Information and Communications Technology

Transcription

1 workforce & economic DEVELOPMENT SANTA MONICA COLLEGE > Supply and Demand for ICT Occupations Information and Communications Technology SANTA MONICA COLLEGE 2014

2 Contents 1 Executive Summary 2 Introduction 3 Economic Overview For Key Occupations 3 ICT Occupations 4 Employment and Employment Change 6 Job Openings and New Job Growth 9 Earnings Comparisons 10 Analysis of Job Postings 12 ICT Industry Overview 14 Measuring Educational Supply and Occupational Demand 14 Methodology Overview 16 Supply and Demand Characteristics 18 Educational Gap Analysis 21 Appendix 21 ICT Industries 23 Educational institutions output 33 List of O*NET Titles for ICT Occupations 36 List of ICT Businesses by NAICS Code 37 Acknowledgments

3 1 Executive Summary Information Communications Technology (ICT) clearly plays a critical role in the Los Angeles regional economy. As a result, there are numerous opportunities for Santa Monica College to expand current programs and offer new programs to serve this growing demand. The following are some of the key highlights of this analysis: Total current employment for ICT occupations in Los Angeles County is over 310,000, which is roughly 5% of all regional employment. Over the past five years, ICT employment has increased by 0.1% annually, which is slightly better than the Los Angeles County average. Over the next five years, ICT employment is projected to increase at nearly the same rate as all employment in Los Angeles County (0.9% for ICT; compared to 1.0% for the county). ICT occupations projected to add the most new jobs include market research analysts and marketing specialists, photographers, producers and directors, and computer user support specialists. In terms of percentage growth, several of the ICT occupations are among the top third of all jobs for projected new job growth; these include market research analysts and marketing specialists, database administrators, web developers, information security analysts, and network and computer systems administrators. ICT occupations offer very competitive earnings compared to the regional average for Los Angeles County. At the median, ICT occupations pay $32.38 per hour, which is considerably higher than the regional median of $21.45 per hour. Although ICT occupations compose 3% of jobs in Los Angeles, they account for 12% of all job postings for October ICT industries account for more than 394,000 jobs, which is 7% of all employment in Los Angeles County. Of those, 110,584 jobs, or 28%, are in ICT occupations. Among ICT occupations at the postsecondary award and certificate level, all occupation groups except for engineering face significant workforce gaps. Computers & IT occupations face the largest gap; there are 841 annual openings, compared to 236 average annual completions. Creative occupations are a distant second behind; 791 total completers are available for 1,282 projected job openings, resulting in an annual gap of 491. Among ICT occupations at the associate s level, creative occupations are the largest workforce issue, with 1,134 unmet annual openings. Computers and IT occupations also have a major gap, with 771 unmet annual openings. Business, design and production occupations are also facing large annual gaps, between 300 and 640 jobs. Alternatively, engineering programs appear to be overproducing relative to local demand with an annual surplus of 81 trained workers.

4 INTRODUCTION 2 The term Information and Communications Technology (ICT) has arisen in recent years to describe a new field of technology encompassing traditional information technology roles with communications-based sectors that are rapidly evolving and converging with IT. The traditional responsibility of IT workers is to maintain businesses computers, software, and to a lesser extent telecommunications. Though ICT still contains such workers, it also encompasses a wider array of responsibilities: information management and security, hardware production, user experience design, and e-commerce. Information and Communications Technology Santa Monica College engaged Economic Modeling Specialists International (EMSI) to study the ICT sector in Los Angeles County, with particular focus on current and projected labor market demand. This report contains an analysis of ICT occupations, ICT industries, and an educational gap analysis that compares forecasted demand with output being produced by local colleges. What data is not included in the body of the report is included in the appendix. When discussing employment, it is common to mix the terms industry and occupation, particularly in fields such as ICT, where there are some components of both. At the outset it is necessary to differentiate the two. Industries represent a collection of businesses that are similar in the type of product or service that they offer to customers. Occupations are defined by the specialized role of an individual within a business or as a sole proprietor. There are ICT industries that focus on producing and distributing ICT technologies, and there are ICT occupations that describe the types of workers who are responsible for creating, implementing, or using ICT technologies. As shown in Figure 1, the fields overlap some but also contain some exclusive fields of employment. It is possible for an ICT worker to be employed within an ICT industry (e.g., a software developer working for a mobile app development company), and it is possible for an ICT worker to be employed in a non-ict industry (e.g., a network administrator working in the finance industry). The intent of this report is to quantify employment for all sectors of the economy that are ICT-related, including both industries and occupations. Greater focus will be given to the occupational side, as SMC is interested in training workers with specific ICT skills rather than training workers for employment within an industry. ICT INDUSTRIES ICT OCCUPATIONS FIGURE 1: ICT INDUSTRIES AND ICT OCCUPATIONS

