Nature of Personality Psychodynamic Perspectives Behavioral Perspectives Humanistic Perspectives Biological Perspectives Terror Management Theory

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1 Nature of Psychodynamic Behavioral Humanistic Biological Terror Management Theory Culture and ttests

2 refers to an individual s unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits In other words - an individual s unique and relatively consistent pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving A personality trait is a durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations.

3 Theory theory attempts to describe and explain how people are similar, how they are different, and why every individual is unique.

4 Raymond Cattell In the 1950 s Raymond Cattell used factor analysis to come up with 16 basic personality traits, also called source traits 16PF test that was developed to measure these traits Generally considered too many traits

5 Reserved Less Intelligent Affected by Feelings Submissive Serious Expedient Timid Tough-minded Trusting Practical Forthright Self-assured Conservative Group-dependant Uncontrolled Relaxed Outgoing More Intelligent Emotionally Stable Dominant Happy-go-lucky Conscientious Venturesome Sensitive Suspicious Imaginative Shrewd Apprehensive Experimenting Self-sufficient Controlled Tense Nature of Psychodynamic Behavioral Humanistic Biological Terror Management Theory Culture and

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7 Defining : Consistency and Distinctiveness Traits Dispositions and dimensions The Five-Factor Model Extraversion Neuroticism Openness to experience Agreeableness Conscientiousness

8 Five-Factor Model (McCrae and Costa) Described a little bit differently among researchers These Five Factors usually rated from low to high Extraversion Neuroticism Openness to Experience Agreeableness Conscientiousness

9 outgoing Agreeableness assertive upbeat Neuroticism (Negative Emotionality) Extraversion (Positive Emotionality) Conscientiousness (Constraint) friendly Gregarious Extraversion (Positive Emotionality) Openness to Experience sociable Nature of Psychodynamic Behavioral Humanistic Biological Terror Management Theory Culture and

10 anxious Agreeableness vulnerable insecure Neuroticism (Negative Emotionality) Neuroticism (Negative Emotionality) Conscientiousness (Constraint) hostile Extraversion (Positive Emotionality) Openness to Experience self-conscious Nature of Psychodynamic Behavioral Humanistic Biological Terror Management Theory Culture and

11 artistic sensitivity curiosity Neuroticism (Negative Emotionality) Agreeableness Openness to Experience flexibility Conscientiousness (Constraint) imaginativeness vivid fantasy Extraversion (Positive Emotionality) Openness to Experience unconventional attitudes Nature of Psychodynamic Behavioral Humanistic Biological Terror Management Theory Culture and

12 sympathetic Agreeableness trusting modest Neuroticism (Negative Emotionality) Agreeableness Extraversion (Positive Emotionality) Conscientiousness (Constraint) Openness to Experience straight forward cooperative Nature of Psychodynamic Behavioral Humanistic Biological Terror Management Theory Culture and

13 diligent Agreeableness punctual dependable Neuroticism (Negative Emotionality) Conscientiousness (Constraint) Extraversion (Positive Emotionality) Conscientiousness (Constraint) Openness to Experience well-organized disciplined Nature of Psychodynamic Behavioral Humanistic Biological Terror Management Theory Culture and

14 Psychoanalytic Approach Developed by Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis is both an approach to therapy and a theory of personality» Emphasizes unconscious motivation the main causes of behavior lie buried in the unconscious mind

15 Unconscious Mental Processes Nature of Psychodynamic Behavioral Humanistic Biological Terror Management Theory Culture and

16 Psychodynamic Freud s psychoanalytic theory Structure of personality Id - Pleasure principle Ego - Reality principle Superego - Morality Levels of awareness Conscious Unconscious Preconscious

17 Psychoanalytic Approach three levels of awareness Conscious all things we are aware of at any given moment Preconscious everything that can, with a little effort, be brought into consciousness Unconscious inaccessible warehouse of anxiety-producing thoughts and drives

18 Id Pleasure Principle Primary-process Thinking Unconscious Nature of Psychodynamic Behavioral Humanistic Biological Terror Management Theory Culture and

19 Conscious Ego Reality Principle Secondary-process Thinking Preconscious Id Pleasure Principle Primary-process Thinking Unconscious Nature of Psychodynamic Behavioral Humanistic Biological Terror Management Theory Culture and

