The Nordic Region. Many similarities, but also differences concerning climate conditions, society, culture, international membership, language, etc.

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1 Arni Bragason

2 The Nordic Region The nordic region consists of 5 independent countries (Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland and Iceland) and 3 autonomous regions (Faroe Islands, Aaland and Greenland). All together 26 million inhabitants. Many similarities, but also differences concerning climate conditions, society, culture, international membership, language, etc.

3 NordGen (2008) A merge of : The Nordic Gene Bank (1979) The Nordic Gene Bank Farm Animals (1984) The Nordic Council for Forest Reproductive Material (1970) Working Group for Genetic Resources (1990) Nordic Generesource Council (2001) With offices in Alnarp, Sweden and in Ås, Norway

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5 NordGen Animal Council WG. Fruit, Berries and Ornamentals WG. Cereals WG. Root, Oil and Fiber Crops WG. Fodder Crops NordGen Forest Council NordGen Forest Genetic Resources Svalbard International Advisery Council WG. Vegetables, Potatoes, Herbs National programs for GR

6 NordGen Farm Animals Coordinate and promote national commitments to secure and use farm animal genetic resources in a Nordic perspective. Information and knowledge center for expertise, conservation and sustainable use Cooperation partner in breeding and conservation of genetic diversity of farm animal resources.

7 NordGen Animals EVA program is a tool to decribe inbreeding in a population and to maximize selection response (workshops on basic use and interpretation of program) Farm animal genetic resources in adaptation to climate change AnGr Nordicnet helps to develop a Nordic knowledge base for policy makers and research strategies for the conservation, utilization and research on animal genetic resources for adaptation and mitigation issues The Nordic brown bee Apis m. mellifera is an endangered breed. Current status in the Nordic and Baltic countries examined

8 NordGen Forest Serves as a Nordic meeting place promotes and improves the seed and plant production and works for conservation and sustainable use of GR

9 Theme days and conferences Hallormsstaður (I) 2013: Northern Forests in a Changing Climate Sabro(D). August 2013: Culture quality and increased timber production Gardemoen (N). March 2013: Regeneration quality Hveragerði (I). Nov 2012: Tree seed sources and supplies for Iceland current situation and future alternatives Hämeenlinna (F) Sept 2012: Option for Forest Regeneration spruce, pine and broadleaved trees Stockholm (S) March 2012: Future dream plant Lahti, (F). Oct 2011: Quality problems in forest regeneration Odense (D). Sept 2011: Sustainable biomassproduction Gardermoen (N). March 2011: Regeneration the foundation of forests Akureyri (I) Nov 2010: Forest seedlings and plant quality Uppsala (S) Oct 2010: Alien species opportunity or threat? Vantaa (F) March 2010: Damages at the nursery and young forests

10 NordGen Plants Genebank Conserve and document genetic variation in Nordic agricultural and horticultural plant material Participate in activities, research and education related to plant genetic resources Survey international trends scientifically and politically, aiming at influencing the international agenda and to advice National authorities on matters concerning plant genetic resources

11 Plant Genetic Resources in the Nordic area = national programs NordGen

12 Seed storage Active collection Alnarp, Sweden Distribution, characterisation, regeneration, analyses of material Base collection Årslev, Denmark Base storage, rejuvenation Safety deposit Svalbard Global Seed Vault Duplication of Base collection

13 Nordic Seed Collections The collection includes 513 species and varieties of cultivated crops and their wild relatives, with 32,000 registered accessions (and 30,000 unregistered) In addition to seed collections, is a collection of 64 different Nordic potato varieties in vitro The Gene Bank is working with material of Nordic origin or relevance Nordic collections cover a range of popular Nordic special collections

14 Distribution of material 2012 Breeding/ Science Nordic 23% Private Nordic 47% Breeding/ Science Intern. 27% Private Intern. 3%

15 The Svalbard Global Seed Vault NordGen has the operational responsibility for the Svalbard Global Seed Vault Agreement between NordGen, Global Crop Diversity Trust (FAO) and the Norwegian Government International success is dependent of trust in and knowlegde about SGSV

16 Public, privat partnership for pre breeding (PPP) PPP project 8 m. DKK per/year for 4 years 50% public and 50% private Projects in barley, raygrass and apple prebreeding The project will continue and the aim is up to 50 m. DKK/year in 2020 Members in PPP:

17 The average age is increasing, so we need proportionally more food 2050, we need 70% more food than today World population

18 Climate Predictable Photoperiod Unpredictable Temperature Precipitation Seasonal distribution Semi predictable Abiotic stresses (cold, drought, salt) Biotic stresses (fungi, bacteria, virus, insects)

19 Food security We must produce more food On less land In less favourable environments Flooding, heat, drought With fewer resources Water, pesticides, fertilizers, labour

20 post-gm Plant Breeding: various techniques transformation molecular markers In vitro-techniques cytogenetics mutations interspecific crossings and polyploidy hybrid breeding selection / choice and crossings

21 Plant Breeding - what genetic variation is used? Breeding material Highly bred material Exotic material Total genetc variation

22 Susan McCouch

23 International development 1982 FAO, Comission of Plant Genetic Resources 1992 Convetion on Biodiversity (CBD/COP) FAO, international undertaking TRIPS (trade related aspects of intellectual property rights) 2004 The International Treaty on PGR

24 CBD Nagoya protocoll Access and benefit sharing Kalmar declaration from 2003 Nordic countries have diffrent legislation for GR does not influence Forest GR Main conclution: Will not influence the good access of FGR between countries in our region

25 Percentages of food production of major crops based on species originating from other regions Dependency of imported gene sources North America Latin America Europe Africa Mediterranean West C. Asia South Asia Australia South E. Asia East Asia Dependency (%)

26 Greater GR interdependence between countries: Future climate for a given country more similar to other countries Increased demand: Looking beyond current crop genetic base (more use of crop wild relatives) Andy Jarvis, International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Colombia

27 Possible distribution of Red Spruce ,7 C Clorid < 10 ppm Wind < 8 m/s Rannsóknastöð skógræktar

28 Possible distribution of Red Spuce 2050 based on conservative forcast 1,5 plus Rannsóknastöð skógræktar

29 The Nordic Bioeconomy Initiative Why Nordic cooperation on the bioeconomy? The sustainable utilization of natural resources is a global goal Different challenges in the south and in the north Global challenges but local/regional solutions The Nordic Bio economy Initiative is a direct follow up on the Nidaros declaration of the minister meeting in Advantages in a common Nordic policy and strategy aims at creating a common Nordic policy platform for exchanging viewpoints The platform is intended to work across sectors and across borders

30 Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture in a Changing Climate" 27 th 29 th of January, 2014, in Lillehammer, Norway

31 Climate change Concluding remarks provides large opportunities to Nordic agriculture and forestry will increase abiotic and biotic risks We have to modify current management practices in agriculture and forestry and in many areas change species/ varieties to fully utilize the positive effects and to mitigate the negative effects Greater interdependence between countries Future climate for a given country more similar to other countries Development of new technologies create many opportunies for future work well characterized biological material will have increasing value We have to look beyond current crop genetic base (more use of crop wild relatives)

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