5 3 Economic Overview For Key Occupations ICT Occupations The ICT occupations considered in this analysis were selected by EMSI in September 2013 based on direction from SMC staff and research of previous ICT analyses performed by the California Centers of Excellence (CCOE) and the Mid- Pacific Information and Communications Technology Center (MPICTC). ICT takes a unique form in western Los Angeles, with more emphasis on regional economic drivers such as entertainment, web design, and e-commerce. As such, the occupational cluster defined here contains several occupations that have not been considered in previous analyses of the ICT workforce. Another key difference is that previous analyses captured a wider group of occupations, which were split between primary and secondary ICT workers. For the sake of simplicity and accuracy, just one group of ICT occupations is included in this analysis. The occupations listed in Table 1 are based on 2010 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC) codes. There are 30 occupations in the group, many of which (13) are in the SOC series, which contains computer occupations. The remainder are engineering, design, business, production, or creative occupations. The cluster of engineering jobs are an essential component, as these individuals work closely with designers and software developers in the creation of computer and telecommunications equipment. In the world of employment, these occupations can go by many different names. To provide further guidance on how a particular lay title may be aligned with these SOC codes Table A6 of the appendix displays alternate job titles for each SOC code. TABLE 1: LIST OF ICT OCCUPATIONS SOC Code Description Computer and Information Systems Managers Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists Computer and Information Research Scientists Computer Systems Analysts Information Security Analysts Computer Programmers Software Developers, Applications Software Developers, Systems Software Web Developers Database Administrators Network and Computer Systems Administrators Computer Network Architects Computer User Support Specialists Computer Network Support Specialists Computer Occupations, All Other Computer Hardware Engineers Electrical Engineers Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technicians Art Directors Commercial and Industrial Designers Graphic Designers Producers and Directors Radio and Television Announcers Broadcast News Analysts Reporters and Correspondents Editors Writers and Authors Photographers Film and Video Editors Desktop Publishers

6 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW FOR KEY OCCUPATIONS 4 ICT jobs in LA County are projected to produce over 10,100 new jobs per year between 2013 and Employment and Employment Change As shown in Table 2, total current employment for ICT occupations in Los Angeles County is 310,458, which is roughly 5% of all regional employment. Over the past five years, ICT employment has increased by 0.1% annually, which is slightly better than the Los Angeles County average of 0.0% growth. Over the next five years, ICT employment is projected to increase at nearly the same rate as all employment in Los Angeles County (0.9% for ICT; compared to 1.0% for the county). Though this may not appear to be an overwhelming growth rate, the Los Angeles metro area is projected to be among the nation s top five contributors of new jobs over the next five years, meaning that LA County s ICT employment is poised to be one of the drivers of one of the highest-growth regions in the nation. ICT jobs in LA County are projected to produce over 10,100 new jobs per year between 2013 and By comparison, construction occupations one of the largest sectors of the county s economy are projected to produce fewer annual openings (roughly 5,500) over the next five years than are ICT occupations. TABLE 2: JOB GROWTH COMPARISONS BETWEEN ICT AND THE LOS ANGELES COUNTY AVERAGE AVERAGE ANNUAL GROWTH RATE 2013 Jobs Past 5 Years Next 5 Years Projected Average Annual Openings ICT Occupations 310, % 0.9% 10,198 Regional Average 5,702, % 1.0% 211,705 employment

7 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW FOR KEY OCCUPATIONS 5 Looking at past growth rates can indicate how employment has been trending in recent years and whether that change was correlated with recent recessions. Figure 2 displays cumulative employment change between 2001 and The location of the line in any year indicates the degree by which employment has changed since 2001, the first year shown. For instance, in 2013 employment for ICT occupations is at 1.04, indicating that it has increased by 4% since Figure 2 displays that over the past 12 years employment for ICT occupa- tions has largely followed the same track as total regional employment, except for 2004 when ICT employment dropped relative to other sectors. Along with all other sectors, ICT employment decreased during the recession but then rebounded in Since that time has kept pace with the rest of the economy. As indicated in Table 2 and Figure 2, projected growth for ICT occupations is nearly equal with the Los Angeles economy as a whole. FIGURE 2: CUMULATIVE GROWTH IN ICT EMPLOYMENT COMPARED TO LA COUNTY TOTAL, GROWTH RATE ICT Occupations All Jobs in Los Angeles Source: EMSI Complete Employment

8 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW FOR KEY OCCUPATIONS 6 Job Openings and New Job Growth Figure 3 and Table 3 examine several different sources of job openings. The term job openings is more inclusive than job growth, as it contains both new and replacement jobs. New jobs represent net job creation, and replacement jobs represent job vacancies due to a previous employee vacating a position. Both factors are important because in many cases, replacement jobs are a larger source of employment than new job growth, but job growth indicates how the local economy is shifting over time and how that favors growth among ICT jobs. One helpful analogy is the snowball effect that occurs when a job category grows over time. When there is net increase in new jobs, a higher number of replacement jobs will come along with it because the snowball is growing over time. Each individual job title within the group of ICT occupations has its own unique prospects and challenges. Figure 3 displays the top 10 occupations projected to produce the highest number of annual openings between 2013 and Table 3 displays the annual openings data in detail along with employment for 2008, 2013, 2018, and the average annual growth rate for each category over the proceeding five years. FIGURE 3: PROJECTED ANNUAL OPENINGS FOR TOP 10 ICT OCCUPATIONS ,200 1,400 Writers and Authors 1,192 Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists Producers and Directors 1,161 1,152 Photographers Graphic Designers Computer User Support Specialists 599 Art Directors Computer Systems Analysts Source: EMSI Complete Employment