20 Conscious Superego Moral Imperatives Ego Reality Principle Secondary-process Thinking Id Pleasure Principle Primary-process Thinking Preconscious Unconscious Nature of Psychodynamic Behavioral Humanistic Biological Terror Management Theory Culture and

21 Psychoanalytic Divisions of the Mind Id instinctual drives present at birth does not distinguish between reality and fantasy operates according to the pleasure principle Ego develops out of the id in infancy understands reality and logic mediator between id and superego Superego internalization of society s moral standards responsible for guilt

22 EGO Holds Urges in Check With Reality Gratify Urges Immediately Holds Urges in Check With Morality ID Superego Nature of Psychodynamic Behavioral Humanistic Biological Terror Management Theory Culture and

23 Id: The Pleasure Principle Pleasure principle drive toward immediate gratification, most fundamental human motive Sources of energy Eros life instinct, perpetuates life Thanatos death instinct, aggression, self-destructive actions (KOᴙN) Libido sexual energy or motivation

24 Ego: The Reality Principle Reality principle the ability to postpone gratification in accordance with demands of reality Ego rational, organized, logical, mediator to demands of reality Can repress desires that cannot be met in an acceptable manner

25 Superego: Conscience Internalization of societal and parental values (rules) Partially unconscious Can be harshly punitive, using feelings of guilt (beat yourself up)

26 Intrapsychic Conflict (Between Id, Ego, and Superego) Anxiety Reliance on Defense Mechanisms Nature of Psychodynamic Behavioral Humanistic Biological Terror Management Theory Culture and

27 Defense Mechanisms Unconscious mental processes employed by the ego to reduce anxiety

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29 Table 11.1 Defense Mechanisms, with Examples

30 Defense Mechanisms Repression keeping anxiety-producing thoughts out of the conscious mind Reaction formation replacing an unacceptable wish with its opposite Displacement when a drive directed to one activity by the id is redirected to a more acceptable activity by the ego Sublimation displacement to activities that are valued by society Projection reducing anxiety by attributing unacceptable impulses to someone else Rationalization reasoning away anxiety-producing thoughts Regression retreating to a mode of behavior characteristic of an earlier stage of development

31 Freud s Psychosexual Stages of Development Freud s five stages of personality development, each associated with a particular erogenous zone Fixation an attempt to achieve pleasure as an adult in ways that are equivalent to how pleasure was achieved in these stages

32 Five Psychosocial Stages: 1. Oral 2. Anal 3. Phallic 4. Latency 5. Genital Nature of Psychodynamic Behavioral Humanistic Biological Terror Management Theory Culture and

33 1.Oral Stage (birth 1½ year) Mouth is associated with sexual pleasure Weaning a child can lead to fixation if not handled correctly Fixation can lead to oral activities in adulthood (Such as smoking, over eating, biting nails, etc.)

34 2. Anal Stage (1½ 3 years) Anus is associated with pleasure Toilet training can lead to fixation if not handled correctly Fixation can lead to anal retentive or expulsive behaviors in adulthood

35 3. Phallic Stage (3 5 years) Focus of pleasure shifts to the genitals Oedipus or Electra complex can occur Fixation can lead to excessive masculinity in males and the need for attention or domination in females

36 4. Latency Stage (5 or 6 yrs. puberty) Sexuality is repressed Child bonds with same sex parent Children participate in hobbies, school, and same-sex friendships

37 5. Genital Stage (puberty age 12 and up) Sexual feelings re-emerge and are oriented toward others Healthy adults find pleasure in love and work, fixated adults have their energy tied up in earlier stages

38 Stage Approximate Age Erotic Focus Key Tasks and Experience Oral 0-1 Mouth (Sucking, Biting) Weaning (From Breast or Bottle) Anal 2-3 Anus (Expelling or Retaining Feces) Toilet Training Phallic 4-5 Genitals (Masturbating) Identifying with Adult Role Models; Coping With Oedipal Crisis Latency 6-12 None (Sexually Repressed) Expanding Social Contracts Genital Puberty Onward Genitals (Being Sexually Intimate) Establishing Intimate Relationships; Contributing to Society Through Working Nature of Psychodynamic Behavioral Humanistic Biological Terror Management Theory Culture and

