Potassium chloride in fertigation
|
|
- Barbra Angelica Daniels
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Potassium chloride in fertigation H. Magen (1) (1) ICL Fertilizers Paper presented at the 7th International Conference on Water and Irrigation, May, Tel Aviv, Israel Abstract The rapid proliferation of fertigation in modern agriculture has brought about a growing demand for factory mixed fertilizer solutions, as well as wide-scale dissolution of solid fertilizers by farmers in the field. Rules of chemistry and physics control the rate of dissolution and, hence, the nutrient content in the fertilizer solution. Potassium chloride (KCl) is the cheapest potassium-containing fertilizer. Data concerning the dissolution of potassium chloride and other potassium sources are presented below. Introduction Fertigation is the application of solid or liquid mineral fertilizers via pressurized irrigation systems, creating nutrient-containing irrigation water. Although the practice of commercial fertigation started only in the mid - 2th century, there is evidence that the concept of irrigation with dissolved nutrients in water was well known in the past. The first reported example dates back to ancient Athens (4 BC) where city sewage was used to irrigate tree groves (Young and Hargett, 1984). One of the major factors in promoting modern fertigation was the development of micro-irrigation systems (MIS) such as drip irrigation, jets and micro-sprinklers. Field experiments in Israel in the early 196s showed that when localized sections of a field are irrigated, as in MIS, standard broadcasting of fertilizers is ineffective. The limited root zone and the reduced level of mineralization in the restricted wetted zone are the main reasons for the reduced nutrient availability to the plant. When this was recognized, fertigation was integrated in almost all MIS. Israel is an unmatched example of the use of fertilizers by fertigation. The Israeli farmer uses an average of 1, 55 and 75 kg/ha/y of N, P 2 O 5 and K 2 O, respectively. Over 5% of the N and P 2 O 5 is applied by fertigation. Of the 33, tons used annually, approximately 1, tons are applied as clear liquid N-P-K, N-K or P-K solutions or soluble complex fertilizers, and another 5,-1, tons are applied as solid KCl dissolved in the field. Fertigation is by far the most common, and in some cases the only, method of fertilizing in greenhouses, orchards, vegetables and drip irrigated field crops such as cotton, maize, jujube, etc. Various sources have shown the advantage of applying K through irrigation water. Potassium ions are adsorbed at the cation exchange sites of soil colloids, but it was shown that lateral and downward mobility of potassium occur 1
2 when applied via drip irrigation (Goode et al. 1978; Kafkafi and Bar-Yosef 198). Haynes (1985) showed that the distribution of potassium was more uniform than that of either nitrate or phosphate. Preplanting fertilizer application usually include 15-25% of the recommended N, 2-3% of the recommended K and 1% of the recommended P, Ca, Mg and micro-elements (Sanders 1991). Further nitrogen and potassium is given by fertigation during the growing period to complete the plant requirements. Potassium is applied through fertigation by using various sources of K salts such as potassium chloride (KCl), potassium sulfate (K 2 SO 4 ), potassium nitrate (KNO 3 ) and mono-potassium phosphate (KH 2 PO 4 ). Among the less common K fertilizers are potassium carbonate (K 2 CO 3 ) and potassium silicate (K-Si). The K fertilizer is chosen by price, solubility, anion type and ease of use. This paper discusses various features of KCl fertigation. Compatibility of Fertilizers with Fertigation There are no standards regarding fertigation fertilizers currently in force, therefore, the following are suggested: complete solubility (<.2% insolubles in water), high nutrient content in the saturated solution, fast dissolution in irrigation water, insolubles of non-clogging mineral and bacterial type only, no chemical interactions between the fertilizer and irrigation water, and absence of undesired anions Solubility of K fertilizers. Solubility is defined as the amount of salt (grams) per volume (liter). Potassium chloride (KCl) is the most soluble potassium fertilizer up to a temperature of about 2 C (fig. 1); at higher temperatures potassium nitrate (KNO 3 ) is more soluble. Both salts have an endothermic reaction when dissolved (the solution cools as the fertilizer dissolves). This phenomenon limits the solubility of KNO 3 more than that of KCl. The solubility of fertilizers is reduced when two or three fertilizers are mixed together. The maximum concentration can be determined by using triangular diagrams, from which any ratio can be calculated for a given temperature (Wolf et al. 1985). Solubility (gr. / liter) KNO 3 KCl KH 2 PO 4 K 2 SO Temp ( C) Fig. 1: Solubility of various K fertilizers at different temperatures. 2
