What causes the seasons on Earth?
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- Kimberly Craig
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1 Biomes
2 What causes the seasons on Earth?
3 Biome a biome is a complex communities that cover a large area and is characterized by defined abiotic conditions (i.e. climate and soil) and assemblages of organisms. Climate has the most dramatic effect on determination of terrestrial biomes. Climate is made up of average annual precipitation, the rate of potential evapotranspiration, and altitude/latitude. Aquatic biomes can be split into two major groups - freshwater and marine - and are determined by water depth, flow rate, temperature, and chemistry.
4 Fig Tropical forest Savanna Desert 30ºN Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn 30ºS Chaparral Temperate grassland Temperate broadleaf forest Northern coniferous forest Tundra High mountains Polar ice
5 Fig ºN Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn 30ºS Lakes Coral reefs Rivers Oceanic pelagic and benthic zones Estuaries Intertidal zones
6 Terrestrial Biomes & Climate The amount of precipitation depends on closeness to large bodies of water, global air circulation patterns, and geographic features, like mountains. Evapotranspiration rate is the process of transferring moisture from the earth to the atmosphere by evaporation of water and transpiration from plants ( Lower air pressure at high altitudes causes lower average temperature and higher latitudes receive less solar energy per year than lower latitudes.
7 Fig a Latitudinal Variation in Sunlight Intensity Low angle of incoming sunlight 90ºN (North Pole) 60ºN 30ºN 23.5ºN (Tropic of Cancer) Sun directly overhead at equinoxes 0º (equator) Low angle of incoming sunlight Atmosphere 23.5ºS (Tropic of Capricorn) 30ºS 60ºS 90ºS (South Pole) Seasonal Variation in Sunlight Intensity June solstice 30ºN 0º (equator) 30ºS 60ºN March equinox Constant tilt of 23.5º December solstice September equinox
8 Fig d Global Air Circulation and Precipitation Patterns 60ºN 30ºN 0º (equator) 30ºS Descending dry air absorbs moisture Ascending moist air releases moisture Descending dry air absorbs moisture 60ºS Arid zone 23.5º 0º 30º 23.5º 30º Tropics Arid zone Westerlies Global Wind Patterns 66.5ºN (Arctic Circle) 60ºN Northeast trades Doldrums Southeast trades Westerlies 30ºN 0º (equator) 30ºS 60ºS 66.5ºS (Antarctic Circle)
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10 Fig Cooler air sinks over water. 2 Air cools at high elevation. 1 Warm air over land rises. 4 Cool air over water moves inland, replacing rising warm air over land.
11 Fig Wind direction Leeward side of mountain Ocean Mountain range
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14 Animals, plants, and all the other organisms are adapted to live within the biomes where they are found. Different adaptations allow for organisms to thrive in the different conditions found in each biome. A plant s and animal s ability to survive and reproduce under conditions that differ from their optimum condition is called tolerance. Some organisms are adapted to live in microclimates within each biome. A microclimate is an area that differs significantly from the climate of the surrounding area. Major Terrestrial Biomes: Tropical Rain Forest Tropical Dry Forest Tropical Savanna Temperate Grassland Desert Temperate Woodland and Shrubland (Chaparral) Temperate Forest Northwestern Coniferous Forest Boreal Forest (Taiga) Tundra Mountains Ice Caps
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17 Fig a A tropical rain forest in Borneo
18 Fig b A desert in the southwestern United States
19 Fig c A savanna in Kenya
20 Fig d An area of chaparral in California
21 Fig e Sheyenne National Grassland in North Dakota
22 Fig f Rocky Mountain National Park in Colorado
23 Fig g Great Smoky Mountains National Park in North Carolina
24 Fig h Denali National Park, Alaska, in autumn
25 Time for action! Everyone select one of the biomes from the list (no duplications) and uncover more information about it. Compile the results in your notebooks, but be prepared to share with the class. 1. The major abiotic & biotic characteristics of each biome including their worldwide distribution. 2. Representative diagrams of the four biogeochemical cycles from within each biome. 3. Four possible habitats within the biome. 4. A food web containing at least five species, their names, and associated trophic relationships. 5. Examples of three of the five symbiotic relationships. 6. One potential candidate for a keystone species. 7. Climatograph from an city associated with your biome. IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS, Mr. Schmalz BEFORE SUNDAY NIGHT: TSchmalz@maryville.edu
26 Making a Climatogram
27 Climatograph STL Temp (C) Precipitation (In) 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec AVG Temp Precip 0
28 Aquatic Biomes DO NOT GO ANY FURTHER!
29 Fig Labrador current Gulf stream Equator Warm water Cold water
30 Describe different ocean zones
31 Discuss major plants and animals found in oceans and in freshwater ecosystems
32 Apply the knowledge gained in studying ecological principles to an investigation of a living ecosystem
33
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