9 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW FOR KEY OCCUPATIONS 7 In terms of job openings, writers and authors, market research analysts and marketing specialists and producers and directors lead the way, followed by a group of computer specific occupations such as user support specialists and systems analysts. Also high on this list is one of the critical creative occupations, art directors. In total, the computer-specific occupations compose 29% of all potential job openings over the next five years. Though annual openings are the best measure for projecting the number of jobs that will be available in future years, it is also helpful to analyze new job growth and growth rates, as these indicate how the local economy is shifting over time (i.e.: the snowball effect referenced above). Figure 4 shows the top 10 ICT occupations in terms of new job growth between 2013 and Occupations projected to add the most new jobs include market research analysts and marketing specialists, photographers, producers and directors, and computer user support specialists. In terms of percentage growth, several of the ICT occupations are among the top third of all jobs for projected new job growth; these include market research analysts and marketing specialists, database administrators, web developers, information security analysts, and network and computer systems administrators. Each individual job title within the group of ICT occupations has its own unique prospects and challenges. FIGURE 4: PROJECTED EMPLOYMENT CHANGE FOR TOP 10 ICT OCCUPATIONS ,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists 2,696 Photographers Writers and Authors 2,041 2,202 Producers and Directors 1,716 Computer User Support Specialists Graphic Designers Art Directors Network and Computer Systems Administrators Source: EMSI Complete Employment

10 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW FOR KEY OCCUPATIONS 8 TABLE 3: PAST AND PROJECTED EMPLOYMENT FOR ICT OCCUPATIONS SOC Code Description 2008 Jobs 2013 Jobs 2018 Jobs Projected Average Annual Growth Rate Projected New Jobs Projected Annual Openings Photographers 38,689 39,903 42, % 2, Writers and Authors 27,106 28,598 30, % 2,041 1, Producers and Directors 25,631 26,214 27, % 1,716 1, Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists 19,093 21,731 24, % 2,696 1, Graphic Designers 20,924 19,873 20, % Software Developers, Applications 17,796 17,365 17, % Computer User Support Specialists 16,564 16,805 17, % Computer Systems Analysts 15,853 15,843 16, % Software Developers, Systems Software 14,450 14,188 14, % Computer Programmers 13,012 11,869 11,741 (0.2%) (128) Art Directors 11,692 11,523 12, % Network and Computer Systems Administrators 11,210 10,733 11, % Computer and Information Systems Managers 10,255 10,002 10, % Editors 9,093 9,180 9, % Web Developers 6,962 8,437 9, % Film and Video Editors 7,155 7,259 7, % Electrical Engineers 6,534 5,791 5,760 (0.1%) (31) Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technicians 5,479 4,789 4,664 (0.5%) (125) Computer Network Architects 5,591 4,557 4,516 (0.2%) (41) Computer Network Support Specialists 4,439 4,424 4, % Computer Occupations, All Other 4,691 3,767 3,624 (0.8%) (143) Reporters and Correspondents 2,739 3,201 3, % Radio and Television Announcers 2,315 3,110 3, % Database Administrators 2,705 2,784 3, % Commercial and Industrial Designers 2,923 2,691 2, % Computer Hardware Engineers 1,824 1,478 1, % Information Security Analysts 1,474 1,376 1, % Broadcast News Analysts 857 1,130 1, % Computer and Information Research Scientists 1,075 1,000 1, % Desktop Publishers 1, (0.9%) (35) 20 ICT Total 309, , , % 15,280 10,198

11 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW FOR KEY OCCUPATIONS 9 Earnings Comparisons An earnings comparison provides further context on why training ICT workers for Los Angeles County is essential. Figure 5 displays a comparison of earnings between ICT occupations and the regional average for Los Angeles County. Oftentimes, wage data focuses on midpoint measures such as the average of the median. In addition to these measures, it is helpful to study percentile wages to see the ranges of compensation from the lowest to the highest levels. When wages increase at the higher ends of the scale (75th and 90th percentile) it s typically because employers are placing an unusually high premium on these workers education. 1 Figure 5 shows that ICT occupations offer very competitive earnings compared to the regional average for Los Angeles County. At the median, ICT occupations pay $32.38 per hour, which is considerably higher than the regional median of $21.45 per hour. Wages at lower levels (10th and 25th percentiles) are fairly good approximations for entry-level workers and those with little experience. Likewise, higher percentiles (75th and 90th) are good approximations for highly skilled and highly experienced workers. At the lower end of the wage scale, ICT occupations exceed the average for Los Angeles by a considerable degree, but the margin grows wider at the median level where ICT occupations pay 51% more than the regional median. 1. Technically speaking, percentile wages refer to the wages provided for workers at a particular point on the wage distribution scale. For example, wages at the 75th percentile mean that 75% of all workers in that category are earning that wage or below. FIGURE 5: EARNINGS COMPARISON BETWEEN ICT OCCUPATIONS AND REGIONAL AVERAGE ICT Occupations Regional Average $60 $54.94 $50 DOLLARS PER HOUR $40 $30 $20 $10 $20.58 $14.53 $25.45 $17.38 $32.38 $21.45 $41.73 $26.91 $33.97 $0 10th 25th Median 75th 90th PERCENTILE WAGES Source: EMSI Complete Employment

