Background Paper 1: Age and place of residence

Transcription

1 Background Paper 1: Age and place of residence Prepared for the Sydney Women s Fund by Alison Ziller and Elizabeth Delaney January 2012

2 PAGE 2 This Portrait Background Paper was prepared for the Sydney Women s Fund by Alison Ziller Director, Australia Street Company, Pty Ltd PO Box 873 Neutral Bay, NSW 2089 aziller@bigpond.net.au and Elizabeth Delaney Principal, Community Dimensions Pty Ltd PO Box 234, The Junction, NSW 2291 e.delaney@bigpond.com Australia Street Company Pty. Ltd. and Community Dimensions Pty. Ltd Permission is granted for fair use of the material contained in the Portrait and the Background Papers providing all quotes are in quotation marks and the source is stated, including where relevant, the sources used in citations. The Sydney Women s Fund, Chair Rosalind Strong, is part of the Sydney Community Foundation. With thanks to the members of the project s Reference Group: Sue Boaden, Amanda Bray, Louise Crabtree, Emily Fuller, Elaine Henry, Josephine Majewski and Margo Rawsthorne, and to the Sydney Women s Fund s Executive Officer, Kristi Mansfield.

3 PAGE 3 BACKGROUND PAPER 1: AGE AND PLACE OF RESIDENCE This section describes a basic age and residence profile for women and girls in the Sydney metropolitan area. It uses publicly available sources and is principally based on data for the Sydney Statistical Division as defined by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). We use charts and maps so as to provide a snapshot of this complex topic. Sydney is a large metropolitan area of more than four million people. In 2007, 63% of the population of NSW lived in Sydney. TABLE 1 Source: ABS: In 2010, the age distribution of the Sydney SD was markedly different from that of the remainder of NSW. FIGURE 1 Source: ABS Population by Age and Sex, Regions of Australia, accessed

4 PAGE 4 The difference in age profiles for Sydney compared with the rest of NSW is most noticeable in the age groups years through to years. This difference was evident for both females and males. At June 2010, people aged years accounted for 38.7% of the total Sydney population, compared with 30.2% of residents in the remainder of NSW. This reflects a pattern of people in these age groups moving to Sydney to pursue education and work opportunities. Conversely, 36.2% of Sydney SD population were aged 45 years and over, compared with 44.0% of the population in the remainder of NSW. 1 The profile also shows the effects of outmigration from the metropolitan area, e.g. to coastal regions of NSW among people aged 50 and over as well as the somewhat longer life expectancy of women. GEOGRAPHY AND AGE Sydney s population shows distinctive patterns of residence by age. In 2006, Census results showed concentrations of young children under the age of 5 in some parts of the metropolitan area. For example, there were relatively low concentrations of children under five in the City of Sydney s central business district but high concentrations along some major transport corridors and in many parts of Western Sydney. This can be seen in Map 1. In regard to this map, the ABS states (Social Atlas p16) the outer suburbs of Sydney, particularly the outer west, had the highest concentrations of children under 5 years. Kellyville Ridge, Rouse Hill, Stanhope Gardens and Beaumont Hills in the north-west; Glendenning in the west; Horningsea Park and Voyager Point in the Fairfield-Liverpool region; and Claymore and Currans Hill in the outer southwestern suburbs, all had 11% or more of their population aged under 5 years. Most areas with high proportions of young children had very high proportions of dwellings being purchased and comparatively low levels of rented dwellings. Inner city areas and suburbs close to the city had high proportions of people living along and couples with no dependent children. Consequently, these areas had relatively few young children. 1

5 PAGE 5 MAP 1 CHILDREN AGED 0-4 YEARS AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE TOTAL POPULATION WESTERN SYDNEY EASTERN SYDNEY Source: ABS 2006 Census of Population and Housing and PSMA Australia Ltd. City Futures Research Centre at the University of New South Wales has mapped the change in concentration of under fives in the inter-census period ( ) 2 in the main metropolitan core urban areas of Sydney 3. 2 City Futures, UNSW: Our Changing City: February see note on p 4 of their publication

6 PAGE 6 M AP 2 PERCENT CHANGE IN UNDER FIVES, In regard to children aged 0-4, City Futures notes: In absolute numbers terms, the baby belt is still associated with the outer suburbs Liverpool, Camden, Blacktown, Penrith and Sutherland Shire Absolute increases are greatest in Baulkham Hills following the new Greenfield developments But, many older suburban and outer suburban areas are losing children with fewer 0-4 year olds recorded in 2006 compared to The most significant falls were [experienced in] Fairfield, Campbelltown and Penrith In percentage terms, the highest growth in kids has been Leichhardt, North Sydney, Canada Bay, Auburn, Baulkham Hills, Waverly and Willoughby Inner city resurgence is underway clear signs of gentrification and deferred child rearing in Leichhardt, - deferred families and Balmain s second timers. This may reflect in part a (relative) shift from the eastern suburbs and north shore by young families who can t afford eastern suburbs prices now colonising this part of the inner west along the distributor and to the north of the Parramatta Road