3 Nutrient content of K fertilizers. Nutrient content is defined as the value received by multiplying solubility times the percentage of the nutrient in the fertilizer. KCl yields the highest nutrient content at 1 C (fig. 2), achieving a concentration of 15% K 2 O, compared to only 8% with KNO 3, and even less with K 2 SO 4 and KH 2 PO 4. Fast dissolution. This parameter is important when considering industrial dissolution processes dissolution at field level for the calculation of irrigation timing and intervals. Elam et al. (1995) showed the difference between KCl, KNO 3 and K 2 SO 4 dissolution rates and the change in temperature after dissolving the fertilizers (fig. 3). The graph shows that the dissolution time (t 9, the time needed to dissolve 9% of the salt added, in minutes) of KCl is much shorter and the K 2 O content is much higher, about 13% for KCl in 8 minutes, as compared to 4% for K 2 SO 4 in 25.2 min. and 9% for KNO 3 in 15.6 min. Solubility (gr./l) MOP KNO3 MKP SOP % of plant food (K2O; anion) Solubility K2O (%) Anion (%) Fig. 2: Solubility and nutrient concentration at saturation of K fertilizers at 1 C (5 F); MOP = muriate of potash (KCl), MKP = mono-potassium phosphate (KH 2 PO 4 ), SOP = sulfate of potash (K 2 SO 4 ). Insolubles of non-clogging type KCl is marketed either as white or red MOP (muriate of potash). The source of the red color is the presence of insoluble (in water) Fe-Oxide compounds in the material. When dissolving red potash, It is clearly seen that the saturated solution contains a red colored fraction of insoluble material, thus raising the question of its ability to be applied through fertigation Chemical interactions between the fertilizer and irrigation water The formation of precipitates in irrigation water due to the addition of fertilizer, is one of the most common problems farmers encounter at field level. The most common precipitates are Ca-P compounds at ph>7., when P fertilizers are added. Fertilizing with K and N fertilizers are limited when irrigation water contain high concentration of Ca and or SO 4. At such conditions, salting out of K 2 SO 4, CaSO 4 and NH 4 SO 4 occur. Since chloride salts are highly soluble, precipitation of its salts practically does not exist in such systems. A more accurate method of predicting precipitation under various conditions of ph, and concentrations of Ca, Mg, Fe and PO 4 is by the use of the computer program GEOCHEM-PC (Parker et al., 1995). The program can predict the precipitation of any salts in irrigation water, and thus plays an important role in fertigation management. 3
4 Laboratory experiments with nutrient solutions showed a good correlation between the program s predictions and the actual results (Magen, 1995). Fraction Dissolved Temperature (C) KCl K2SO4 KNO Time (min) at equilibrium KCl K 2 SO 4 KNO 3 % K 2 O t % Salt Fig. 3: Dissolution kinetics (full points) and change in temperature (hollow points) when dissolving K fertilizers (8% saturation, 2 C, 1 rpm). Presence of undesired anions Table 1 shows types of anions and their relative consumption by plants. Table 1: Cations and anions from different K fertilizers and their uptake by plants Fertilizer Cation Anion Anion absorbed by plants as... nutrient KCl K+ Cl - secondary K 2 SO 4 K+ -2 SO 4 secondary KNO 3 K+ - NO 3 macro KH 2 PO 4 K+ - H 2 PO 4 macro Chloride is consumed by plants at low quantities, therefore, under heavy fertilization with Cl containing fertilizers and sub-optimal leaching conditions, it will accumulate and create salinity problems. Specific guidelines and tolerance levels were assessed (Maas, 1986), enabling research and farmers to monitor and adopt proper management to minimize this problem. 4
5 Prepared liquid fertilizers Clear liquid fertilizers used for fertigation include urea, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, either individually or in combination as the N source, orthophosphate as the P 2 O 5 source and KCl, K 2 SO 4 and KH 2 PO 4 as the K 2 O sources. By mixing two or three different nutrients, the solubility of each nutrient declines (table 2). Table 2 presents some of the characteristics of selected liquid fertilizers of industrial preparation. Under field conditions, mixing and heating are limited, resulting in a much lower nutrient content. An experiment describing the maximal nutrient content in field prepared solution, was conducted in our laboratory, in order to develop a simple mixing tables for the end user. At the present work, we have examined the preparation of KCl solutions with minimal stirring, at a controlled temperature of 1 C. Different amounts of fertilizer grade potassium chloride (61% K 2 O) (4%, 6%, 7%, and 1% K 2 O concentration w/w) were added to 1 ml of tap water at 1 C in a vessel jacketed with cooling liquifd at 1 C. After addition of the fertilizer the solution was stirred for one minute and the stirring then stopped. The temperature change with time was recorded as well as the time to reach complete dissolution. The temperature changes with time for four different amounts of KCl is shown in table 3. For the first three additions clear solutions were obtained after 5-8 minutes. The fourth addition, 1% K 2 O, did not dissolve completly even after one hour, although the temperature had returned to 1 C after 17 minutes. Table 2: Selection of various formulas of liquid fertilizers (source: Sne, Ministry of Agriculture. Israel, 1989). Fertilizers Formula Salting out Temperature (C ) ph (1:1) NH 4 NO 3 +H 3 PO 4 +KCl Urea+NH 4 NO 3 + H 3 PO 4 +KCl NH 4 NO 3 +H 3 PO 4 +KNO
