4. (Page 4.) What causes an axon potential to occur at the axon hillock?
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1 Study Questions on the Action Potential: 1. (Page 1.) What is another name for an action potential? 2. (Page 3.) What does an action potential consist of? 3. (Page 4.) Where is the action potential generated? 4. (Page 4.) What causes an axon potential to occur at the axon hillock? 5. (Page 5.) What happens to ion channels when the membrane depolarizes at the axon hillock? 6. (Page 6.) How much does the axon hillock have to depolarize to reach threshold? 7. (Page 6.) What happens at threshold? 8. (Page 6.) What happens if there is a weak stimulus at the axon hillock and threshold is not reached? 9. (Page 6.) Do action potentials always have the same amplitude and the same duration? 10. (Page 6.) Threshold is a special membrane potential where the process of depolarization becomes regenerative. What does this mean? 11. (Page 7.) What happens to sodium voltage-gated channels at threshold? 12. (Page 7.) Explain how the positive feedback loop maintains the rising phase of the action potential. 13. (Page 8.) Label the diagrams on page (Page 8, 9.) The rising phase of the action potential ends when the positive feedback loop is interrupted. What two processes break the loop? 15. (Page 8.) What are the names of the two gates on the voltage-gated sodium channels? 16. (Page 8.) When does the voltage-sensitive gate open? 17. (Page 8.) What is the function of the time-sensitive inactivation gate?
2 18. (Page 8.) What happens to the voltage gated sodium channels at the peak of the action potential? 19. (Page 9.) When do the voltage-gated potassium channels open? 20. (Page 9.) What happens when the voltage-gated potassium channels open and the potassium moves out of the cell? 21. (Page 10.) When does repolarization occur? What happens to the membrane potential? 22. (Page 11.) What is hyperpolarization? 23. (Page 11.) Why does hyperpolarization occur? 24. (Page 12.) Label the graph on the right. 25. (Page 12.) During the action potential, when does sodium permeability increase rapidly? a. during repolarization b. during the rising phase of the action potential 26. (Page 12.) During the action potential, when does sodium permeability decrease rapidly? a. during repolarization b. during the rising phase of the action potential 27. (Page 12.) During the action potential, when is potassium permeability the greatest? a. during repolarization b. during the rising phase of the action potential 28. (Page 12.) During the action potential, when does potassium permeability decrease slowly? a. during repolarization b. during the rising phase of the action potential
3 29. (Page 12.) The rapid increase in sodium permeability is responsible for. a. the repolarization of the cell b. the hyperpolarization c. the rising phase of the action potential 30. (Page 12.) The rapid decrease in sodium permeability and simultaneous increase in potassium permeability is responsible for. a. the repolarization of the cell b. the hyperpolarization c. the rising phase of the action potential 31. (Page 12.) The slow decline in potassium permeability is responsible for. a. the repolarization of the cell b. the hyperpolarization c. the rising phase of the action potential
4 32. (Page 13.) Which part of the graph to the right corresponds to the following: hyperpolarization depolarization rest initiation of repolarization repolarization 33. (Page 13.) Which part of the graph to the right corresponds to: A time when voltage-gated sodium channels are inactivated, then reset to the closed state. Potassium channels continue to open. A time when voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels are closed. A time when voltage-gated sodium channels begin to inactivate and voltage-gated potassium channels begin to open. A time when some voltage-gated potassium channels remain open, resulting in movement of potassium out of the cell. A time when voltage-gated sodium channels open rapidly, resulting in movement of sodium into the cell. 34. (Page 13.) Which phase of the action potential does the diagram below best
5 35. (Page 13.) Which phase of the action potential does the diagram below best 36. (Page 13.) Which phase of the action potential does the diagram below best 37. (Page 13.) Which phase of the action potential does the diagram below best 38. (Page 13.) Which phase of the action potential does the diagram below best
6 39. (Page 14.) What is the absolute refractory period? 40. (Page 14.) Why can't a neuron generate another action potential during the absolute refractory period? 41. (Page 15.) What is the relative refractory period? 42. (Page 15.) Why is it more difficult for a neuron to generate another action potential during the relative refractory period? 43. (Page 14, 15.) What letter on this graph to the right corresponds to the absolute refractory period? 44. (Page 14, 15.) What letter on this graph to the right corresponds to the relative refractory period? 45. (Page 16.) What happens after an action potential is generated at the axon hillock? 46. (Page 16.) How is an action potential propagated down the axon? 47. (Page 17.) What is conduction velocity? 48. (Page 17.) What two factors does conduction velocity depend on? 49. (Page 17.) What is the effect of axon diameter on conduction velocity? 50. (Page 17.) What is the effect of myelin on conduction velocity?
7 51. (Page 17.) Why do myelinated axons conduct action potentials faster than non myelinated axons? 52. (Summary) Fill out the chart associated with quiz question #2.
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