GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

Transcription

1 Envirnmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines 1.6 Waste Management Applicability and Apprach...46 General Waste Management...47 Waste Management Planning...47 Waste Preventin...47 Recycling and Reuse...48 Treatment and Dispsal...48 Hazardus Waste Management...48 Waste Strage...48 Transprtatin...49 Treatment and Dispsal...49 Cmmercial r Gvernment Waste Cntractrs...49 Small Quantities f Hazardus Waste...50 Mnitring...50 Applicability and Apprach These guidelines apply t prjects that generate, stre, r handle any quantity f waste acrss a range f industry sectrs. It is nt intended t apply t prjects r facilities where the primary business is the cllectin, transprtatin, treatment, r dispsal f wastes. Specific guidance fr these types f facilities is presented in the Envirnmental Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines fr Waste Management Facilities. A waste is any slid, liquid, r cntained gaseus material that is being discarded by dispsal, recycling, burning r incineratin. It can be byprduct f a manufacturing prcess r an bslete cmmercial prduct that can n lnger be used fr intended purpse and requires dispsal. Slid (nn-hazardus) wastes generally include any garbage, refuse. Examples f such waste include dmestic trash and garbage; inert cnstructin / demlitin materials; refuse, such as metal scrap and empty cntainers (except thse previusly used t cntain hazardus materials which shuld, in principle, be managed as a hazardus waste); and residual waste frm industrial peratins, such as biler slag, clinker, and fly ash. Hazardus waste shares the prperties f a hazardus material (e.g. ignitability, crrsivity, reactivity, r txicity), r ther physical, chemical, r bilgical characteristics that may pse a ptential risk t human health r the envirnment if imprperly managed. Wastes may als be defined as hazardus by lcal regulatins r internatinal cnventins, based n the rigin f the waste and its inclusin n hazardus waste lists, r based n its characteristics. Sludge frm a waste treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, r air pllutin cntrl facility, and ther discarded material, including slid, liquid, semislid, r cntained gaseus material resulting frm industrial peratins needs t be evaluated n a case-by-case basis t establish whether it cnstitutes a hazardus r a nn-hazardus waste. Facilities that generate and stre wastes shuld practice the fllwing: Establishing waste management pririties at the utset f activities based n an understanding f ptential Envirnmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) risks and impacts and cnsidering waste generatin and its cnsequences Establishing a waste management hierarchy that cnsiders preventin, reductin, reuse, recvery, recycling, remval and finally dispsal f wastes. Aviding r minimizing the generatin waste materials, as far as practicable Where waste generatin cannt be avided but has been minimized, recvering and reusing waste APRIL 30,

2 Envirnmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines Where waste can nt be recvered r reused, treating, destrying, and dispsing f it in an envirnmentally sund manner General Waste Management The fllwing guidance applies t the management f nnhazardus and hazardus waste. Additinal guidance specifically applicable t hazardus wastes is presented belw. Waste management shuld be addressed thrugh a Waste management system that addresses issues linked t waste minimizatin, generatin, transprt, dispsal, and mnitring. Waste Management Planning Facilities that generate waste shuld characterize their waste accrding t cmpsitin, surce, types f wastes prduced, generatin rates, r accrding t lcal regulatry requirements. Effective planning and implementatin f waste management strategies shuld include: Review f new waste surces during planning, siting, and design activities, including during equipment mdificatins and prcess alteratins, t identify expected waste generatin, pllutin preventin pprtunities, and necessary treatment, strage, and dispsal infrastructure Cllectin f data and infrmatin abut the prcess and waste streams in existing facilities, including characterizatin f waste streams by type, quantities, and ptential use/dispsitin Establishment f pririties based n a risk analysis that takes int accunt the ptential EHS risks during the waste cycle and the availability f infrastructure t manage the waste in an envirnmentally sund manner Definitin f pprtunities fr surce reductin, as well as reuse and recycling Definitin f prcedures and peratinal cntrls fr nsite strage Definitin f ptins / prcedures / peratinal cntrls fr treatment and final dispsal Waste Preventin Prcesses shuld be designed and perated t prevent, r minimize, the quantities f wastes generated and hazards assciated with the wastes generated in accrdance with the fllwing strategy: Substituting raw materials r inputs with less hazardus r txic materials, r with thse where prcessing generates lwer waste vlumes Applying manufacturing prcess that cnvert materials efficiently, prviding higher prduct utput yields, including mdificatin f design f the prductin prcess, perating cnditins, and prcess cntrls 50 Instituting gd husekeeping and perating practices, including inventry cntrl t reduce the amunt f waste resulting frm materials that are ut-f-date, ffspecificatin, cntaminated, damaged, r excess t plant needs Instituting prcurement measures that recgnize pprtunities t return usable materials such as cntainers and which prevents the ver rdering f materials Minimizing hazardus waste generatin by implementing stringent waste segregatin t prevent the cmmingling f nn-hazardus and hazardus waste t be managed 50 Examples f waste preventin strategies include the cncept f Lean Manufacturing fund at APRIL 30,