12 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW FOR KEY OCCUPATIONS 10 Analysis of Job Postings Real-time job postings have become a popular option for supplementing traditional labor market information, such as that shown elsewhere in this report. Realtime data has its inherent weaknesses, such as the potential for double counting job postings and biases toward certain types of industries and occupations. It also has its strengths, in that the data represents upto-the-minute demand for workers without the typical three- to six-month lag experienced with traditional labor market data. Real-time data is used best when it s understood as a relative indicator for showing which types of occupations are in highest demand, and how demand has changed in recent months, but it should not be taken as an absolute indicator for the number of jobs openings that exist in a given time in a given place. Data in Table 4 were taken from CareerBuilder s Supply and Demand portal, a source that pulls data from roughly 48 million job postings and résumé data from CareerBuilder s vast network of job seeker websites. Job postings represents the number of de-duplicated job postings listed for the month of October, while the hiring difficulty index indicates on a scale from 1 to 100 how difficult it is for employers to hire an individual for such a position (1=most difficult to hire; 100=easiest to hire). Although ICT occupations compose 3% of jobs in Los Angeles, they account for 12% of all job postings for October Of the 28 occupational categories, seven score below 25 on the hiring difficulty index, indicating that it is harder to find these workers than 75% of all workers nationwide. Among the most difficult to hire in the group are web developers, computer programmers, and software developers, applications. occupations HIRING DIFFICULTY INDEX Most Difficult to Hire Easiest to Hire

13 ECONOMIC OVERVIEW FOR KEY OCCUPATIONS 11 TABLE 4: REAL-TIME JOB POSTINGS FOR ICT OCCUPATIONS WITHIN 20 MILES OF LOS ANGELES SOC Code Description Job Postings Hiring Difficulty Index Web Developers 46, Software Developers, Applications 22, Graphic Designers 19, * Computer Support Specialists 18, Network and Computer Systems Administrators 14, Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists 14, Computer Programmers 12, Computer and Information Systems Managers 7, Database Administrators 6, Editors 5, Film and Video Editors 3, Computer Systems Analysts 3, Electrical Engineers 3, Software Developers, Systems Software 2, Radio and Television Announcers 2, Reporters and Correspondents 1, Art Directors 1, Photographers 1, Commercial and Industrial Designers 1, Computer Hardware Engineers Computer and Information Research Scientists Broadcast News Analysts Producers and Directors Desktop Publishers Computer Network Architects Writers and Authors Computer Occupations, All Other Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technicians 7 --

14 12 ICT Industry Overview ICT workers serve critical roles in all types of industries, but there is a group of core industries that focus on producing and distributing ICT technologies. Although ICT workers do not compose the entire workforce for these industries, their contributions are at the heart of producing the product or service that is offered by those companies. EMSI selected a group of 47 industries in which ICT workers play this critical role. This group includes hardware and telecommunications manufacturing, software and multimedia production, information services, and professional services companies that lean heavily on ICT. The full list of these industries is included in the appendix. ICT industries account for more than 394,000 jobs, which is 7% of all employment in Los Angeles County. Of those, 110,584 jobs, or 28%, are in ICT occupations. Figure 6 displays how ICT workers are spread across high-level industry groups or subsectors. The majority of employment is in professional, scientific, and technical services (54%), followed distantly by motion picture and sound recording industries (20%), and computer and publishing industries (5%). More precise industry data shown in Table 5 and Figure 7 shows that the top industries for ICT workers in Los Angeles include independent artists, writers, and performers (34,348 workers), motion picture and video production (32,719), and all other professional, scientific, and technical services (26,142). The percent of workforce that is ICT measurement indicates how concentrated ICT workers are in those industries. Some industries, such as custom computer programming services, are heavily staffed by ICT workers (65% of all employees), whereas others are more lightly staffed, such as corporate, subsidiary and regional managing offices (13%). FIGURE 6: PERCENT OF ICT WORKERS BY SUBSECTOR 4% 5% 3% 20% 3% 3% 2% 3% 3% 54% Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services Motion Picture and Sound Recording Industries Publishing Industries (except Internet) Broadcasting (except Internet) Computer and Electronic Product Manufacturing Merchant Wholesalers, Durable Goods Educational Services (Private) Other Information Services Telecommunications All Other Sectors