39 Post-Freudian Psychodynamic Theories Carl Jung - analytical psychology Karen Horney focus on security Alfred Adler individual psychology

40 Carl Jung Analytical Psychology 2 levels of the unconscious mind: (1) personal unconscious & (2) collective unconscious More general psychic energy Collective unconscious human collective evolutionary history (archetypes) Universality of themes archetypes (ancestral memories) First to describe introverts and extraverts

41 Collective Unconscious Person A Person B Person C Conscious Personal Unconscious Nature of Psychodynamic Behavioral Humanistic Biological Terror Management Theory Culture and

42 Figure 11.4 Jung s vision of the collective unconscious

43 Evaluating Psychodynamic Pros The unconscious The role of internal conflict The importance of early childhood experiences The use of defense mechanisms Cons Poor testability Inadequate empirical base Sexist views

44 Evaluation of Psychoanalysis Evidence is inadequate data are not available or able to be reviewed Theory is not testable lack of operational definitions; good at explaining past, but not at prediction Sexism believed that women were weak and inferior; used male psychology (Western European male) as basis for all people

45 Behavioral Skinner s views Conditioning and response tendencies Bandura s social cognitive theory Observational learning Models Self-efficacy Mischel s views The person-situation controversy (extent to which situational factors govern behavior)

46 B.F. Skinner Nature of Psychodynamic Behavioral Humanistic Biological Terror Management Theory Culture and

47 B. F. Skinner His belief was that such ideas as free will, self determination, and individual choice are just an illusion (Hockenbury & Hockenbury, p. 222, 2010). Searched for the lawful processes that would explain order in behavior Believed that personality like all behavior is learned through conditioning

48 Operant Response Tendencies Stimulus Situation Large party where you know relatively few people R 1 R 2 R 3 Circulate, speaking to others only if they approach you first Stick close to the people you already know Politely withdraw by getting wrapped up in a host s book collection R 4 Leave at the first opportunity Nature of Psychodynamic Behavioral Humanistic Biological Terror Management Theory Culture and

49 Figure 11.6 development and operant conditioning

50 Evaluating Behavioral Pros Based on rigorous research Insights into effects of learning and environmental factors Cons Over-dependence on animal research Fragmented view of personality Dehumanizing views

51 Albert Bandura Nature of Psychodynamic Behavioral Humanistic Biological Terror Management Theory Culture and

52 Social Cognitive Perspective Social cognitive theory the importance of observational learning, conscious cognitive processes, social experience, self-efficacy and reciprocal determinism in personality Reciprocal determinism model that explains personality as the result of behavioral, cognitive, and environmental interactions Self-efficacy belief that people have about their ability to meet the demands of a specific situation

53 Response Rewarding Stimulus Presented Bargain Assertively Good Buy on Car Nature of Psychodynamic Behavioral Humanistic Biological Terror Management Theory Culture and

54 Reciprocal Determinism Albert Bandura (Social-Cognitive)

55 Evaluation of Social Cognitive Theory Well grounded in empirical, laboratory research However, laboratory experiences are rather simple and may not reflect the complexity of human interactions Ignores the influences of the unconscious, emotions, and conflicts

56 Humanistic Perspective Free will Self-awareness Psychological growth A couple of key figures Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers

57 Humanistic Carl Rogers s person-centered theory Self-concept Conditional/unconditional positive regard Incongruence and anxiety Abraham Maslow s theory of selfactualization Hierarchy of needs The healthy personality

58 Carl Rogers Nature of Psychodynamic Behavioral Humanistic Biological Terror Management Theory Culture and

59 Carl Rogers Actualizing tendency innate drive to maintain and enhance the human organism Self-concept set of perceptions you hold about yourself Positive regard conditional and unconditional

60 Figure 11.7 Rogers s view of personality structure

61 Figure 11.8 Rogers s view of personality development and dynamics

62 Humanistic Theories Abraham Maslow suggested that motives are divided into several levels from basic survival needs to psychological and selffulfillment needs