3 Envirnmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines Recycling and Reuse In additin t the implementatin f waste preventin strategies, the ttal amunt f waste may be significantly reduced thrugh the implementatin f recycling plans, which shuld cnsider the fllwing elements: Evaluatin f waste prductin prcesses and identificatin f ptentially recyclable materials Identificatin and recycling f prducts that can be reintrduced int the manufacturing prcess r industry activity at the site Investigatin f external markets fr recycling by ther industrial prcessing peratins lcated in the neighbrhd r regin f the facility (e.g., waste exchange) Establishing recycling bjectives and frmal tracking f waste generatin and recycling rates Prviding training and incentives t emplyees in rder t meet bjectives Treatment and Dispsal If waste materials are still generated after the implementatin f feasible waste preventin, reductin, reuse, recvery and recycling measures, waste materials shuld be treated and dispsed f and all measures shuld be taken t avid ptential impacts t human health and the envirnment. Selected management appraches shuld be cnsistent with the characteristics f the waste and lcal regulatins, and may include ne r mre f the fllwing: On-site r ff-site bilgical, chemical, r physical treatment f the waste material t render it nnhazardus prir t final dispsal Treatment r dispsal at permitted facilities specially designed t receive the waste. Examples include: cmpsting peratins fr rganic nn-hazardus wastes; prperly designed, permitted and perated landfills r incineratrs designed fr the respective type f waste; r ther methds knwn t be effective in the safe, final dispsal f waste materials such as biremediatin. Hazardus Waste Management Hazardus wastes shuld always be segregated frm nnhazardus wastes. If generatin f hazardus waste can nt be prevented thrugh the implementatin f the abve general waste management practices, its management shuld fcus n the preventin f harm t health, safety, and the envirnment, accrding t the fllwing additinal principles: Understanding ptential impacts and risks assciated with the management f any generated hazardus waste during its cmplete life cycle Ensuring that cntractrs handling, treating, and dispsing f hazardus waste are reputable and legitimate enterprises, licensed by the relevant regulatry agencies and fllwing gd internatinal industry practice fr the waste being handled Ensuring cmpliance with applicable lcal and internatinal regulatins 51 Waste Strage Hazardus waste shuld be stred s as t prevent r cntrl accidental releases t air, sil, and water resurces in area lcatin where: 51 Internatinal requirements may include hst-cuntry cmmitments under the Basel Cnventin n the Cntrl f Transbundary Mvements f Hazardus Waste and their dispsal ( and Rtterdam Cnventin n the prir Infrm Cnsent Prcedure fr Certain Hazardus Chemicals and Pesticides in Internatinal Trade ( APRIL 30,

4 Envirnmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines Waste is stred in a manner that prevents the cmmingling r cntact between incmpatible wastes, and allws fr inspectin between cntainers t mnitr leaks r spills. Examples include sufficient space between incmpatibles r physical separatin such as walls r cntainment curbs Stre in clsed cntainers away frm direct sunlight, wind and rain Secndary cntainment systems shuld be cnstructed with materials apprpriate fr the wastes being cntained and adequate t prevent lss t the envirnment Secndary cntainment is included wherever liquid wastes are stred in vlumes greater than 220 liters. The available vlume f secndary cntainment shuld be at least 110 percent f the largest strage cntainer, r 25 percent f the ttal strage capacity (whichever is greater), in that specific lcatin Prvide adequate ventilatin where vlatile wastes are stred. Hazardus waste strage activities shuld als be subject t special management actins, cnducted by emplyees wh have received specific training in handling and strage f hazardus wastes: Prvisin f readily available infrmatin n chemical cmpatibility t emplyees, including labeling each cntainer t identify its cntents Limiting access t hazardus waste strage areas t emplyees wh have received prper training Clearly identifying (label) and demarcating the area, including dcumentatin f its lcatin n a facility map r site plan Cnducting peridic inspectins f waste strage areas and dcumenting the findings Preparing and implementing spill respnse and emergency plans t address their accidental release (additinal infrmatin n Emergency Plans in prvided in Sectin 3 f this dcument) Aviding undergrund strage tanks and undergrund piping f hazardus waste Transprtatin On-site and Off-site transprtatin f waste shuld be cnducted s as t prevent r minimize spills, releases, and expsures t emplyees and the public. All waste cntainers designated fr ff-site shipment shuld be secured and labeled with the cntents and assciated hazards, be prperly laded n the transprt vehicles befre leaving the site, and be accmpanied by a shipping paper (i.e., manifest) that describes the lad and its assciated hazards, cnsistent with the guidance prvided in Sectin 3.4 n the Transprt f Hazardus Materials. Treatment and Dispsal In additin t the recmmendatins fr treatment and dispsal applicable t general wastes, the fllwing issues specific t hazardus wastes shuld be cnsidered: Cmmercial r Gvernment Waste Cntractrs In the absence f qualified cmmercial r gvernment-wned waste vendrs (taking int cnsideratin prximity and transprtatin requirements), facilities generating waste shuld cnsider using: Have the technical capability t manage the waste in a manner that reduces immediate and future impact t the envirnment Have all required permits, certificatins, and apprvals, f applicable gvernment authrities APRIL 30,