6 Table 3: Temperature change with time to reach clear K solution Time 4% K 2 O 6% K 2 O 7% K 2 O 1% K 2 O (minutes) Temp (C) # # # ## # - clear solution ## - undissolved material present after one hour On the basis of these results, the most concentrated solution of KCl that can be prepared in simiulated field conditions, at 1 C with minimal stirring, is --7, and this will take approximately 8 minutes to reach full dissolution. Conclusion KCl was compared with other K fertilizers regarding their suitability to fertigation. The chemical characteristics of KCl were discussed and assessed. KCl s high nutrient percentage in saturated solution, as well as its rapid dissolution and compatibility with other fertilizers applied in stock solutions, makes it ideal for fertigation use. In some cases, monitoring of Cl - content in soil and plant is recomended to eliminate its accumulation. Acknowledgments Thanks are due to Dr. M. Lupin, IMI (TAMI) Institute for research & Development Ltd., who conducted and summarized the KCl dissolution at field conditions experiment. 6
7 References Agronomic Update, 199. Fertilizer Int. 286:4-41. Elam, M., Ben Ari, S. and H. Magen The dissolution of different types of potassium fertilizers suitable for fertigation. A paper presented in Dhalia Greidinger International Symposium on Fertigation, Haifa, Israel Goode, J.E., Higgs, K.H. and K.J. Hyrycz Trickle irrigation and fertilization of tomatoes in highly calcareous soils. J.Bester Hort. Sci. 53, Haynes, R.J Principles of fertilizer use for trickle irrigated crops. Fertilizer Research. 6: Kafkafi, U., and B. Bar-Yosef Trickle irrigation and fertilization of tomatoes in highly calcareous soils. Agron. J. 72, Maas, E. V Salt tolerance of plants. Applied Agric. Res. 1: Springer Verlag. Magen, H Influence of organic matter on availability of Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu to plants. Msc. thesis, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Parker, D.R., Norvell, W.A., and R.L. Chaney GEOCHEM-PC - A chemical speciation program for IBM and compatible personal computers. in: Chemical equilibrium and reaction models. Loeppert, R,H., Schwab, A.P. and S. Goldberg (eds.). Soil Sci. Soc. Am. (SSSA), Madison, Wisconsin, USA. Sanders, D.C Drip fertigation systems. Information leaflet No. 33-D. North Carolina Coop. Ext. Ser. USA. Wolf, B., Fleming, J. and Batchelor, J Fluid Fertilizer Manual. National fertilizer solutions association, Peoria, Illinois, USA. 7
WHAT IS IN FERTILIZER OTHER THAN NUTRIENTS?
WHAT IS IN FERTILIZER OTHER THAN NUTRIENTS? Raymond C. Ward Ward Laboratories Inc. Kearney, NE Commercial fertilizer is a source of plant nutrients that can be applied to soil to nourish crops when the
More informationN-P-K FERTILIZERS. by M.L. Vitosh Extension Specialist, Crop and Soil Sciences
Michigan State University Extension! Extension Bulletin E-896! Reprint July 1996 N-P-K FERTILIZERS by M.L. Vitosh Extension Specialist, Crop and Soil Sciences T here are many grades and analyses of nitrogen
More informationUnderstanding ph management and plant nutrition Part 5: Choosing the best fertilizer
Understanding ph management and plant nutrition Part 5: Choosing the best fertilizer Bill Argo, Ph.D. Blackmore Company, Tel: 800-874-8660, Int l 734-483-8661, E-mail: bargo@blackmoreco.com Originally
More informationManaging the Root Zone in Soilless Culture
Managing the Root Zone in Soilless Culture Author: Eyal Ronen Haifa Chemicals Chief Agronomist In solid growing media, there are five important parameters that should be monitored around the root zone
More informationThree Reasons to Broaden Your Fertigation Knowledge
Three Reasons to Broaden Your Fertigation Knowledge While the benefits of fertigation are being recognized by more irrigation managers today than ever before, the staff of Irrigation Business & Technology
More informationMolarity of Ions in Solution
APPENDIX A Molarity of Ions in Solution ften it is necessary to calculate not only the concentration (in molarity) of a compound in aqueous solution but also the concentration of each ion in aqueous solution.
More informationChapter 8: Chemical Equations and Reactions
Chapter 8: Chemical Equations and Reactions I. Describing Chemical Reactions A. A chemical reaction is the process by which one or more substances are changed into one or more different substances. A chemical
More informationChemistry 51 Chapter 8 TYPES OF SOLUTIONS. A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two substances: a solute and a solvent.