15 ICT INDUSTRY OVERVIEW 13 FIGURE 7: TOP 10 ICT INDUSTRIES EMPLOYING ICT WORKERS 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 Independent Artists, Writers, and Performers 34,328 Motion Picture and Video Production All Other Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services Custom Computer Programming Services 16,365 26,142 32,719 Computer Systems Design Services Corporate, Subsidiary, and Regional Managing Offices Graphic Design Services Internet Publishing and Broadcasting and Web Search Portals Other Scientific and Technical Consulting Services Television Broadcasting 9,499 7,582 5,775 4,629 4,596 4,342 TABLE 5: TOP 10 ICT INDUSTRIES EMPLOYING ICT WORKERS Industry ICT Workers In Industry Percent of Workforce that is ICT Independent Artists, Writers, and Performers 34,328 32% Motion Picture and Video Production 32,719 31% All Other Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services 26,142 55% Custom Computer Programming Services 16,365 65% Computer Systems Design Services 9,499 66% Corporate, Subsidiary, and Regional Managing Offices 7,582 13% Graphic Design Services 5,775 47% Internet Publishing and Broadcasting and Web Search Portals 4,629 41% Other Scientific and Technical Consulting Services 4,596 13% Television Broadcasting 4,342 37%

16 14 Measuring Educational Supply and Occupational Demand 2. See O*NET OnLine Crosswalk Search (available from org/crosswalk/). Methodology Overview Showing that there is demand for ICT occupations in Los Angeles County is not enough to warrant further investment in educational programs. It must also be shown that there is sufficient unmet demand. Such an analysis requires data on occupation demand (e.g., annual job openings) and education supply (e.g., number of postsecondary degree completions). These are then compared through an education gap analysis to determine whether an education program is potentially producing a surplus or shortage of workforce talent relative to the number of job openings. The first step in a gap analysis involves drawing a linkage between occupations (SOC codes) and educational programs (CIP codes). The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) provides information on the occupations that completers of specific CIP codes are most likely to enter. 2 Furthermore, specific connections have been refined through EMSI s previous work with education institutions and state departments of labor. In this case, EMSI divided the 30 ICT occupations into four categories that are mutually exclusive and can easily be linked to educational programs. Table 6 displays how the ICT occupations have been separated into these four categories. EMSI makes every effort to ensure that demand for specific worker types is not overestimated. For this reason EMSI applies reduction factors to the total annual openings numbers to account for the expected educational level requirements of employers. For any given occupation, workers currently in the labor force possess a range of different educational levels anywhere from no high school diploma up to a doctoral degree. EMSI uses such data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics to produce a more accurate estimate of the proportion of job openings that are likely to be available to workers of varying educational levels. For example, among computer support specialists the majority of job openings (58%) are filled by workers with an associate s degree or less. Therefore, students who graduate from SMC with an associate s degree in a related program are assumed to have access to that proportion of job openings. Likewise, completers of postsecondary vocational or certificate programs are assumed to have access to a smaller pool of openings (34%). Since many SMC students will go on to four-year colleges to receive bachelor s degrees in similar fields, this analysis is also conducted at the bachelor s degree level.

17 MEASURING EDUCATIONAL SUPPLY AND OCCUPATIONAL DEMAND 15 TABLE 6: LIST OF ICT OCCUPATIONS BY PROGRAM TYPE SOC Occupation ICT Type Computer and Information Systems Managers Computers & IT Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists Business Computer and Information Research Scientists Computers & IT Computer Systems Analysts Computers & IT Information Security Analysts Computers & IT Computer Programmers Computers & IT Software Developers, Applications Computers & IT Software Developers, Systems Software Computers & IT Web Developers Computers & IT Database Administrators Computers & IT Network and Computer Systems Administrators Computers & IT Computer Network Architects Computers & IT Computer User Support Specialists Computers & IT Computer Network Support Specialists Computers & IT Computer Occupations, All Other Computers & IT Computer Hardware Engineers Computers & IT Electrical Engineers Engineering Electrical and Electronics Engineering Technicians Engineering Art Directors Design Commercial and Industrial Designers Design Graphic Designers Design Producers and Directors Creative Radio and Television Announcers Creative Broadcast News Analysts Creative Reporters and Correspondents Creative Editors Creative Writers and Authors Creative Photographers Creative Film and Video Editors Production Desktop Publishers Production

18 MEASURING EDUCATIONAL SUPPLY AND OCCUPATIONAL DEMAND 16 Supply and Demand Characteristics There are many educational institutions in Los Angeles County that are currently training for ICT occupations, some of which have programs similar to those offered at SMC. Hence completers at SMC will be competing for some jobs with completers from other regional institutions. EMSI determined education output by Classification of Instructional Program (CIP) codes and identified the number of completers for every award level within those CIP codes. To find the output for all public and private education institutions in Los Angeles County, EMSI used data from the Integrated Postsecondary Educational System (IPEDS). 3 This data is publicly available through the National Center for Educational Statistics. Completions data was averaged for a threeyear period, 2010 through 2012, to smooth out any bumps in enrollment that may be unique to a particular academic year. Table 7 displays the breakdown of postsecondary completions by institution for postsecondary vocational awards and certificates, associate s degrees and bachelor s degrees. In total, 57 regional institutions are providing certificates and associates degrees for one of more of the ICT programs (with an average annual output of 4,587), and 38 regional institutions are offering bachelor s degrees for one or more of the ICT program types (with an total annual output of 4,831degrees). In an average year, SMC confers 1.9% of those postsecondary awards and certificates and 3.9% of those associates degrees. 3. This data comes with inherent weaknesses. First, numbers are only available for institutions that participate in or are applicants for any federal financial assistance program authorized by the Higher Education Act (HEA). Also, IPEDS does not account for the fact that some people may receive multiple degrees or certifications, so when the number of degrees awarded exceeds the number of people receiving the degrees, the number of completers can be overstated. Nevertheless, this system is the best source for collecting data regarding a broad range of educational institutions. TABLE 7: AVERAGE ANNUAL EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM COMPLETERS (SUPPLY) IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY BY ICT PROGRAM TYPE AND AWARD LEVEL ICT Program Type Postsecondary Vocational Award or Certificate Associate s Degree Bachelor s Degrees Grand Total Business Computers & IT ,075 1,738 Creative ,898 3,176 Design ,115 Engineering ,111 Production Grand Total 2,849 1,901 4,104 8,267

