eloran s Ability to Provide PNT and Data in GPS Challenged Environments

Transcription

1 1 eloran s Ability to Provide PNT and Data in GPS Challenged Environments UrsaNav & Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory ION Joint Navigation Conference June 19, 2014

2 ION JNC Outline Submarine primer (Los Angeles and Virginia Class) The Problem: Reliance on Sole Means The Need: Alternative PNT and D The Solution: Co-Primary GPS and eloran eloran Basics The History: Clarinet Pilgrim The Technology: Service Provider The Technology: User The Tipping Point: Time and Frequency Latest Developments Trial(s) Setups and Test Results Possible Applications: P (w/ 2 or 3 XMTRS), F, UTC Synchronization, True Heading, and Data Global eloran Initiatives A Way Forward in the U.S.? Questions, and possibly answers. Transformation Innovation 2

3 Ranging LORAN-C, sometimes termed Range-Range or Rho-Rho, was a development that extended LORAN-C into areas not covered by hyperbolic rates or into areas where the LOP intersections were of such shallow angles as to provide seriously degraded cross fixing. As one example, the hyperbolic formed by one pair along with the ranges observed from either master or slave or both provided useful geometry for navigation in areas with only one usable hyperbolic was normally available. In effect this geometry filled in the previously unusable areas out along the base line extensions. Ranging was dependent upon the availability of highly accurate atomic clocks to refine LORAN station accuracy and carry aboard ships. These provided a capability to synchronize the ship with the actual master and slave pulses so that the ship's receivers "knew" when the stations transmitted their signals. The time delays from the station's known time of transmission to the receipt at the ship formed a range circle that overlay hyperbolic LOPs or in themselves intersected to provide useful cross fixes. 3

4 Outline The Problem: Vulnerabilities The Need: Resilience The Solution: Co-Primary GNSS and eloran eloran Basics The Technology: Service Provider The Technology: User The Tipping Point: Time and Frequency Use Cases Global eloran Initiatives A Way forward in the U.S.? Questions, and possibly answers. Transformation Innovation 4

5 Vulnerabilities Performance degradation Ionosphere & solar activities (natural) Unintentional & intentional (human factors) Signal blockage Spectrum competition Common signal use across GNSS Radio frequency interference System anomalies & failures Jamming Spoofing & Counterfeit Signals Proliferation of satellite systems Escalating costs Program funding delays Satellite launch problems The Problem [Source: ctstechnologys.com/gps-jammers/] Blocker All Bands Waterproof 1,000 m 40 Watts Disrupter Of the 16 Critical Infrastructure / Key Resource sectors in the U.S., 15 use GPS timing. GPS timing is deemed essential for 11 of the sectors. [Source: U.S. DHS] Transformation Innovation 5

6 The Problem: Intentional Source: Ministry of Land Transport and Maritime Affairs Transformation Innovation 6

7 The Problem: Jamming ECS DGPS Feb / Mar 2013 Nov / Dec 2009 Depth Sounder Gyro Compass Source: GLAs AIS Radar Transformation Innovation 7

8 The Problem: Spoofing Sources: University of Texas at Austin Dr. Todd Humphreys Transformation Innovation 8

9 The Need: Resilience Transformation Innovation 9

10 Every Study and Report: Same Conclusion US GAO US DOT US DOT US IAT US DOT US ndp IMO IALA UK RAoE UK GLA US DHS US GAO Hint: GNSS is vulnerable. eloran is the best alternative. Transformation Innovation 10

11 Why Alternatives are NOT Co-Primary Augmentation (vice primary) SBAS (WAAS, EGNOS, MSAS), GBAS (DGPS) Single mode aviation, maritime, land-mobile, time, or frequency Require external 1PPS or 10 MHz and/or Position INS, Cs, Rb, CSAC, OCXO Similar failure modes (e.g., low power, shared spectrum) GNSS, communications satellites Over-promised capability and often coupled to GNSS NTP, PTP (IEEE-1588), fiber Local area radio, TV, WiFi Unprotected spectrum ISM band Not under government control StarFire, OnStar Not under (fill in your country s) sovereign control GPS, GLONASS, CNSS, Galileo Regional QZSS, IRNSS Many years away MEMS INS, cold atom, gravimetric National or regional ASTRA, Sky, Viasat, Skylife, Direct TV, Dish Transformation Innovation 11