7 PAGE 7 Strong percentage point increases in Lane Cove, North Sydney, Waverly and Woollahra although from low bases Babies are booming in three distinct markets the outer new release fringe suburbs, the new immigrant areas of Auburn and Bankstown, but the big story is the growth in percentage terms in both traditionally wealthy but also gentrifying parts of the inner city. City Futures goes on to say Mums of the under 5s are generally getting older across Sydney (note that the data does not distinguish age of first birth). Only in Auburn, Canada Bay and Strathfield did the average age of mothers of under 5s fall associated with the new higher density housing in these areas. They also say that one of the enduring features of the last several decades is the growth in the number of single parent families. However this trend was slightly reversed in Sydney in the period when there were 31,828 under 5s living in single parent families in 2006, which is actually fewer than in 2001 (32,197). (p7). The Public Health Development Information Unit (PHIDU) at the University of Adelaide has mapped the distribution of girls and women in the Sydney Metropolitan Area in five year age groups using population estimates for These maps show that the pattern of distribution of females gradually shifts, across the five year age groups, from west to east - as shown in a selection of these maps (Maps 3,4,5 and 6). MAP 3 % ESTIMATED FEMALE POPULATION AGED 0-4, 2009 Source: Maps 3-6 PHIDU interactive mapping accessed May 2011

8 PAGE 8 MAP 4 % ESTIMATED FEMALE POPULATION AGED 15-19, 2009 MAP 5 % ESTIMATED FEMALE POPULATION AGED 40-44, 2009 MAP 6 % ESTIMATED FEMALE POPULATION AGED 65+, 2009

9 PAGE 9 The shifting proportions of women by age group, towards eastern and coastal parts of Sydney on the one hand and the Blue Mountains on the other is in part due to newer areas of greenfield development in the outer western parts of the SSD being largely occupied by families with young children. But many other factors are likely to be involved including the geography of access to education, employment and housing and ties to family or cultural groups. The distribution of women age 65+ may seem to reflect pre-retirement and retirement choices of residential area (moves to coastal areas and the Blue Mountains). However, it may also reflect geographic differences in life expectancy among women, arising from the association between low income levels and rates of premature mortality. The geography of premature mortality among women is described in Background Paper 2. The distribution of women in lone person households by median weekly income (Map 7) and the distribution of lone parent families where the lone parent is female by median family income across the suburbs of the Sydney SD (Map 8) also show marked geography in social gradients. MAP 7: FEMALES AGED YEARS IN LONE PERSON HOUSEHOLDS BY MEDIAN WEEKLY INDIVIDUAL INCOME ($), STATE SUBURBS OF USUAL RESIDENCE IN THE SYDNEY STATISTICAL DIVISION Source: ABS 2006 Census of Population and Housing and PSMA Australia Pty Ltd.

10 PAGE 10 MAP 8: FEMALE LONE PARENT FAMILIES BY MEDIAN WEEKLY FAMILY INCOME ($); STATE SUBURBS OF USUAL RESIDENCE IN THE SYDNEY STATISTICAL DIVISION, 2006 Source: ABS 2006 Census of Population and Housing and PSMA Australia Pty Ltd MIGRATION Both internal and international migration are maintaining Sydney s age profile. Data from the Department of Immigration and Citizenship shows international migration contributes mainly younger people to Sydney s population, both proportionately and in absolute numbers. Over time, the proportion of international immigrants who are from the UK and Eire has declined while the proportion from Asia has increased. In the period , 30.6% of international migrants and 34.8% of international migrants whose first language was not English arriving in Australia settled in Sydney 4. 4 Department of Immigrant and Citizenship (DIAC), Population Distribution Effects of Migration in Australia, Research Report, 2011, p168,

