed when nt in use Where pssible, use the system fr lng runs clse t r at perating capacity Cnsider use f high emissivity catings f high temperature insulatin, and cnsequent reductin in prcess temperature Near net weight and shape heat designs Rbust Quality assurance n input material Rbust Scheduled maintenance prgrams Heat Distributin Systems Heat distributin in prcess heating applicatins typically takes place thrugh steam, ht water, r thermal fluid systems. Lsses can be reduced thrugh the fllwing actins: Prmptly repair distributin system leaks Avid steam leaks despite a perceived need t get steam thrugh the turbine. Electricity purchase is usually cheaper verall, especially when the cst t treat turbine-quality biler feed water is included. If the heat-pwer rati f the distributin prcess is less than that f pwer systems, pprtunities shuld be cnsidered t increase the rati; fr example, by using lw-pressure steam t drive absrptin cling systems rather than using electrically-driven vaprcmpressin systems. Regularly verify crrect peratin f steam traps in steam systems, and ensure that traps are nt bypassed. Since 33 US DOE. APRIL 30,

20 ENERGY CONSERVATION steam traps typically last apprximately 5 years, 20% shuld be replaced r repaired annually Insulate distributin system vessels, such as ht wells and de-aeratrs, in steam systems and thermal fluid r ht water strage tanks Insulate all steam, cndensate, ht water and thermal fluid distributin pipewrk, dwn t and including 1 (25 mm) diameter pipe, in additin t insulating all ht valves and flanges In steam systems, return cndensate t the biler huse fr re-use, since cndensate is expensive biler-quality water and valuable beynd its heat cntent alne Use flash steam recvery systems t reduce lsses due t evapratin f high-pressure cndensate Cnsider steam expansin thrugh a back-pressure turbine rather than reducing valve statins Eliminate distributin system lsses by adpting pint-fuse heating systems Energy Cnversin System Efficiency Imprvements The fllwing efficiency pprtunities shuld be examined fr prcess furnaces r vens, and utility systems, such as bilers and fluid heaters: Regularly mnitr CO, xygen r CO2 cntent f flue gases t verify that cmbustin systems are using the minimum practical excess air vlumes Cnsider cmbustin autmatin using xygen-trim cntrls Minimize the number f bilers r heaters used t meet lads. It is typically mre efficient t run ne biler at 90% f capacity than tw at 45%. Minimize the number f bilers kept at ht standby Use flue dampers t eliminate ventilatin lsses frm ht bilers held at standby Maintain clean heat transfer surfaces; in steam bilers, flue gases shuld be n mre than 20 K abve steam temperature) In steam biler systems, use ecnmizers t recver heat frm flue gases t pre-heat biler feed water r cmbustin air Cnsider reverse smsis r electrdialysis feed water treatment t minimize the requirement fr biler blwdwn Adpt autmatic (cntinuus) biler blwdwn Recver heat frm blwdwn systems thrugh flash steam recvery r feed-water preheat D nt supply excessive quantities f steam t the deaeratr With fired heaters, cnsider pprtunities t recver heat t cmbustin air thrugh the use f recuperative r regenerative burner systems Fr systems perating fr extended perids (> 6000 hurs/year), cgeneratin f electrical pwer, heat and /r cling can be cst effective Oxy Fuel burners Oxygen enrichment/injectin Use f turblatrs in bilers Sizing design and use f multiple bilers fr different lad cnfiguratins Fuel quality cntrl/fuel blending Prcess Cling The general methdlgy utlined abve shuld be applied t prcess cling systems. Cmmnly used and cst-effective measures t imprve prcess cling efficiency are described belw. APRIL 30,