12 GNSS + eloran: The Best Co-Primary Solutions Diverse failure modes Complementary Interoperable Independent Multi-Modal Wide Area CO-PRIMARY SOLUTIONS GNSS 1 Enhanced Loran OPERATIONS Frequency 1.X GHz (Various) 100 khz Power Very Low ~ 1.3 M times larger Signal Changes Hard / Expensive Quick / Inexpensive Modulation Changes Hard / Expensive Quick / Inexpensive Global Yes Wide Area / Regional RESILIENCE Complementary & Interoperable Yes Yes (C/A) Jamming Resistence Low High Spoofing Resistence Low High Interference Detection & Mitigation 2 No Yes Proof of Time 3 No Yes Proof of Position 3 No Yes MODES Maritime: HEA, CCZ, EEZ Yes Yes Aviation: En-Route 4 Yes Yes Aviation: Terminal 4 Yes Yes Aviation: Non-Precision Approach 4 Yes Yes Aviation: Precision Approach Yes No Frequency 4 Stratum-1 Stratum-1 UTC (1PPS) 2 Yes Yes Precise Time 4 Yes Yes Land Mobile 2 Yes Yes Location Based Yes Yes ADDITIONAL ATTRIBUTES 3D (altitude) Yes With Altimeter Data Channel No Yes Third-Party Data Channel(s) No Yes Integrity Via Augmentation(s) / RAIM Built In Indoors Depends Yes Urban Canyons Depends Yes Triple Canopy No Yes Underground No Yes Under Water No Salt Water Depth Limited Mountainous Terrain Depends Yes Notes: 1 Specifically civilian GPS; 2 Courtesy of Professor Last; 3 Courtesy of Logan Scott; 4 U.S. FAA Transformation Innovation 12

13 Chemical Financial Services Commercial Facilities Food and Agriculture Communications T Government Facilities Critical Manufacturing Healthcare Dams P GPS eloran N Information Technology Defense Industrial Base Nuclear Systems Emergency Services Transportation Systems Energy Water Systems Critical Infrastructure / Key Resource Sectors Source: US PPD-21 of February 12, 2013

14 eloran Basics Key characteristics High power (typically > 250 kw) Low frequency (100 khz) Pulse shaped signals allow groundwave - skywave separation Data channel to provide UTC information, Differential corrections and integrity information Long range (>1,000 miles) coverage No common failure modes with GNSS Provides the same information as GNSS (time, frequency, position) PLUS data and integrity Transmissions synchronized to UTC UTC Sync Point 10 ms 3 km Transformation Innovation 14

15 Standard Loran (Loran-C) Stand alone Loran-C. Offset m. Error of 7.1 m (95%) from surveyed position. Transformation Innovation 15

16 GPS Single frequency GPS. Offset 0.6 m (2 feet). Error 2.2m (95%) from surveyed position. Transformation Innovation 16

17 Enhanced Loran (eloran) eloran. Offset 2.4 m (< 8 feet). Error 7.1 m (95%) from surveyed position. Transformation Innovation 17

18 The Technology: Service Provider Transmitting Site Differential eloran Site LCD, keyboard and mouse set per MCS Workstation Control & Monitor Site Primary Workstation Secondary Workstation MCS Server Network switch with VPN support Uninterruptible Power Supply - provided by GLAs Workstation Workstation Server LAN UPS 230 V Transformation Innovation 18

19 The Technology: User Software Defined Receivers Multi-mode E- or H-Field Antennas Availability Timing and Frequency Maritime Differential (ΔLoran) Reference Sites Scientific, Research Land Mobile OEM Module Aviation Transformation Innovation 19

20 eloran in Europe 696 km 480 km eloran 1PPS measured against Novatel OEM3 GPS Receiver 6-day continuous observation. 120 seconds observation interval Diurnal behavior present but less prominent. Standard deviation 14 ns 480 km (298 miles) from transmitter at Lessay, France Transformation Innovation 20

21 Use Case: Telecommunications Timing TS3100 GPS PRS performance ETSI PRC Mask UN-150 eloran performance Testing by Chronos Technology Ltd. Additional Testing by National Physical Laboratory Transformation Innovation 21

22 Global Initiatives: UK Contract awarded in 2013 for 7 differential Loran sites General Lighthouse Authorities active in standardization efforts Transformation Innovation 22

23 Global Initiatives : RoK International Tender in Process Assignment of dloran Reference Stations Predicted Accuracy of RoK eloran System Transformation Innovation 23

24 Global Initiatives: KSA Loran-C System implemented in 1980s Extensive use by U.S. DoD in Desert Storm in 1991 Eurofix Data Channel added in 2004 Control System Upgrade in 2007 Tendered for Prototype eloran Receiver in 2012 Finalizing eloran Upgrade Tender for expected release in 2014 Transformation Innovation 24

25 Global Initiatives: India India Coverage Example using 11 eloran Stations -Station locations indicated by circles -Inner contour is eloran navigation coverage area capable of providing maritime <20m accuracy using dloran reference stations -Outer contour is time and data service area Note: Coverage area is approximated and is shown for illustration purposes only Project is past budget stage, in Pre-Tender Technical Design Transformation Innovation 25

26 Global Initiatives: Russia and Iran Transformation Innovation 26

27 Possible Approach Government loans existing assets (i.e. land, buildings, antennas, site equipment) under a 20 year lease Industry provides necessary equipment and services to fulfill a service-level agreement (similar to GLAs in the UK) Potential for a two-tiered service with mechanism for revenue recovery to reduce or eliminate out-year costs to government Phased Approach Initial phase resurrects 2008 era Rapid build out of CONUS high reliability timing network (dual coverage) Position and Navigation capabilities added later Encourage Canadian interest/investment along US / CAN border Expand into Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico Benefits Deferral of Environmental Compliance & Restoration costs Fulfills backup PNT capabilities per National Security Presidential Directives Advances technology and creates employment USA: Public Private Partnership? Transformation Innovation 27

28 Start: 4 Station ( Single ) Timing Coverage Transformation Innovation 28