Energy Data Centre, RD&D Statistics rue de la Fédération PARIS Cedex 15, France

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2 2 Key trends on energy technology RD&D budgets (2016 edition) Released in October The IEA energy RD&D data collection and the analysis presented in this paper were performed by Remi Gigoux under the responsibility of Roberta Quadrelli, in the IEA Energy Data Centre headed by Duncan Millard. We would like to thank our numerous contacts in national administrations for their helpful co-operation. Contacts: Energy Data Centre, RD&D Statistics rue de la Fédération PARIS Cedex 15, France Source: IEA Energy Technology RD&D Budgets (2016 edition) Further information on RD&D statistics is available at: Queries should be addressed to: In addition, a wide range of free energy statistics can be accessed at: Please note that all IEA publications and data are subject to specific conditions that limit their use and distribution. These terms and conditions are available online at

3 Key trends on energy technology RD&D budgets (2016 edition) - 3 Key trends in IEA public energy technology research, development and demonstration (RD&D) budgets Overall public energy RD&D budget in IEA In 2015, the estimated total public 1 energy RD&D budget in IEA member countries was about USD 17.3 billion 2 just below 2014 levels. Overall, the total public energy RD&D budget has decreased over the past few years from around USD 19 billion in 2011/12, but remains above the levels seen over the period from 1983 to Energy RD&D expenditure reached a peak in 2009, mainly as a result of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (stimulus) spending, which is apparent on Figure Figure 1: IEA Total Public Energy RD&D Budget Billion USD (2015 prices and PPPs) Public energy RD&D collected by the IEA includes central or federal government budgets as well as state-owned companies budgets. 2. Data in this publication refer to total public energy RD&D expenditure data, converted from current prices in national currencies to US dollar PPPs in constant 2015 prices, using GDP deflators and 2015 PPPs. Purchasing power parities (PPPs) are the rates of currency conversion that eliminate the differences in price levels between countries. For more information on PPP methodology see This amount does not include the USD 1.7 billion funding budget from the European Commission (see page 10).

4 4 Key trends on energy technology RD&D budgets (2016 edition) In the past 40 years, IEA investment in energy RD&D has become progressively more diverse. Nuclear, dominant in 1974 with 74% of total public budget, has seen incremental reductions to reach 21% in 2015, whilst energy efficiency, renewables and cross-cutting RD&D have now reached shares of total energy RD&D budgets comparable to those of nuclear. RD&D budgets on renewables increased from 3% of the total in 1974 to 21% in 2015; with energy efficiency growing from 4% to 20%. On the other hand, RD&D budgets on fossil fuels, which were at their highest in the 1980s and 1990s, seem to have stabilised between 11% and 13% since the 2009 stimulus in the United States. 100% Figure 2: IEA Total Public Energy RD&D 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Energy efficiency Fossil fuels Renewable energy sources Hydrogen and fuel cells Other power and storage Cross-cutting Nuclear

5 Key trends on energy technology RD&D budgets (2016 edition) - 5 The United States and Japan are the countries with the largest absolute spending in energy RD&D in the IEA (Figure 3), although relative shares have changed between 2005 and 2014, with Japan decreasing from 31% of IEA total energy RD&D budget to 19%, with the US increasing from 33% to 36%. Over the same period France, Germany, Canada, and Korea maintained their respective share levels, while several other IEA countries increased their own significantly, making the IEA RD&D budget overall more diversified across countries. Figure 3: Total Public Energy RD&D by Country in 2005 and Million USD (2015 prices and PPPs) United States Japan France Germany Korea Canada Other IEA

6 6 Key trends on energy technology RD&D budgets (2016 edition) Japan remains the country with the largest nuclear energy RD&D budget, both in absolute values and in share of total energy RD&D (39% in 2015), even with levels significantly lower than before Europe 3 shows the largest combined share of RD&D budget in energy efficiency and renewable energy sources (Figure 4). In the US, cross-cutting energy technologies represent a large share of RD&D budget (37% in 2015) Figure 4: 2014 Budgets by Technology in the USA, Japan, and IEA-Europe (18 countries) Million USD (2015 prices and PPPs) Nuclear Cross-cutting Other power and storage Hydrogen and fuel cells Renewable energy sources Fossil fuels Energy efficiency 0 USA JAPAN IEA-Europe IEA-Europe-18 includes all European countries which submitted 2014 data and are members of the IEA: Austria, Belgium, Czech Rep, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK. 4. The main component of the amount reported under cross-cutting energy technologies corresponds to what the US Department of Energy reports under its Science major programme.

7 Key trends on energy technology RD&D budgets (2016 edition) - 7 Energy in Total R&D Overall, the 2015 share of energy in total R&D 5 was just above 4% across IEA members. This share decreased sharply from 11% in 1981 to reach its lowest point at 3.5% in before generally stabilising at around 4%. While the IEA Americas and IEA Europe showed similar trends in time, with lowest values around the early 2000s and slight increases more recently, the Asia-Oceania region has shown a rather different trend, decreasing more slowly to around 9% in with the latest decline mainly driven by Japan historically the country with the highest absolute public energy RD&D budget in this region, reducing from USD 3.3 billion in 2014 to USD 2.8 billion in Figure 5: Share of Energy in Total R&D by region percent IEA Total IEA Americas IEA Europe IEA Asia Oceania Source for total R&D: OECD Government budgetary appropriations or outlays for R&D (GBAORD) data. GBAORD data exclude demonstration.

