Project SEXTANT New Thinking on Alternative PNT

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1 Public Release Authorized Project SEXTANT New Thinking on Alternative PNT Randy Villahermosa, Inki Min, James Hant, Paul V. Anderson, Kevin Gaab, Henry Helvajian, Stu Kerr, Anna-Britt Mahler, Ashley Williams, Lael Woods October The Aerospace Corporation Public Release Authorized

Anderson, Kevin Gaab, Henry Helvajian, Stu Kerr, Anna-Britt Mahler,

2 Project SEXTANT Explore Alternative PNT Identify and examine options An internal Aerospace study on new thinking in Alternative PNT Identify the key factors needed to catalyze development Develop a way forward strategy Alternative PNT: Precision ing, Navigation, and Timing in the absence of GPS as the primary PNT source. 2

needed to catalyze development Develop a way forward strategy Alternative PNT:

3 PNT Innovation Landscape Resiliency Improvements Alternative PNT M-Code Antennas RAIM Cyber Localized Sats Pseudolites Inertial Global-Coverage Sats Inertial (only) GPS Modify Augment Substitute New Paradigm Increasing Disruptiveness 3

Pseudolites Inertial Global-Coverage Sats Inertial (only)

4 Summary of Major Findings and Outcomes 4

5 Project SEXTANT Major Findings GPS is vertically integrated No obvious Drop-In replacement Novel combinations of multiple approaches is fertile ground for PNT innovation An independent body is needed to evaluate and coordinate Alternative PNT concepts for critical functions Many experts have been working on GPS alternatives for some time with no clear consensus crystallizing on a path forward 5

needed to evaluate and coordinate Alternative PNT concepts for critical functions Many experts have

6 GPS as a PNT Source 6

7 The Birth of GPS 7

8 Radionavigation from Space 8

9 Influence of Prevailing Technology on GPS Simpler RF environment Focused mission applications Electronic components were large Processing power at its infancy Government at the forefront of technological innovation Rich ambient RF flora and fauna Plethora of users Electronic component size is no longer an issue Intensive processing in portable devices is a reality Technology permeates all sectors with many sources of innovation 9

innovation Rich ambient RF flora and fauna Plethora of users Electronic component size is no longer an issue

10 GPS Functional Decomposition & Time GPS Satellite GPS Satellite Processor TOA Time Kalman Filter User Receiver User (RF) Time User (RF) Control Sites Transmitter PNT Data Time Satellites (RF) Satellites (RF) Sat. Time UTC GPS Reference Phenomenon Time Orbital Motion Atomic Clock Time Radionav. Cesium Atom Vertically integrated Satellites act as a relay of PNT data (orbital position) 10

11 Basis for an Alternative-PNT Framework GPS & Time Processor TOA Time Kalman Filter PNT Components Contribute to a PNT solution but cannot otherwise generate a solution alone Receiver Transmitter PNT Data Reference Time User (RF) User (RF) Time Satellites (RF) Satellites (RF) Time Sat. UTC Time Orbital Motion Atomic Clock PNT Concept A complete system capable of producing a PNT solution Phenomenon Time Radionav. Cesium Atom 11

Reference Time User (RF) User (RF) Time Satellites (RF) Satellites (RF) Time Sat.

12 Many PNT Components Identified & Time PNT Components Identified Processor 23 Receiver Transmitter Over 100 PNT components identified and put into context PNT Data Reference Decomposing GPS into PNT Components gives us a new way to develop and describe alternatives Phenomenon 15 12

into context PNT Data Reference 23 16 Decomposing GPS into PNT Components

13 Innovating Alternative PNT Inspiration from Other Sectors 13

14 Vertical to Horizontal Integration in PNT & Time Processor Receiver Transmitter Address Alternative PNT from the standpoint of transitioning from a vertical to a horizontal architecture PNT Data Reference Vertical = tightly controlled Horizontal = flexible Phenomenon GPS (Vertical Integration) 14

from a vertical to a horizontal architecture PNT Data Reference Vertical =

15 What We Can Learn From Other Sectors There are several sectors that have relevant experience in vertical/horizontal transition Telecom Ma Bell transitioned to cell phones Media Early emphasis on controlling distribution (infrastructure) transitioned to content Technology Tightly controlled desktop ecosystem transitioned to cloud computing 15

phones Media Early emphasis on controlling distribution (infrastructure) transitioned

16 Creating a PNT Ecosystem & Time PNT Integration Platform Processor Receiver Transmitter PNT Data Reference Phenomenon GPS LORAN QZSS Video Inertial Cellular Terrain Map Cell Towers PNT Signals Sensors OpNav Ref. PNT Processor PNT Integrator Integrity Monitor Algorithms & Time GPS (Vertical Integration) Open-Source Alternative PNT (Horizontal Integration) 16

17 Open Source PNT PNT Integration Platform Alternative PNT Ecosystem Flexible horizontal architecture GPS Loran QZSS Video Inertial Cellular Terrain Map Cell Towers PNT Signals Sensors OpNav Ref. PNT Processor PNT Integrator Integrity Monitor Algorithms & Time Creates a modular ecosystem for developing PNT components Dynamically integrates multiple types of PNT components Separates platform stewardship from application development Distributes PNT over many devices, technologies, and phenomenology 17

PNT Processor PNT Integrator Integrity Monitor Algorithms & Time Creates a modular ecosystem for developing PNT components

18 Resiliency Through Flexibility GPS Loran QZSS Video Inertial Cellular PNT Integration Platform PNT Signals Sensors OpNav PNT Processor PNT Integrator Integrity Monitor Algorithms & Time Flexible Architecture serves as a nudge to change behavior End users take on greater responsibility for PNT integrity Increased awareness with a PNT Quality indicator Terrain Map Cell Towers Ref. PNT WiFi = degraded quality = tampering suspected 18

as a nudge to change behavior End users take on greater responsibility for PNT integrity Increased awareness

19 Alternative PNT Framework 19

20 Evaluating PNT Concepts GPS Loran QZSS Video Inertial Cellular Terrain Map Cell Towers PNT Integration Platform PNT Signals Sensors OpNav Ref. PNT Processor PNT Integrator Integrity Monitor Algorithms & Time Which Combination of PNT Inputs To Choose? A framework for assessing user satisfaction is critical to support decision making Open-Source Alternative PNT 20

PNT Processor PNT Integrator Integrity Monitor Algorithms & Time Which Combination of PNT

21 Alternative PNT Assessment Workflow User Define Problem PNT Use Case Identify Options PNT Technologies Integrate PNT Concepts Assess Concept Scorecard Alternative PNT Concept The Alternative PNT Framework is the basis for an evaluation process: Identify and Evaluate PNT Component Technologies Develop and Integrate Concepts Assess User Satisfaction 21

22 Project SEXTANT The Alternative PNT Framework opens the aperture on future thinking The Open-Source PNT Concept illustrates the value of considering different business models The Framework highlights opportunities that may emerge from disaggregating the PNT user base An internal Aerospace study on new thinking in Alternative PNT Examining critical PNT functions across the DOD, civilian, and commercial sectors is worthy of investment to quantify user needs and options for satisfying them 22

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