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two substances: a solute and a solvent. Solute: substance being dissolved; present in lesser amount. Solvent: substance doing the dissolving; present
More informationThe Basics of Fertilizer Calculations for Greenhouse Crops Joyce G. Latimer, Extension Specialist, Greenhouse Crops; Virginia Tech
The Basics of Fertilizer Calculations for Greenhouse Crops Joyce G. Latimer, Extension Specialist, Greenhouse Crops; Virginia Tech Publication 430-100 Meeting the Plant s Needs Fertilizers are designed
More informationCALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM: THE SECONDARY COUSINS George Rehm, University of Minnesota
CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM: THE SECONDARY COUSINS George Rehm, University of Minnesota 1. Introduction In the discipline of soil fertility, sulfur (S), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) are put into the category
More informationLecture 28. Potash Fertilizers - Potassium Sulphate
Lecture 28 Potash Fertilizers - Potassium Sulphate Potassium Sulfate Potassium sulfate is the second largest tonnage potassium compound and it is also used primarily as a fertilizer. The sulfate or other
More informationGeneral Chemistry II Chapter 20
1 General Chemistry II Chapter 0 Ionic Equilibria: Principle There are many compounds that appear to be insoluble in aqueous solution (nonelectrolytes). That is, when we add a certain compound to water
More informationCHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF EVERYDAY HOUSEHOLD CHEMICALS
CHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF EVERYDAY HOUSEHOLD CHEMICALS Purpose: It is important for chemists to be able to determine the composition of unknown chemicals. This can often be done by way of chemical tests.
More informationPOTASSIUM. Functions of Potassium in Plants. Potassium Deficiency Symptoms
POTASSIUM Potassium is the last of what might be called the big three soil nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. These three primary nutrients are, by far, the nutrients most commonly limiting
More informationForest Nursery Notes Summer 2009
Fertigation - Injecting Soluble Fertilizers into the Irrigation System by Thomas D. Landis, Jeremy R. Pinto, and Anthony S. Davis Introduction Fertigation (fertilization + irrigation) is the newest way
More informationTesting Water for Gardening and Lawn Irrigation
wellcare information for you about Testing Water for Gardening and Lawn Irrigation Within a household, water may serve many functions beyond everyday household uses such as drinking, cooking, laundry,
More informationTRENDS IN BULK BLENDING WORLD WIDE
TRENDS IN BULK BLENDING WORLD WIDE CHARLES FORMISANI Project Engineer A. J. Sackett & Sons Company Baltimore, Maryland USA 410-276-4466 www.ajsackett.com Assuming that the goal of any fertilization program
More informationFertilizer Grade and Calculations. John Peters UW Soil Science Department
Fertilizer Grade and Calculations John Peters UW Soil Science Department University of Wisconsin Soil Test Report Nutrient Recommendations Graphic Interpretation and Lab Results Secondary and Micronutrient
More informationTutorial 4 SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY. Solution stoichiometry calculations involve chemical reactions taking place in solution.
T-27 Tutorial 4 SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY Solution stoichiometry calculations involve chemical reactions taking place in solution. Of the various methods of expressing solution concentration the most convenient
More informationIrrigation Water for Greenhouses and Nurseries
Agriculture and Natural Resources Irrigation Water for Greenhouses and Nurseries FSA6061 James Robbins Professor - Ornamentals Arkansas Is Our Campus Visit our web site at: http://www.uaex.edu Both the
More informationFertigation recipes for selected crops in the Mediterranean region
Deliverable n.2 Fertigation recipes for selected crops in the Mediterranean region CYPRUS I. Papadopoulos, C. Metochis and N. Seraphides ARI 2 Deliverable 2 Contents Page Summary. 3 Introduction 4 Fertigation
More informationSalinity Management and Soil Amendments for Southwestern Pecan Orchards
Salinity Management and Soil Amendments for Southwestern Pecan Orchards Thomas L. Thompson, Professor and Soils Specialist James L. Walworth, Associate Professor and Soils Specialist Department of Soil,
More informationTemperature N Source and Rate CEC (less when high) Application method + H +
Ammonia Volatilization Urease activity Air Exchange Temperature N Source and Rate CEC (less when high) Application method NH 4 NH 3 H Urea If ph and temperature can be kept low, little potential exists
More informationA SOIL TESTING SERVICE FOR FARMERS IN THAILAND, USING MOBILE LABORATORIES
A SOIL TESTING SERVICE FOR FARMERS IN THAILAND, USING MOBILE LABORATORIES Narong Chinabut Office of Science for Land Development Land Development Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok
More informationWater Quality Management for Greenhouse Production
ANR-1158 A dependable irrigation water supply is a vital component of any greenhouse growing operation. In the past, the quality of the water source was not a cultural issue considered by growers. They
More informationChemistry Ch 15 (Solutions) Study Guide Introduction
Chemistry Ch 15 (Solutions) Study Guide Introduction Name: Note: a word marked (?) is a vocabulary word you should know the meaning of. A homogeneous (?) mixture, or, is a mixture in which the individual
More informationFertilization of Strawberries in Florida 1
CIR1141 Fertilization of Strawberries in Florida 1 George Hochmuth and Earl Albregts INTRODUCTION Strawberries are produced on 5000-6000 acres each year in Florida and the 199-93 season had a crop value
More information2. DECOMPOSITION REACTION ( A couple have a heated argument and break up )
TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS Most reactions can be classified into one of five categories by examining the types of reactants and products involved in the reaction. Knowing the types of reactions can help
More informationstoichiometry = the numerical relationships between chemical amounts in a reaction.