11 PAGE 11 TABLE 2: INCREASES IN SYDNEY S POPULATION DUE TO RECENT INTERNATONAL MIGRATION MALE MIGRANTS WHO ARRIVED AFTER 1996 FEMALE MIGRANTS WHO ARRIVED AFTER 1996 Age & over & over Total Sydney SD INCREASES IN POPULATION DUE TO RECENT MIGRATION, PER CENT Males Females Age & over & over Total Sydney SD 7.9% 16.0% 19.9% 4.6% 2.2% 7.9% 17.0% 20.7% 4.7% 2.4% 11.0% RECENT MIGRANTS AS PERCENT OF TOTAL POPULATION Males Females Age & over & over Total Sydney SD 7.3% 13.8% 16.6% 4.4% 2.2% 7.3% 14.6% 17.1% 4.5% 2.4% 9.9% Source: Department of Immigrant and Citizenship (DIAC), Population Distribution Effects of Migration in Australia, Research Report, 2011, Table 7.1, p239 Both skilled and humanitarian migrants prefer metropolitan to regional areas of settlement. FIGURE 3: SYDNEY: BIRTHPLACE COMPOSITION OF OVERSEAS BORN POPULATION BASED ON ABS CENSUS Source: Department of Immigrant and Citizenship (DIAC), Population Distribution Effects of Migration in Australia, Research Report, 2011, Community housing 4, Figure 4.1 p170.

12 PAGE 12 Almost 90% of humanitarian arrivals settle in metropolitan areas 5. Data from the NSW Department of Health 6 identifies the major local government areas of settlement by new humanitarian refugees in as Fairfield (20.7%), Liverpool (11.4%), Blacktown (11.0%) and Auburn (8.9%). During the period to by far the greatest number of refugees settling in NSW had been born in Iraq. In substantial numbers of humanitarian refugees settling in NSW had been born in Myanmar/Burma, China, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Sudan, and Sierra Leone. On the other hand, more family and skilled migrants came from China, India, the UK and South Korea than any other country. Map 9 shows the marked preference for people who have recently arrived in Australia to settle in a limited number of suburbs of Sydney, particularly parts of Fairfield, Liverpool, Blacktown and Auburn. MAP 9 RECENT ARRIVALS Overseas born people arriving in Australia on, or after, 1 January 2001 as a percentage of the total population, based on place of usual resident 2006, Sydney SD by suburb WESTERN SYDNEY EASTERN SYDNEY Source: ABS 2006 Census of Population and Housing and PSMA Australia Ltd 5 DIAC Settlement outcomes of new arrivals, April 2011: p54 6

13 PAGE 13 The distribution of people with limited fluency in English or who do not speak English at all, Map 10, is broader, although still showing concentrations in Fairfield and Auburn, Canterbury and Bankstown. MAP 10: PEOPLE NOT FLUENT IN ENGLISH People aged 5 years and over who did not speak English well or at all as a percentage of the total population aged 5 years and over, based on place of usual residence, 2006, Sydney Statistical Division by suburb WESTERN SYDNEY EASTERN SYDNEY Source: ABS 2006 Census of Population and Housing and PSMA Australia Ltd These data are not mapped by gender in the Social Atlas. We have assumed in this Background Paper, that these data are indicative for women as well as for these various populations as a whole. Other data shows that people who were born overseas in predominantly non-english speaking countries are more likely to live in areas of socioeconomic disadvantage, although the extent to which this relationship exists varies with the country of origin. Data from PHIDU shows that this relationship varies with the country of birth. For example it particularly holds for people born in Vietnam, the Philippines and Lebanon, but is reversed for residents born in Malaysia, the Netherlands and is not consistent for people born in China. This is no doubt accounted for by differences in usual reason for arrival in Australia.

14 PAGE 14 FIGURE 4: NUMBER OF SYDNEY RESIDENTS, IN 2006, BORN OVERSEAS IN PREDOMINANTLY NON- ENGLISH SPEAKING COUNTRIES AS A PROPORTION OF THE TOTAL POPULATION X AREA OF DISADVANTAGE Source: PHIDU interactive graphics INDIGENOUS AUSTRALIANS IN SYDNEY About 43% of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population of NSW lives in Sydney, in contrast to 63% of the non-indigenous population. The residential distribution of Indigenous people, Map 11, shows a geography representing both longstanding pre-invasion settlements (La Perouse and Phillip Bay) and relocation and rehousing policies of successive governments (Redfern Waterloo in the City of Sydney and Bidwill, Willmot and Airds in Western and South Western Sydney). The ABS notes that the suburbs recording the highest proportions of Indigenous Australians included La Perouse and Phillip Bay to the east of the city on Botany Bay; Bidwill, Willmot, Tregear, Blackett, Shalvey and Lethbridge Park in the Blacktown area; and Airds in the Campbelltown area in the outer south-west. With the exception of La Perouse and Phillip Bay, these suburbs also had high proportions of low income households and rented dwellings. As well the ABS noted that the Indigenous population in Sydney was relatively young, with a median age of 22 years, compared with a median age of 35 years for the total population. Of the Indigenous Australians usually resident in Sydney, 11.8% were less than 5 years of age and 1.2% were aged 75 years and over. For the total Sydney population, these proportions were 6.6% and 5.9% respectively. The Indigenous population in NSW is expected to grow by 37% by 2021 compared with a growth of 17% in the population as a whole.