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65 Characteristics of Self-actualizing People Spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness Autonomy, independence of culture and environment Feelings of kinship and identification with the human race Balance between polarities in personality, etc. Nature of Psychodynamic Behavioral Humanistic Biological Terror Management Theory Culture and

66 Figure Maslow s view of the healthy personality

67 Evaluating Humanistic Pros Recognized importance of subjective views Recognized importance of self-concept Laid foundation for positive psychology Cons Many aspects of theory are difficult to test Unrealistic optimism (Except for the Existential perspective) More empirical research needed

68 Biological Eysenk s theory Determined by genes Extraversion-introversion Behavioral genetics Twin studies Heritability estimates The evolutionary approach Traits conducive to reproductive fitness

69 Hans Eysenck Similar method to Cattell Had 3 different source traits Introversion-extraversion Neuroticism-stability Psychoticism Generally considered too few traits

70 Higher-order Trait Traits Habitual Responses Specific Responses Extraversion Sociable Lively Active Assertive Sensationseeking Nature of Psychodynamic Behavioral Humanistic Biological Terror Management Theory Culture and

71 Behavioral Genetics Interdisciplinary field that studies the effects of genes and heredity on behavior Heredity seems to play a role in four of the big five personality traits extraversion, neuroticism, openness to experience, and conscientiousness

72 Evaluating Biological Pros Convincing evidence for genetic influence Cons Too much reliance on heritability estimates No comprehensive biological theory

73 Correlation of Scores Altruism Empathy Aggressiveness Type of Interfering Material Identical Twins Fraternal Twins Nature of Psychodynamic Behavioral Humanistic Biological Terror Management Theory Culture and

74 Correlation of Scores Positive Emotionality Negative Emotionality Constraint Identical Twins Reared Together Identical Twins Reared Apart Fraternal Twins Reared Together Fraternal Twins Reared Apart Nature of Psychodynamic Behavioral Humanistic Biological Terror Management Theory Culture and

75 Evaluation of Trait Perspective Don t really explain personality, simply describe the behaviors Doesn t describe the development of the behaviors Trait approaches generally fail to address how issues such as motives, unconscious, or beliefs about self affect personality development

76 Evolutionary Perspective: Certain traits and the ability to recognize them may contribute to reproductive fitness... A reproductive advantage. Even the evolution of the traits themselves such as extraversion could have promoted mating success and neuroticism could have fueled competitiveness Nature of Psychodynamic Behavioral Humanistic Biological Terror Management Theory Culture and

77 Assessment Projective Techniques Interpretation of an ambiguous image Used to determine unconscious motives, conflicts, and psychological traits

78 Rorschach Inkblot Test Presentation and interpretation of a series of black-and-white and colored inkblots Numerous scoring systems exist

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80 Thematic Apperception Test Series of pictures depicting ambiguous scenes Person is asked to create a story about the scene Answers are scored according to themes, motives, and anxieties of main character

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82 Drawbacks to Projective Tests Examiner or test situation may influence individual s response Scoring is highly subjective Tests fail to produce consistent results (reliability problem) Tests are poor predictors of future behavior (validity problem)

83 Self-Report Inventory Psychological test in which an individual answers standardized questions about their behavior and feelings The answers are then compared with established norms

84 MMPI Most widely used self-report inventory Originally designed to assess mental health and detect psychological symptoms Includes more than 500 questions to which person must reply True or False Includes lying scales

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86 Strengths of Self-Reports Standardized each person receives same instructions and responds to the same questions Use of established norms: results are compared with previously established norms and are not subjectively evaluated

87 Weaknesses of Self-Reports Evidence that people can fake responses to look better (or worse) Tests contain hundreds of items and become tedious People may not be good judges of their own behavior

88 T-scores on Traits 60 N E O A C How Canadians View National Character Actual Trait Scores For Canadians Nature of Psychodynamic Behavioral Humanistic Biological Terror Management Theory Culture and

89 Mother Father Friend Self Sibling Friend Co-worker Nature of Psychodynamic Behavioral Humanistic Biological Terror Management Theory Culture and

90 Mother Father Friend Self Sibling Friend Co-worker Nature of Psychodynamic Behavioral Humanistic Biological Terror Management Theory Culture and