1 REACTIONS AND YIELD ANSWERS stoichiometry = the numerical relationships between chemical amounts in a reaction. 2C 8 H 18 (l) + 25O 2 16CO 2 (g) + 18H 2 O(g) From the equation, 16 moles of CO 2 (a greenhouse
More informationSOIL TEST LEVELS AND NUTRIENT BUDGETS IN THE WESTERN U.S.
SOIL TEST LEVELS AND NUTRIENT BUDGETS IN THE WESTERN U.S. Robert L. Mikkelsen and Paul E. Fixen Potash & Phosphate Institute ABSTRACT The status of potassium (K) and phosphorus (P) nutrient concentrations
More informationPotash. products. All from a Single Source
All from a Single Source ALCHEMICAL SYMBOL OF POTASSIUM Contents What is Potassium? DSW POTASH PRODUCTS Granular Grade 1-3 mm... 4 Granular Grade 2-4 mm... 5 Standard Grade... 6 Fine Grade... 7 IBERPOTASH
More informationChemistry 132 NT. Solubility Equilibria. The most difficult thing to understand is the income tax. Solubility and Complex-ion Equilibria
Chemistry 13 NT The most difficult thing to understand is the income tax. Albert Einstein 1 Chem 13 NT Solubility and Complex-ion Equilibria Module 1 Solubility Equilibria The Solubility Product Constant
More informationHow To Manage Alfalfa
MANAGING ALFALFA NUTRITION BY SOIL ANALYSIS IN THE DESERT SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES By Aron A. Quist and Michael J. Ottman 1 Introduction: High producing alfalfa responds well to phosphorus and potassium
More informationExperiment 5. Chemical Reactions A + X AX AX A + X A + BX AX + B AZ + BX AX + BZ
Experiment 5 Chemical Reactions OBJECTIVES 1. To observe the various criteria that are used to indicate that a chemical reaction has occurred. 2. To convert word equations into balanced inorganic chemical
More informationSolubility Product Constant
Solubility Product Constant Page 1 In general, when ionic compounds dissolve in water, they go into solution as ions. When the solution becomes saturated with ions, that is, unable to hold any more, the
More informationCHEMICAL FORMULAS AND FORMULA WEIGHT CALCULATIONS
CHEMICAL FORMULAS AND FORMULA WEIGHT CALCULATIONS 1. THE MEANING OF A CHEMICAL FORMULA A chemical formula is a shorthand method of representing the elements in a compound. The formula shows the formulas
More informationThese calculations are on a hectare basis or for a given size of an experimental plot.
Fertilizer Calibration Objective: The objective of this lesson is to help you to learn to convert a fertilizer recommendation to the required amounts per unit area. These calculations are on a hectare
More informationSanta Monica College Chemistry 11
Types of Reactions Objectives The objectives of this laboratory are as follows: To perform and observe the results of a variety of chemical reactions. To become familiar with the observable signs of chemical
More informationAgronomic and Economic Considerations on Michigan Farms
Agronomic and Economic Considerations on Michigan Farms MSU Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilizer Recommendations for Field Crops The key ingredients: Soil Test Information Yield Goal Buildup, Maintenance
More informationCHEMICAL PRECIPITATION: WATER SOFTENING
CHEMICAL PRECIPITATION: WATER SOFTENING Submitted to: Dr. Hashsham Research Complex Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Michigan State University East Lansing, MI 4884 Authors
More informationOverall Planning for Developing a New Vineyard: Site Selection and Assessment. Ed Hellman Viticulture Extension Specialist
Overall Planning for Developing a New Vineyard: Site Selection and Assessment Ed Hellman Viticulture Extension Specialist Critical Site Selection Criteria Climate (plant adapted varieties) Diseases and
More informationSAMPLE PROBLEM 8.1. Solutions of Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes SOLUTION STUDY CHECK
Solutions of Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes SAMPLE PROBLEM 8.1 Indicate whether solutions of each of the following contain only ions, only molecules, or mostly molecules and a few ions: a. Na 2 SO 4,
More informationChemistry: Chemical Equations
Chemistry: Chemical Equations Write a balanced chemical equation for each word equation. Include the phase of each substance in the equation. Classify the reaction as synthesis, decomposition, single replacement,
More informationA. Types of Mixtures:
I. MIXTURES: SOLUTIONS 1) mixture = a blend of two or more kinds of matter, each of which retains its own identity and properties a) homogeneous mixture = a mixture that is uniform in composition throughout
More informationIrrigation Water Quality for Greenhouse Production
Agricultural Extension Service The University of Tennessee PB 1617 Irrigation Water Quality for Greenhouse Production 1 Table of Contents Factors Affecting Water Quality 3 ph 3 Alkalinity/Carbonates and
More informationLIQUID FERTILIZER FORMULATIONS
FORMULATIO GUIDE % itrogen % ulfur LIQUID FERTILIZER FORMULATIO RAW UTRIET MATERIAL COTET Ammonium ulfate --- Urea Ammonium itrate -- Urea Ammonium itrate -- Urea Ammonium itrate -- Ammonium Polyphosphate
More informationCalculation of Molar Masses. Molar Mass. Solutions. Solutions
Molar Mass Molar mass = Mass in grams of one mole of any element, numerically equal to its atomic weight Molar mass of molecules can be determined from the chemical formula and molar masses of elements
More informationFERTIGATION. Lawrence J. Schwankl
production FERTIGATION Lawrence J. Schwankl F ertigation is the injection of fertilizers through the irrigation system. Microirrigation systems are well-suited to fertigation because of their frequency
More informationDrip Fertigation in Horticultural crops
Drip Fertigation in Horticultural crops G. Sri Krishna, Research Associate, Agricultural Research Station, Utukur, Kadapa - 516003 Mail: srikrishna12@rediffmail.com Application of Fertilizers to plantation,
More informationChapter 14 Solutions
Chapter 14 Solutions 1 14.1 General properties of solutions solution a system in which one or more substances are homogeneously mixed or dissolved in another substance two components in a solution: solute
More informationCalcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) are secondary nutrients, but they are
Chapter 4 Magnesium 32 4 Magnesium Charles S. Wortmann UNL Professor of Agronomy Revised from: Kenneth D. Frank UNL Associate Professor Emeritus, Agronomy Calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) are secondary
More informationBalancing Chemical Equations Worksheet
Balancing Chemical Equations Worksheet Student Instructions 1. Identify the reactants and products and write a word equation. 2. Write the correct chemical formula for each of the reactants and the products.