15 PAGE 15 MAP 11: INDIGENOUS AUSTRALIANS AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE TOTAL POPULATION, 2006 WESTERN SYDNEY EASTERN SYDNEY Source: Sydney A Social Atlas, 2006, p 33, ABS 2006 Census of Population and Housing and PSMA Australia Ltd. Less detailed maps of the Aboriginal female population in the Sydney metropolitan area are available from PHIDU, however, these PHIDU maps are available by age group. The PHIDU map for Aboriginal women aged (Map 13), for example, shows that Aboriginal women in this age group are more likely to live in inner and northern parts of Sydney, a geographic distribution quite different from that of Aboriginal girls under five (Map 12) and one which may reflect participation in the workforce and education completed. The largest proportions of Aboriginal women aged 65 and older are found in the City of Sydney, Sutherland, Hornsby, Parramatta, Bankstown and Ryde, (Map 14).

16 PAGE 16 MAP 12: FEMALE ABORIGINAL POPULATION AGED 0-4 AS % OF TOTAL FEMALE ABORIGINAL POPULATION IN 2006, SYDNEY SD MAP 13: FEMALE ABORIGINAL POPULATION AGED AS % OF TOTAL FEMALE ABORIGINAL POPULATION IN 2006, SYDNEY SD MAP 14 : FEMALE ABORIGINAL POPULATION AGED 65+ AS % OF TOTAL FEMALE ABORIGINAL POPULATION IN 2006, SYDNEY SD Source: Maps PHIDU accessed May 2011

17 PAGE 17 In summary, there are some marked concentrations of Aboriginal women and children in the Sydney metropolitan area. Areas in which Aboriginal people are concentrated are different from the areas in which both recently arrived and longer established international immigrants live. There are several areas in which very young children are concentrated and women s presence in various parts of Sydney varies significantly with age. This is true for both Indigenous and non-indigenous females. Overall, there is a marked tendency for women in single person households, single parent families, Aboriginal women, women who are not fluent in English and female refugees to be living in parts of Sydney where gross weekly household income levels are low. MAP 15 LOW INCOME HOUSEHOLDS, HOUSEHOLDS WITH GROSS WEEKLY INCOME LESS THAN $500 AS A PERCENTAGE OF ALL HOUSEHOLDS, 2006 WESTERN SYDNEY E ASTERN SYDNEY Source ABS 2006 Census of Population and Housing and PSMA Australia Ltd

18 PAGE 18 FUTURE GROWTH The NSW Department of Planning states future population growth in NSW is projected to be strongest in South Western Sydney (113% increase between 2006 and 2036) and North Western Sydney (52%), parts of Central Sydney (60%), the South Coast (42%), the Sydney-Canberra Corridor (42%) and the Illawarra (22%) 7. This means that the strongest population growth will be in the region currently showing high levels of relative disadvantage. THE AGEING POPULATION Along with other parts of Australia, Sydney s population is projected to grow and its profile to age in coming decades. However, while inland regions of NSW are predicted to age because of outmigration of young adults, and coastal regions of NSW will age significantly due to in-migration of older people as well as ageing of the existing population, Sydney is likely to experience a constant inflow of people aged years from both international and internal migration. As a result Sydney s age structure will remain comparatively stable although the profile will age, and life expectancy for men and women will become more similar - as the following profile projection indicates 8. FIGURE 5: AGE- SEX PROFILE OF THE SYDNEY REGION S POPULATION IN 2006 & PROJECTED FOR NSW Government, New South Wales Statistical Local Area population projections, , Department of Planning, Sydney, March 2010, xiii 8 NSW Department of Planning, New South Wales State and Regional Population Projections, , 2008 release accessed 6 August 2011

19 PAGE 19 The relative stability of this age profile can be seen by comparing it with projections for other parts of the state. For example the NSW Department of Planning and Infrastructure s projection for the Mid- North Coast. FIGURE 6: AGE- SEX PROFILE OF THE MID NORTH COAST POPULATION, 2006 AND PROJECTED FOR 2036 Many of the distributions described in this section are reflected in other distributions relating to women and girls health, education, employment, housing and general wellbeing. These distributions have important implications for public policy and social infrastructure provision.