10.3 Atmospheres of Moon and Mercury
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1 10.3 Atmospheres of Moon and Mercury Our goals for learning: Do the Moon and Mercury have any atmosphere?
2 Do the Moon and Mercury have any atmosphere?
3 Exospheres of the Moon and Mercury Sensitive measurements show that the Moon and Mercury have extremely thin atmospheres. Gas comes from impacts that eject surface atoms.
4 Ice in Polar Craters Deep craters near the lunar poles show evidence of water ice. Possible on Mercury as well. Green circles indicate craters with ice.
5 What have we learned? Do the Moon and Mercury have any atmosphere? The Moon and Mercury have very thin atmospheres made up of particles ejected from surface.
6 10.4 The Atmospheric History of Mars Our goals for learning: What is Mars like today? Why did Mars change?
7 What is Mars like today?
8 Seasons on Mars The ellipticity of Mars's orbit makes seasons more extreme in the southern hemisphere.
9 Polar Ice Caps of Mars Late winter Mid-spring Early summer Carbon dioxide ice of polar cap sublimates as summer approaches and condenses at opposite pole.
10 Polar Ice Caps of Mars Residual ice of the south polar cap remaining during summer is primarily water ice.
11 Dust Storms on Mars Martian Dust Devil Seasonal winds can drive dust storms on Mars. Dust in the atmosphere absorbs blue light, sometimes making the sky look brownish-pink.
12 Changing Axis Tilt Calculations suggest Mars's axis tilt ranges from 0 to 60. Such extreme variations can cause climate changes. Alternating layers of ice and dust in polar regions reflect these climate changes.
13 Why did Mars change?
14 Climate Change on Mars Mars has not had widespread surface water for 3 billion years. Greenhouse effect probably kept the surface warmer before that. Somehow Mars lost most of its atmosphere.
15 Climate Change on Mars Magnetic field may have preserved early Martian atmosphere. Solar wind may have stripped atmosphere after field decreased because of interior cooling.
16 What have we learned? What is Mars like today? Mars is cold, dry, and frozen. Strong seasonal changes cause CO 2 to move from pole to pole, leading to dust storms. Why did Mars change? Its atmosphere must have once been much thicker for its greenhouse effect to allow liquid water on the surface. Somehow Mars lost most of its atmosphere, perhaps because of its declining magnetic field.
17 10.5 The Atmospheric History of Venus Our goals for learning: What is Venus like today? How did Venus get so hot?
18 What is Venus like today?
19 Atmosphere of Venus Venus has a very thick carbon dioxide atmosphere with a surface pressure 90 times that of Earth. Slow rotation produces a very weak Coriolis effect and little weather.
20 Greenhouse Effect on Venus Thick carbon dioxide atmosphere produces an extremely strong greenhouse effect. Earth escapes this fate because most of its carbon and water is in rocks and oceans.
21 How did Venus get so hot?
22 Runaway Greenhouse Effect A runaway greenhouse effect would account for why Venus has so little water.
23 What have we learned? What is Venus like today? Venus has an extremely thick CO 2 atmosphere. Slow rotation means little weather. How did Venus get so hot? Runaway greenhouse effect made Venus too hot for liquid oceans. All carbon dioxide remains in atmosphere, leading to an extreme greenhouse effect.
24 10.6 Earth's Unique Atmosphere Our goals for learning: How did Earth's atmosphere end up so different? Why does Earth's climate stay relatively stable? How is human activity changing our planet?
25 How did Earth's atmosphere end up so different?
26 Four Important Questions Why did Earth retain most of its outgassed water? Why does Earth have so little atmospheric carbon dioxide, unlike Venus? Why does Earth's atmosphere consist mostly of nitrogen and oxygen? Why does Earth have an ultraviolet-absorbing stratosphere?
27 Earth's Water and CO 2 Earth's temperature remained cool enough for liquid oceans to form. Oceans dissolve atmospheric CO 2, enabling carbon to be trapped in rocks.
28 Nitrogen and Oxygen Most of Earth's carbon and oxygen is in rocks, leaving a mostly nitrogen atmosphere. Plants release some oxygen from CO 2 into atmosphere.
29 Ozone and the Stratosphere Ultraviolet light can break up O 2 molecules, allowing ozone (O 3 ) to form. Without plants to release O 2, there would be no ozone in stratosphere to absorb ultraviolet light. Only Earth has a stratosphere!
30 Why does Earth's climate stay relatively stable?
31 Carbon Dioxide Cycle 1. Atmospheric CO 2 dissolves in rainwater. 2. Rain erodes minerals that flow into ocean. 3. Minerals combine with carbon to make rocks on ocean floor.
32 Carbon Dioxide Cycle 4. Subduction carries carbonate rock down into mantle. 5. Rock melts in mantle and CO 2 is outgassed back into atmosphere through volcanoes.
33 Earth's Thermostat Cooling allows CO 2 to build up in atmosphere. Heating causes rain to reduce CO 2 in atmosphere.
34 Long-Term Climate Change Changes in Earth's axis tilt might lead to ice ages. Widespread ice tends to lower global temperatures by increasing Earth's reflectivity. CO 2 from outgassing will build up if oceans are frozen, ultimately raising global temperatures again.
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