More informationLAB 5 - PLANT NUTRITION. Chemical Ionic forms Approximate dry Element symbol Atomic weight Absorbed by plants tissue concentration
LAB 5 PLANT NUTRITION I. General Introduction All living organisms require certain elements for their survival. Plants are known to require carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus
More informationTotal Suspended Solids Total Dissolved Solids Hardness
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) are solids in water that can be trapped by a filter. TSS can include a wide variety of material, such as silt, decaying plant and animal matter, industrial wastes, and sewage.
More informationFARMING FOR THE FUTURE How mineral fertilizers can feed the world and maintain its resources in an Integrated Farming System
How mineral fertilizers can feed the world and maintain its resources in an Integrated Farming System european fertilizer manufacturers association Global trends in population growth (Population 1000 million),
More informationChemistry 151 Final Exam
Chemistry 151 Final Exam Name: SSN: Exam Rules & Guidelines Show your work. No credit will be given for an answer unless your work is shown. Indicate your answer with a box or a circle. All paperwork must
More informationMICRO IRRIGATION A technology to save water
MICRO IRRIGATION A technology to save water 1. Introduction Efficient utilization of available water resources is crucial for a country like, India, which shares 17% of the global population with only
More information1. When the following equation is balanced, the coefficient of Al is. Al (s) + H 2 O (l)? Al(OH) 3 (s) + H 2 (g)
1. When the following equation is balanced, the coefficient of Al is. Al (s) + H 2 O (l)? Al(OH) (s) + H 2 (g) A) 1 B) 2 C) 4 D) 5 E) Al (s) + H 2 O (l)? Al(OH) (s) + H 2 (g) Al (s) + H 2 O (l)? Al(OH)
More informationExperiment 8 - Double Displacement Reactions
Experiment 8 - Double Displacement Reactions A double displacement reaction involves two ionic compounds that are dissolved in water. In a double displacement reaction, it appears as though the ions are
More informationChapter 5. Chapter 5. Naming Ionic Compounds. Objectives. Chapter 5. Chapter 5
Objectives Name cations, anions, and ionic compounds. Write chemical formulas for ionic compounds such that an overall neutral charge is maintained. Explain how polyatomic ions and their salts are named
More informationChemical Equations and Chemical Reactions. Chapter 8.1
Chemical Equations and Chemical Reactions Chapter 8.1 Objectives List observations that suggest that a chemical reaction has taken place List the requirements for a correctly written chemical equation.