19 MEASURING EDUCATIONAL SUPPLY AND OCCUPATIONAL DEMAND 17 Table 8 displays average annual openings by program type and award level. By design, there are more annual openings available to workers with higher degree levels. At every award level, creative occupations lead the way, with 1,281 at the postsecondary award and certificate level, 1,621 at the associate s level, and 4,028 at the bachelor s level. Following this group are computer & IT occupations, business and design occupations. Although the groups of occupations do not change based on the educational award, each educational level must be treated separately due to differing supply and demand dynamics. As shown in Table 7, the number of annual openings always increases at higher educational levels, but the number of completers need not follow the same pattern. Engineering programs, for example, are more prolific at the postsecondary vocational award level than at the associate s degree level. The following section will tie the two sides of the supply and demand equation together to illustrate where workforce gaps exist. TABLE 8: ANNUAL OPENINGS BY ICT PROGRAM TYPE AND AWARD LEVEL AVERAGE ANNUAL JOB OPENINGS (DEMAND) ICT Program Type Postsecondary Awards and Certificates and Below Associates Degrees and Below Bachelor s Degrees and Below Business ,775 Computers & IT 841 1,198 2,595 Creative 1,282 1,621 4,028 Design ,193 Engineering Production ,022

20 18 Educational Gap Analysis For each award level there is a chart and a table displaying the average number of annual openings (demand), the average number of completers (supply), and the difference between the two (gap). FIGURE 8: DEMAND, SUPPLY, AND GAP FOR ICT POSTSECONDARY VOCATIONAL AWARDS AND CERTIFICATES Business 465 Among occupations at the postsecondary award and certificate level, all occupation groups except for engineering face significant workforce gaps. Computers & IT occupations face the largest gap; there are 841 annual openings, compared to 236 average annual completions. Creative occupations are a distant second behind; 791 total completers are available for 1,282 projected job openings, resulting in an annual gap of 491. Computers & IT Creative Design Engineering Production Demand Supply Gap TABLE 9: GAP ANALYSIS FOR ICT OCCUPATIONS REQUIRING A POSTSECONDARY AWARD OR CERTIFICATE ICT Program Type Average Annual Openings (Demand) Average Annual Completers (Supply) Gap Business Computers & IT Creative 1, Design Engineering (627) Production (283)

21 EDUCATIONAL GAP ANALYSIS 19 ICT occupations available to workers with associate s degrees are perhaps the most germane to SMC because at this level there are fewer credentials awarded and a greater number of annual openings than at the postsecondary award level. Among ICT occupations at this level, creative occupations are the largest workforce issue, with 1,134 unmet annual openings. Computers and IT occupations also have a major gap, with 771 unmet annual openings. Business, design and production occupations are also facing large annual gaps, between 300 and 640 jobs. Alternatively, engineering programs appear to be overproducing relative to local demand with an annual surplus of 81 trained workers. FIGURE 9: DEMAND, SUPPLY, AND GAP FOR ICT ASSOCIATE S DEGREES Business 641 Computers & IT 771 Creative 1,134 Design 353 Engineering -81 Production 325 Demand Supply Gap TABLE 10: GAP ANALYSIS FOR ICT OCCUPATIONS REQUIRING AN ASSOCIATE S DEGREE ICT Program Type Average Annual Openings (Demand) Average Annual Completers (Supply) Gap Business Computers & IT 1, Creative 1, ,134 Design Engineering (81) Production

22 EDUCATIONAL GAP ANALYSIS 20 It is increasingly common for individuals to attend a two-year school to earn an associate s degree in a skilled trade prior to moving on to a four-year school to study that same topic in greater detail. As such, it is necessary to examine potential workforce issues for bachelor s-level programs as well. At this level, all six of the occupation types are projected to experience significant workforce shortages. Headlined by Computers & IT occupations, where although there are 1,075 average annual completers this number is far outmatched by the 2,595 annual openings for such workers in Los Angeles County. FIGURE 10: DEMAND, SUPPLY, AND GAP FOR ICT BACHELOR S DEGREES Business 1,498 Computers & IT 1,519 Creative 2,104 Design 566 Engineering 166 Production 821 Demand Supply Gap TABLE 11: GAP ANALYSIS FOR ICT OCCUPATIONS REQUIRING A BACHELOR S DEGREE ICT Program Type Average Annual Openings (Demand) Average Annual Completers (Supply) Gap Business 1, ,498 Computers & IT 2,595 1,075 1,519 Creative 4,028 1,924 2,104 Design 1, Engineering Production 1,