5 Envirnmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines Have been secured thrugh the use f frmal prcurement agreements In the absence f qualified cmmercial r gvernment-wned waste dispsal peratrs (taking int cnsideratin prximity and transprtatin requirements), prject spnsrs shuld cnsider using: Installing n-site waste treatment r recycling prcesses As a final ptin, cnstructing facilities that will prvide fr the envirnmental sund lng-term strage f wastes n-site (as described elsewhere in the General EHS Guidelines) r at an alternative apprpriate lcatin up until external cmmercial ptins becme available Small Quantities f Hazardus Waste Hazardus waste materials are frequently generated in small quantities by many prjects thrugh a variety f activities such as equipment and building maintenance activities. Examples f these types f wastes include: spent slvents and ily rags, empty paint cans, chemical cntainers; used lubricating il; used batteries (such as nickel-cadmium r lead acid); and lighting equipment, such as lamps r lamp ballasts. These wastes shuld be managed fllwing the guidance prvided in the abve sectins. Mnitring Mnitring activities assciated with the management f hazardus and nn-hazardus waste shuld include: Regular visual inspectin f all waste strage cllectin and strage areas fr evidence f accidental releases and t verify that wastes are prperly labeled and stred. When significant quantities f hazardus wastes are generated and stred n site, mnitring activities shuld include: Inspectin f vessels fr leaks, drips r ther indicatins f lss Identificatin f cracks, crrsin, r damage t tanks, prtective equipment, r flrs Verificatin f lcks, emergency valves, and ther safety devices fr easy peratin (lubricating if required and emplying the practice f keeping lcks and safety equipment in standby psitin when the area is nt ccupied) Checking the perability f emergency systems Dcumenting results f testing fr integrity, emissins, r mnitring statins (air, sil vapr, r grundwater) Dcumenting any changes t the strage facility, and any significant changes in the quantity f materials in strage Regular audits f waste segregatin and cllectin practices Tracking f waste generatin trends by type and amunt f waste generated, preferably by facility departments Characterizing waste at the beginning f generatin f a new waste stream, and peridically dcumenting the characteristics and prper management f the waste, especially hazardus wastes Keeping manifests r ther recrds that dcument the amunt f waste generated and its destinatin Peridic auditing f third party treatment, and dispsal services including re-use and recycling facilities when significant quantities f hazardus wastes are managed by third parties. Whenever pssible, audits shuld include site visits t the treatment strage and dispsal lcatin APRIL 30,

6 Envirnmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines Regular mnitring f grundwater quality in cases f Hazardus Waste n site strage and/r pretreatment and dispsal Mnitring recrds fr hazardus waste cllected, stred, r shipped shuld include: Name and identificatin number f the material(s) cmpsing the hazardus waste Physical state (i.e., slid, liquid, gaseus r a cmbinatin f ne, r mre, f these) Quantity (e.g., kilgrams r liters, number f cntainers) Waste shipment tracking dcumentatin t include, quantity and type, date dispatched, date transprted and date received, recrd f the riginatr, the receiver and the transprter Methd and date f string, repacking, treating, r dispsing at the facility, crss-referenced t specific manifest dcument numbers applicable t the hazardus waste Lcatin f each hazardus waste within the facility, and the quantity at each lcatin APRIL 30,