8 8 Key trends on energy technology RD&D budgets (2016 edition) In 2015, Japan remained the country with the largest share of public energy R&D of total R&D. However, Japan s share of energy R&D has been decreasing from 23% in 1990, to 12% in 2014 and 11% in The United States - the IEA country with the largest absolute public energy RD&D budget of more than USD 6 billion had a share of energy in total R&D budget of less than 2% in Figure 6 : Share of Energy in Total R&D in 2015 Japan Korea Finland Canada France Australia Germany Czech Republic Sweden Italy Denmark Norway United Kingdom Netherlands Greece Spain Portugal Austria Slovak Republic Belgium Poland United States Estonia Luxembourg New Zealand Ireland Hungary Turkey Switzerland percent

9 Key trends on energy technology RD&D budgets (2016 edition) - 9 Energy RD&D and GDP Across countries, the ratio of public energy RD&D budget per unit of GDP 6 varies greatly, ranging from less than 0.1 to over 1 per thousand, with largest values in Norway, Finland and Japan. Figure 7: Energy RD&D per thousand units of GDP in 2014 Norway Finland Japan Denmark Korea France Canada Switzerland Austria Belgium Sweden United States Slovak Republic Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Australia United Kingdom Germany Estonia New Zealand Spain Turkey Portugal Total public energy RD&D expenditure in nominal national currencies divided by GDP in nominal national currencies at market prices and volumes, expressed in thousand units of GDP.

10 10 Key trends on energy technology RD&D budgets (2016 edition) European Union energy RD&D: Horizon 2020 The IEA energy RD&D database also includes separate data on all relevant Horizon 2020 projects funded under the 2014 and 2015 calls of the European Commission 7. Energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies were the leading areas of European Commission R&D investment, reaching significant shares of 23% and 25% of the total energy RD&D budget in On the other hand, RD&D on fossil fuels had the smallest share, with 6% of total budget in 2015 (Figure 7). In Figure 7, the European Commission s regional budget for 2015 is also compared to the sum of national budgets of the group of IEA-EU-15 : IEA countries also members of the European Union 8 with available data for While energy efficiency and renewables show similar shares nationally and regionally, the European Union budget 9 shows more emphasis on cross-cutting 10 and energy storage technologies, and less on nuclear. Figure 7: Total Public RD&D Budget Shares for the EC and IEA-EU-15 EC: 2015 IEA-EU-15: % 23% 3% 9% 6% 24% Energy efficiency 14% 6% 10% 25% 6% 25% 25% 8% Fossil fuels Renewable energy sources Nuclear Hydrogen and fuel cells Other power and storage Cross-cutting EUR 1.3 billion EUR 3.6 billion 7. Data were provided by the Directorate-General for Research and Innovation and the Directorate for Energy. Relevant projects include an explicit reference to energy R&D objectives. In these data, only grants are considered while financial instruments or contributions to other initiatives are not. Projects have been classified according to their contribution to energy-related R&D objectives as either fully, partially or not contributing. The EU contribution to projects fully contributing was taken into account fully (100%), while for projects partially contributing only 40% of the EU contribution has been taken into account. 8. IEA-EU-15 includes all countries which submitted 2014 data: Austria, Belgium, Czech Rep, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, UK. 9. On Figure 7 total budget amounts are shown in EUR at 2015 prices. These numbers are equivalent to USD 1.7 billion for the EC and USD 4.4 billion for IEA-EU-15 (at 2015 prices and PPPs). 10. A significant amount of what is reported under Cross-cutting by the European Commission corresponds to Smart Cities and Communities (SCC) which is a very substantial spending item for the EU Horizon 2020 programme. SCC is covering energy efficiency in buildings and transport as well as renewable energy and electricity transmission and distribution.

11 Key trends on energy technology RD&D budgets (2016 edition) - 11 Clean energy RD&D trends in IEA Member Countries The relevance of energy RD&D data is enhanced by the Mission Innovation (MI) initiative, launched in November 2015 at COP21 in Paris by a group of twenty countries 11, with the aim of accelerating global clean energy innovation. Each of the MI participants will seek to double its governmental and/or statedirected clean energy research and development investment over the five years to Signatory countries share the common goal to foster research and development of breakthrough technologies and are seeking to increase collaboration on transformational projects. The MI initiative is also working on defining its information sharing framework. The clean energy R&D focus areas vary across countries 12, including energy efficiency (in industry, buildings and transportation); renewable technologies; hydrogen and fuel cells; electricity grids; energy storage; carbon capture and storage 13 ; and, in some cases, cleaner fossil energy, nuclear, as well as basic energy research. While each MI country s energy research and development portfolio is unique and reflects national priorities, the key role of clean energy technologies in total RD&D is evident in the group of twelve MI countries 14 which are also IEA members (Figure 9). Figure 9: IEA - Mission Innovation 12 Countries Energy Technology Public RD&D Budget - estimated evolution Million USD (2015 prices and PPP)s 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 Energy efficiency + Renewables + CCS + Hydrogen & fuel cells + Electricity grids & Energy storage Nuclear Fossil fuels excl. CCS Other power & cross-cutting 11. MI participating countries: Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Denmark, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Norway, Republic of Korea, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States. Moreover, since June 2016 also the European Union takes part in MI In the current IEA categorization of RD&D energy technologies, carbon capture and storage is included under Fossil fuels, electricity grids and energy storage under Other power & storage, cleaner fossil energy under Fossil fuels. 14. The 12 countries which are both IEA and Mission Innovation members include: Australia, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Norway, Republic of Korea, Sweden, United Kingdom, United States.