Electric field and electric potential
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1 Electric field and electric potential
2 Contents Part I: Objective Part II: Introduction Part III: Apparatus and Setup Part IV: Measurements Part V: Analysis Part VI: Summary and Conclusions
3 Part I: Objective In this experiment, you will measure electric potential and use those measurements to plot both equipotential lines and the electric field for a configuration of charge.
4 Part II: Introduction Electric fields!! F e q 0 Electric field E is defined as the electric force acting on a test particle divided by the charge of the test particle. Electric field points away from a positive charge and towards a negative charge.
5 Part II: Introduction Electric field lines Electric field lines are used to visualize electric fields and show the electric field around charges or configurations of charges. Some examples are on the following slides.
6 Part II: Introduction Electric field lines around a positive point charge
7 Part II: Introduction Electric field lines around a negative point charge
8 Part II: Introduction Electric field lines around a dipole
9 Part II: Introduction Electric field lines between charged plates
10 Part II: Introduction Electric potential Electric potential V is defined as the amount of potential energy per unit charge. Electric potential is the integral of electric field over distance.! ΔV = E d! s Electric field is the change in electric potential over distance: E r = ΔV Δr
11 Part II: Introduction Equipotential lines Equipotential lines are lines showing lines along which the electric potential is constant. Equipotential lines are always perpendicular to electric field lines. Some examples are shown on the following slides.
12 Part II: Introduction Equipotential lines for positive or negative point charges
13 Part II: Introduction Equipotential lines for a dipole
14 Part II: Introduction Equipotential lines for parallel plates
15 Lab Report Lab Report 1: Write the objective of your experiment. Lab Report 2: Write the relevant theory of this experiment.
16 Part III: Apparatus and setup You have been provided with! conductive paper (painted with electrodes)! 1 cm graph paper! carbon paper! multimeter! power supply! electrical leads
17 Part III: Apparatus and setup Predictions Your conductive paper has one of the following patterns (the upper electrode is positive and the lower electrode is negative): Lab Report 3: For the pattern which matches your conductive paper, draw what you expect for the electric field lines.
18 Part III: Apparatus and setup Assembly Using the leads (banana-alligator): Connect the banana end to the power supply. One lead should be in the negative terminal. The other lead should be in the positive terminal.
19 Part III: Apparatus and setup Assembly Connect the alligator clips to the painted portions of the conductive paper:
20 Part III: Apparatus and setup Assembly Connect another lead from the COM port of the multimeter to the negative terminal of the power supply: Plug one lead on top of the other.
21 Part III: Apparatus and setup Assembly Connect one end of the remaining lead to the VΩmA port of the multimeter. Leave the remaining end free (it will be the probe).
22 Part III: Apparatus and setup Assembly Your completed setup:
23 Part III: Apparatus and setup Assembly Turn on the power supply. Adjust the current and voltage controls until the voltage display on the power supply reads about 15 V. Turn on your multimeter by moving the switch to 20 DCV.
24 Part III: Apparatus and setup Assembly Test the setup: As you touch the free end of the lead to the conductive paper, you should see a voltage reading on the multimeter. If you do not see a reading, consult a member of the lab staff.
25 Part III: Apparatus and setup Assembly To provide each partner with a set of data: To record your data, use two pieces of graph paper with a carbon sheet in between. Make sure the inky side is down.
26 Part III: Apparatus and setup Assembly Copy the electrode pattern on the black conductive paper onto the white graph paper.
27 Part III: Apparatus and setup Assembly Tape the graph paper to the bench next to the black conductive paper. You will record your data on the white graph paper!
28 Lab Report Lab Report 4: List your apparatus and sketch your setup.
29 Part IV: Measurements Finding the first equipotential Touch the probe to the conductive paper. Move it along the paper until you find a place where the potential reads 2.5 V. Mark this location on your white graph paper. Label it 2.5 V. Do not mark on the black conductive paper! Move the probe a few cm and find a nearby place where the potential is also 2.5 V. Mark this on your graph paper and label it 2.5 V. Continue to move the probe and locate at least three more points where the potential is 2.5 V. For best results, make sure your spots are spread approximately equally across the whole width of the paper. Have an instructor check your work and initial your lab report.
30 Part IV: Measurements Finding the remaining equipotentials Use the probe to find and mark places (at least 5 points for each potential) where the potential is:! 2.5 V! 5.0 V! 7.5 V! 10.5 V! 12.5 V Be sure to label all points.
31 Part V: Analysis Drawing the equipotential lines Draw the equipotential lines by connecting the spots which have the same potential. Lab Report 5: Are successive equipotential lines equally spaced? Did you expect them to be? Explain.
32 Part V: Analysis Drawing the electric field lines Draw the electric field lines by drawing lines from the positive electrode to the negative electrode, being sure that they are always perpendicular to the equipotential lines. Lab Report 6: Do the electric field lines match your predictions from Question 3? Lab Report 7: Where is the electric field the strongest? Where is it the weakest? Explain how you know. Lab Report 8: Find the magnitude of the electric field at the centre of your paper. Include uncertainty. Show our workings. To answer Question 8, use the equipotential map you drew on the white graph paper.
33 Part V: Summary Lab Report 9: Lab Report 10: Lab Report 11: Outline briefly the steps of your experiment. List your experimental results and comment on how they agreed with the expected results. List at least three sources of experimental uncertainty and classify them as random or systematic.
34 Wrap it up! Check that you have completed your Lab Report. Include your graph with the equipotential and electric field lines.
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