More informationEnthalpy of Reaction and Calorimetry worksheet
Enthalpy of Reaction and Calorimetry worksheet 1. Calcium carbonate decomposes at high temperature to form carbon dioxide and calcium oxide, calculate the enthalpy of reaction. CaCO 3 CO 2 + CaO 2. Carbon
More informationDetermining Amounts of Fertilizer for Small Areas
Determining Amounts of Fertilizer for Small Areas Guide H-119 Revised by Robert Flynn 1 Cooperative Extension Service College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences This publication is scheduled
More informationION EXCHANGE FOR DUMMIES. An introduction
ION EXCHANGE FOR DUMMIES An introduction Water Water is a liquid. Water is made of water molecules (formula H 2 O). All natural waters contain some foreign substances, usually in small amounts. The water
More informationAgro-One Soil Analysis
Lab Sample ID: 70947940 Field/Location: MONDAY GROUP 1 Date Sampled: 10/03/2011 Phosphorus (P) 160 Potassium (K) 599 Calcium (Ca) 5,232 Magnesium (Mg) 573 Element Element Element Soil ph 6.8 Manganese
More informationSCH 4C1 Unit 2 Problem Set Questions taken from Frank Mustoe et all, "Chemistry 11", McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 2001
SCH 4C1 Unit 2 Problem Set Questions taken from Frank Mustoe et all, "Chemistry 11", McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 2001 1. A small pin contains 0.0178 mol of iron. How many atoms of iron are in the pin? 2. A sample
More informationATOMS. Multiple Choice Questions
Chapter 3 ATOMS AND MOLECULES Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following correctly represents 360 g of water? (i) 2 moles of H 2 0 (ii) 20 moles of water (iii) 6.022 10 23 molecules of water (iv)
More informationHardness - Multivalent metal ions which will form precipitates with soaps. e.g. Ca 2+ + (soap) Ca(soap) 2 (s)
Water Softening (Precipitation Softening) (3 rd DC 178; 4 th DC 235) 1. Introduction Hardness - Multivalent metal ions which will form precipitates with soaps. e.g. Ca 2+ + (soap) Ca(soap) 2 (s) Complexation
More informationPresented by Paul Krauth Utah DEQ. Salt Lake Countywide Watershed Symposium October 28-29, 2008
Basic Nutrient Removal from Water Beta Edition Presented by Paul Krauth Utah DEQ Salt Lake Countywide Watershed Symposium October 28-29, 2008 Presentation Outline Salt Lake County waters / 303(d) listings
More informationPrecipitation Titration: Determination of Chloride by the Mohr Method by Dr. Deniz Korkmaz
Precipitation Titration: Determination of Chloride by the Mohr Method by Dr. Deniz Korkmaz Introduction Titration is a process by which the concentration of an unknown substance in solution is determined
More informationChapter 8 How to Do Chemical Calculations
Chapter 8 How to Do Chemical Calculations Chemistry is both a qualitative and a quantitative science. In the laboratory, it is important to be able to measure quantities of chemical substances and, as
More informationChemical Equations. Chemical Equations. Chemical reactions describe processes involving chemical change
Chemical Reactions Chemical Equations Chemical reactions describe processes involving chemical change The chemical change involves rearranging matter Converting one or more pure substances into new pure
More informationDEIONIZATION IN A "NUT SHELL"
Deionized Water (DI) DEIONIZATION IN A "NUT SHELL" City water is passed through dark amber colored, caviar sized plastic beads called cation ion exchange resin. The cation resin is in the hydrogen form
More informationFertilizer Calculations for Greenhouse Crops
Fertilizer Calculations for Greenhouse Crops Proper fertilization of greenhouse crops is essential for producing high-quality plants. Some nutrients (such as calcium and magnesium) may be mixed into the
More informationW1 WORKSHOP ON STOICHIOMETRY
INTRODUCTION W1 WORKSHOP ON STOICHIOMETRY These notes and exercises are designed to introduce you to the basic concepts required to understand a chemical formula or equation. Relative atomic masses of
More informationHonors Chemistry: Unit 6 Test Stoichiometry PRACTICE TEST ANSWER KEY Page 1. A chemical equation. (C-4.4)
Honors Chemistry: Unit 6 Test Stoichiometry PRACTICE TEST ANSWER KEY Page 1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Question What is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction? What 3 things (values) is a mole of a chemical
More informationProblem Solving. Stoichiometry of Gases
Skills Worksheet Problem Solving Stoichiometry of Gases Now that you have worked with relationships among moles, mass, and volumes of gases, you can easily put these to work in stoichiometry calculations.
More information6 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
6 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions Water is by far the most common medium in which chemical reactions occur naturally. It is not hard to see this: 70% of our body mass is water and about 70% of the surface
More informationAdditional Lecture: TITRATION BASICS
Additional Lecture: TITRATION BASICS 1 Definition and Applications Titration is the incremental addition of a reagent solution (called titrant) to the analyte until the reaction is complete Common applications:
More informationFertigation. This project is supported by Growcom, through funding from the Australian Government.
Fertigation CASE STUDY 2 - Australian government reef programme This project is supported by Growcom, through funding from the Australian Government. FERTIGATION Fertigation is the practice of applying
More informationGeneral Chemistry I (FC, 09-10) Lab #3: The Empirical Formula of a Compound. Introduction
General Chemistry I (FC, 09-10) Introduction A look at the mass relationships in chemistry reveals little order or sense. The ratio of the masses of the elements in a compound, while constant, does not
More informationIt's in the details. JOST MINERAL GUIDE
It's in the details. JOST MINERAL GUIDE Reference Guide to Jost Mineral Compounds Jost Chemical Co. manufactures a line of mineral compounds that are used in the nutritional supplement, clinical nutrition,
More informationChapter Test A. Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures MULTIPLE CHOICE. chemically combined? MIXs2 a. element b. compound c. mixture d.