23 21 Appendix This appendix contains any data that is referenced in the body of the report but not explicitly listed. ICT Industries TABLE A1: FULL EMPLOYMENT AND ICT WORKFORCE WITHIN ICT INDUSTRIES NAICS Industry ICT Jobs in Industry (2013) All Industry Jobs Percent of Workforce that is ICT Motion Picture and Video Production 32, ,925 31% Custom Computer Programming Services 16,365 25,177 65% Computer Systems Design Services 9,499 14,502 66% Graphic Design Services 5,775 12,419 47% Internet Publishing and Broadcasting and Web Search Portals 4,629 11,181 41% Other Scientific and Technical Consulting Services 4,596 34,556 13% Software Publishers 3,989 7,253 55% Advertising Agencies 3,256 17,505 19% Data Processing, Hosting, and Related Services 3,252 8,381 39% Teleproduction and Other Postproduction Services 3,139 9,688 32% Search, Detection, Navigation, Guidance, Aeronautical, and Nautical System and Instrument Manufacturing 2,709 17,365 16% Marketing Research and Public Opinion Polling 2,278 8,284 28% Other Computer Related Services 1,933 2,826 68% Research and Development in the Physical, Engineering, and Life Sciences (except Biotechnology) 1,770 14,048 13% Other Specialized Design Services 1,595 3,529 45% Wired Telecommunications Carriers 1,558 17,121 9% Marketing Consulting Services 1,287 10,907 12% Computer Facilities Management Services 1,130 1,752 65% Telecommunications Resellers 970 5,879 17% Computer and Computer Peripheral Equipment and Software Merchant Wholesalers 954 5,679 17% Electronic Shopping ,191 9% Cable and Other Subscription Programming 760 5,547 14% Motion Picture and Video Distribution 642 2,051 31% Wireless Telecommunications Carriers (except Satellite) 631 5,685 11% Sound Recording Studios 419 2,930 14% Educational Support Services (Private) 382 9,550 4%

24 APPENDIX 22 (CONTINUED) TABLE A1: FULL EMPLOYMENT AND ICT WORKFORCE WITHIN ICT INDUSTRIES Radio and Television Broadcasting and Wireless Communications Equipment Manufacturing 354 2,185 16% Semiconductor and Related Device Manufacturing 342 3,081 11% Other Motion Picture and Video Industries 331 1,047 32% Electronic Computer Manufacturing % Integrated Record Production/Distribution 249 1,729 14% Music Publishers 240 1,678 14% Other Computer Peripheral Equipment Manufacturing % Other Electronic Component Manufacturing 193 1,739 11% Research and Development in the Social Sciences and Humanities 172 2,150 8% Printed Circuit Assembly (Electronic Assembly) Manufacturing 141 1,282 11% Computer Storage Device Manufacturing % All Other Telecommunications 133 1,727 8% Other Communications Equipment Manufacturing % Satellite Telecommunications 129 1,387 9% Record Production % Telephone Apparatus Manufacturing % Other Sound Recording Industries % Digital Printing % Audio and Video Equipment Manufacturing % Software Reproducing % TABLE A2: ICT WORKERS WITHIN ICT INDUSTRY SUBSECTORS 3-digit NAICS NAICS Sector ICT Workers In Industry Percent of all ICT Workers 541 Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services 100,656 54% 512 Motion Picture and Sound Recording Industries 37,995 20% 511 Publishing Industries (except Internet) 8,941 5% 515 Broadcasting (except Internet) 7,022 4% 334 Computer and Electronic Product Manufacturing 6,330 3% 423 Merchant Wholesalers, Durable Goods 5,872 3% 611 Educational Services (Private) 5,538 3% 519 Other Information Services 5,278 3% 517 Telecommunications 3,421 2% 518 Data Processing, Hosting and Related Services 3,252 2% 454 Nonstore Retailers 1,248 1% 323 Printing and Related Support Activities 1,199 1%

25 APPENDIX 23 Educational institutions output TABLE A3: ICT EDUCATIONAL OUTPUT FOR POSTSECONDARY VOCATIONAL AWARDS AND CERTIFICATES School Comp. & IT Design Engineering Production Creative Biz Grand Total United Education Institute-Huntington Park Campus New York Film Academy Pinnacle College Los Angeles Recording School Video Symphony EnterTraining Inc East San Gabriel Valley Regional Occupational Program ICDC College Long Beach City College Los Angeles City College Santa Monica College Gnomon School of Visual Effects Baldwin Park Adult & Community Education Citrus College Antelope Valley College West Los Angeles College SAE Institute of Technology, Los Angeles Abram Friedman Occupational Center Pasadena City College East Los Angeles College Los Angeles Valley College Los Angeles Pierce College Los Angeles ORT College-Los Angeles Campus Los Angeles Trade Technical College RWM Fiber Optics Mt. San Antonio College Learnet Academy Glendale Community College