Assessment Chapter Test A Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures MULTIPLE CHOICE Write the letter of the correct answer in the space provided. 1. What is a pure substance made of two or more elements that are
More informationUNIT (4) CALCULATIONS AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS
UNIT (4) CALCULATIONS AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS 4.1 Formula Masses Recall that the decimal number written under the symbol of the element in the periodic table is the atomic mass of the element. 1 7 8 12
More informationMICRONUTRIENTS AS STARTER AND FOLIAR APPLICATION FOR CORN AND SOYBEAN
MICRONUTRIENTS AS STARTER AND FOLIAR APPLICATION FOR CORN AND SOYBEAN Nathan D. Mueller and Dorivar A. Ruiz Diaz Dep. of Agronomy, Kansas State University Abstract Corn and soybean production under high
More informationIV. PLANT NUTRIENT ELEMENTS
IV. PLANT NUTRIENT ELEMENTS 1. Introduction There are sixteen (16) elements that have been established as essential for the optimal growth of chlorophyll-containing plants. These elements have been divided
More informationThe commercial culture of -citrus in most soils of California requires
NITROGEN IN RELATION TO THE GROWTH OF CITRUS CUTTINGS IN SOLUTION CULTURES A. R. C. HA AS (WITH FIVE FIGURES) The commercial culture of -citrus in most soils of California requires some form of nitrogen
More information"The Knowns and Unknowns of Nutrient Uptake" Roch Gaussoin, PhD University of Nebraska-Lincoln rgaussoin1@unl.edu http://turf.unl.
"The Knowns and Unknowns of Nutrient Uptake" Roch Gaussoin, PhD University of Nebraska-Lincoln rgaussoin1@unl.edu http://turf.unl.edu What we know now What we will know in the future Plant Nutrient Application
More informationNUTRIENT REMOVAL FROM SECONDARY EFFLUENT BY ALUM FLOCCULATION AND LIME PRECIPITATION*
University of Wisconsin Engineering Experiment Station Reprint Number 708 Int. J. Air Wat. Poll. Pergamon Press 1964. Vol. 8, pp. 487-500. Printed in Great Britain. NUTRIENT REMOVAL FROM SECONDARY EFFLUENT
More informationChapter 7: Chemical Reactions
Chapter 7 Page 1 Chapter 7: Chemical Reactions A chemical reaction: a process in which at least one new substance is formed as the result of a chemical change. A + B C + D Reactants Products Evidence that
More informationCoimisiún na Scrúduithe Stáit State Examinations Commission
2015. M33 Coimisiún na Scrúduithe Stáit State Examinations Commission LEAVING CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION, 2015 CHEMISTRY ORDINARY LEVEL TUESDAY, 16 JUNE AFTERNOON 2.00 TO 5.00 400 MARKS Answer eight questions
More informationChemistry B11 Chapter 6 Solutions and Colloids
Chemistry B11 Chapter 6 Solutions and Colloids Solutions: solutions have some properties: 1. The distribution of particles in a solution is uniform. Every part of the solution has exactly the same composition
More informationIon Selective Electrodes
Ion Selective Electrodes OAKTON has a large selection of Ion Selective Electrodes () to suit a wide variety of applications. Each electrode has a typical response time of 20 to 30 seconds but will vary
More informationDEGASSED CATION CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT
(Presented at EPRI's 8th International Conference on Cycle Chemistry in Fossil and Combined Cycle Plants with Heat Recovery Steam Generators - June 20-23, 2006 Calgary, Alberta Canada) DEGASSED CATION
More informationExperiment 1 Chemical Reactions and Net Ionic Equations
Experiment 1 Chemical Reactions and Net Ionic Equations I. Objective: To predict the products of some displacement reactions and write net ionic equations. II. Chemical Principles: A. Reaction Types. Chemical
More informationCalculations and Chemical Equations. Example: Hydrogen atomic weight = 1.008 amu Carbon atomic weight = 12.001 amu
Calculations and Chemical Equations Atomic mass: Mass of an atom of an element, expressed in atomic mass units Atomic mass unit (amu): 1.661 x 10-24 g Atomic weight: Average mass of all isotopes of a given
More informationPART I: MULTIPLE CHOICE (30 multiple choice questions. Each multiple choice question is worth 2 points)
CHEMISTRY 123-07 Midterm #1 Answer key October 14, 2010 Statistics: Average: 74 p (74%); Highest: 97 p (95%); Lowest: 33 p (33%) Number of students performing at or above average: 67 (57%) Number of students
More informationCopyright 2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Sample Exercise 17.1 Calculating the ph When a Common Ion is Involved What is the ph of a solution made by adding 0.30 mol of acetic acid and 0.30 mol of sodium acetate to enough water to make 1.0 L of
More informationLab 7 Soil ph and Salinity OBJECTIVE INTRODUCTION Soil ph active
Lab 7 Soil ph and Salinity OBJECTIVE In this lab you will learn the effect of the concentration of hydrogen ions (ph) and various salts on the fertility of a soil. You will perform some tests which are
More informationTest Review # 9. Chemistry R: Form TR9.13A
Chemistry R: Form TR9.13A TEST 9 REVIEW Name Date Period Test Review # 9 Collision theory. In order for a reaction to occur, particles of the reactant must collide. Not all collisions cause reactions.
More information