26 APPENDIX 24 (CONTINUED) TABLE A3: ICT EDUCATIONAL OUTPUT FOR POSTSECONDARY VOCATIONAL AWARDS AND CERTIFICATES El Camino Community College District College of the Canyons Pomona Unified School District Adult and Career Education Cerritos College PCI College Palladium Technical Academy Los Angeles ORT College-Van Nuys Campus Premiere Career College Rio Hondo College American Auto Institute Advanced College Charter College-Canyon Country Los Angeles Mission College Los Angeles Harbor College Career College Consultants Grand Total ,519 TABLE A4: ICT EDUCATIONAL OUTPUT FOR ASSOCIATE S DEGREES School Comp. & IT Design Engineering Production Creative Biz Grand Total Los Angeles Film School DeVry University-California FIDM/Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising-Los Angeles ITT Technical Institute-Torrance ITT Technical Institute-Sylmar ITT Technical Institute-San Dimas Westwood College-Los Angeles The Art Institute of California-Argosy University Los Angeles Santa Monica College

27 APPENDIX 25 (CONTINUED) TABLE A4: ICT EDUCATIONAL OUTPUT FOR ASSOCIATE S DEGREES Los Angeles City College Mt. San Antonio College College of the Canyons El Camino Community College District Los Angeles Valley College Long Beach City College Antelope Valley College ITT Technical Institute West Covina The Art Institute of California-Argosy University Hollywood Cerritos College East Los Angeles College ITT Technical Institute Culver City Rio Hondo College Los Angeles Pierce College New York Film Academy Los Angeles Trade Technical College West Los Angeles College East San Gabriel Valley Regional Occupational Program Glendale Community College Los Angeles Mission College Citrus College Columbia College Hollywood Los Angeles Southwest College Westwood College-South Bay El Camino College-Compton Center Los Angeles Harbor College LA College International Grand Total ,680

28 APPENDIX 26 TABLE A5: ICT EDUCATIONAL OUTPUT FOR BACHELOR S DEGREES School Comp. & IT Design Engineering Production Creative Biz California State University-Northridge University of Southern California California State University-Long Beach DeVry University-California University of California-Los Angeles Westwood College-Los Angeles Art Center College of Design California State Polytechnic University-Pomona California State University-Los Angeles The Art Institute of California-Argosy University Los Angeles Otis College of Art and Design Loyola Marymount University Biola University California Institute of the Arts Pepperdine University Columbia College Hollywood ITT Technical Institute-San Dimas The Art Institute of California-Argosy University Hollywood ITT Technical Institute-Torrance Woodbury University ITT Technical Institute-Sylmar Harvey Mudd College California Institute of Technology Pitzer College Mt Sierra College Pomona College University of La Verne California State University-Dominguez Hills

29 APPENDIX 27 (CONTINUED) TABLE A5: ICT EDUCATIONAL OUTPUT FOR BACHELOR S DEGREES Azusa Pacific University Westwood College-South Bay Scripps College The Master s College and Seminary Mount St. Mary s College Claremont McKenna College New York Film Academy American InterContinental University Grand Total 1, , TABLE A6: SMC PROGRAMS AND TOP CODES CONSIDERED IN THE ANALYSIS TOP Code(s) SMC Program Name Program Type Broadcasting Creative Graphic Design Design Journalism Creative Photography Creative Media Arts Design Motion Graphics Design Promotional Pathway Computers & IT Technical Theatre Creative Animation Design Digital Media Computers & IT Game Development Computers & IT & Film Creative na* Mobile Development Computers & IT na* Social Media Computers & IT Web Design Design Web Programming Computers & IT Entrepreneurship Business * Note: these programs do not have TOP codes Note: the completers for this program where not considered because data do not exist that indicate what proportion of Entrepreneurs

30 APPENDIX 28 TABLE A7: PROGRAM (CIP CODE) TO OCCUPATION (SOC) MAPPING CIP Program SOC Occupation ICT Type Computer and Information Sciences, General Computer and Information Systems Managers Computers & IT Computer and Information Research Scientists Computers & IT Computer Systems Analysts Computers & IT Information Security Analysts Computers & IT Web Developers Computers & IT Database Administrators Computers & IT Network and Computer Systems Administrators Computers & IT Computer Network Architects Computers & IT Computer Occupations, All Other Computers & IT Artificial Intelligence Computer and Information Research Scientists Computers & IT Software Developers, Applications Computers & IT Software Developers, Systems Software Computers & IT Information Technology Computer and Information Research Scientists Computers & IT Computer Systems Analysts Computers & IT Information Security Analysts Computers & IT Software Developers, Applications Computers & IT Software Developers, Systems Software Computers & IT Web Developers Computers & IT Computer Network Architects Computers & IT Computer and Information Sciences, Other Computer Programming/Programmer, General Computer and Information Systems Managers Computers & IT Computer and Information Research Scientists Computers & IT Information Security Analysts Computers & IT Computer Programmers Computers & IT Software Developers, Applications Computers & IT Software Developers, Systems Software Computers & IT Web Developers Computers & IT Computer Network Architects Computers & IT Computer User Support Specialists Computers & IT Computer Network Support Specialists Computers & IT