Modelling stomatal ozone fluxes to Holm oak forests: problems and challenges

Transcription

1 Modelling stomatal ozone fluxes to Holm oak forests: problems and challenges R. Alonso, I. González-Fernández, S. Elvira, V. Bermejo Ecotoxicology of Air Pollution CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain

2 (EEA, 21) Ozone-induced effects on Mediterranean evergreen species Visible injury Biomass/growth Physiology References Quercus ilex Inclán et al., 1999; Ribas et al., 2; Vitale et al., 28 Quercus coccifera Elvira et al., 24; Ceratonia siliqua Inclán et al., 1999; Ribas et al., 2 Olea europaea - (+) + Inclán et al., 1999; Minnocci et al., 1999 Pistacea lentiscus + + Reig-Arminana et al., 24 Laurus nobilis + + Nali et al., 24 Phyllirea latifolia + + Nali et al., 24 Arbutus unedo Inclán et al., 1999; Nali et al., 24; Paoletti et al., 2 Pinus halepensis Velissariou et al., 1992 ; Gerant et al., 1996; Elvira et al., 1998; Sanz et al., 2; Manes et al., 21; Alonso et al., 21, 22; Kivimaenpaa et al., 21

3 Distribution map of Q. ilex in Spain Ozone effects on Quercus ilex biomass 1. rel AGB R 2 =.49 3 million Ha 2% of forested area; 16% wood production AOT4 per year rel AGB R 2 =.79 AFst per year (mmol m -2 PLA) (Alonso et al., 2)

4 Modelling stomatal conductance of Quercus ilex DO 3 SE g s = g max * f phen * f light * max {f min, (f temp * f VPD * f SWP )} (Jarvis, 1976; Emberson et al., 2; UNECE, 24) Q. ilex g max (H 2 O) 29 f min.2 f light α.12 f temp T min 1 T opt 23 T max 39 f VPD VPD max 2.2 VPD min 4. f SWP SWP max -1 SWP min -4. f phen DOY Literature-based parameterization (Alonso et al., 28)

5 Measuring and modelling g s of Quercus ilex Location Elevation (m a.s.l.) Rainfall (mm) Temp (ºC) Avg Max monthly temp (ºC) Avg min monthly temp (ºC) Miraflores El Pardo

6 Modelling g s of Quercus ilex DO 3 SE Can f phen be used as a surrogate of f SWP? 3 Measured Mod. Liter. Paramet Mod. Liter Paramet no f SWP mmol H 2 m -2 s Jun4 Sept4 Feb Jun Oct Feb6 El Pardo R 2 =. R 2 =.13 mmol H 2 m -2 s Miraflores R 2 =.9 R 2 =.33 Jun4 Sept4 Feb Jun Oct Feb6 Yes, when drought stress is mild (LWPpred > -2 MPa) No, when drought stress is severe

7 29-Mar-4 28-May-4 27-Jul-4 2-Sep-4 24-Nov-4 23-Jan- 24-Mar- 23-May- 22-Jul- 2-Sep- 19-Nov- 18-Jan-6 19-Mar-6 29-Jan Modelling SWC Evapotransp. FAO + soil water balance Miraflores Z r =1. m 1-Feb-4 1-Apr-4 1-Jun-4 1-Aug-4 1-Oct-4 1-Dec-4 1-Feb- 1-Apr- 1-Jun- 1-Aug- 1-Oct- 1-Dec- 1-Feb-6 Modelled SWP Measured LWP pred 1-Oct-3 1-Dec-3 1-Oct-3 3-Nov-3 WP (Mpa) SWC (%) Raindall (mm)

8 El Pardo Z r =1. m Modelled SWP Measured LWP pred 29-Mar-4 28-May-4 27-Jul-4 2-Sep-4 24-Nov-4 23-Jan- 24-Mar- 23-May- 22-Jul- 2-Sep- 19-Nov- 18-Jan-6 19-Mar-6 29-Jan-4 1-Oct-3 3-Nov-3 WP (MPa) SWC (%) Raindall (mm) 1-Apr-4 1-Jun-4 1-Aug-4 1-Oct-4 1-Dec-4 1-Feb- 1-Apr- 1-Jun- 1-Aug- 1-Oct- 1-Dec- 1-Feb-6 1-Feb Modelling SWC Evapotransp. FAO + soil water balance Oct-3 1-Dec-3

9 29-Mar-4 28-May-4 27-Jul-4 2-Sep-4 24-Nov-4 23-Jan- 24-Mar- 23-May- 22-Jul- 2-Sep- 19-Nov- 18-Jan-6 19-Mar-6 29-Jan El Pardo Z r =1. m Z r = 3 m Modelled SWP Measured LWP pred 1-Oct-3 3-Nov-3 WP (MPa) SWC (%) Raindall (mm) 1-Apr-4 1-Jun-4 1-Aug-4 1-Oct-4 1-Dec-4 1-Feb- 1-Apr- 1-Jun- 1-Aug- 1-Oct- 1-Dec- 1-Feb-6 1-Feb Modelling SWC Evapotransp. FAO + soil water balance Oct-3 1-Dec-3

10 Length of dry period (months) in Spain Summer LWPpred -3 /- MPa (Damesin et al., 1998; Rambal et al., 23) 2-3 Summer LWPpred -2. MPa (Castell et al., 1994) Summer LWPpred -4 MPa (Ogaya & Peñuelas, 23) Summer LWPpred -1.9 MPa (Alonso et al., 28) Summer LWPpred -2.6/-4.1 MPa (Alonso et al., 28) Summer LWPpred -1 MPa (Cubera & Moreno., 27) Summer LWPpred -1.9 MPa (Infante et al., 1999) 1: 8 Siga (MARM, 21)

11 Maximum temperatures -Spain

12 Dehesas Q. ilex forests Root length density at different distances to tree trunk Distribution map of dehesas (Habitats Directive) % of Q. ilex surface (Moreno et al., 2) Distribution map of Q. ilex forests (Habitats Directive) PredawnLWP as a function of stand density Factors modifying tree water status: stand density fertilization/ atm. N deposition land use (Moreno et al., 28)

13 Modelling g s of Quercus ilex DO 3 SE Avg daily g s during daylight hours 3 2 mmol H 2 m -2 s / Mod- Local paramet. + f SWP Mod- Local paramet. f SWP Measured

14 Modelling stomatal ozone fluxes Jan-4 2-Feb-4 1-Apr-4 3-May-4 19-Jul-4 7-Sep-4 27-Oct-4 16-Dec-4 9-Nov-4 17-Feb- 28-May- -Sep- 14-Dec- 24-Mar-6 Mod- Local paramet. + f SWP Mod- Local paramet. f SWP Mod- Literature paramet. + f SWP Mod- Literature paramet. f SWP Using model SWP can flux 4-7% Using literature paramet + model SWP can flux up to 2.6x mmol O3 m-2 mmol O3 m-2

15 Gaps and challenges for modelling stomatal ozone fluxes to Holm oak forests: Mod. g s -f SWP Mod. g s + f SWP dehesas forests overestimates flux x underestimates flux 4-7% canopycover fertilization / N deposition

16 THANKS! Acknowledgements: MARM- Critical loads and levels Consolider Ingenio MONTES MCYT- EDEN Com. Madrid - AgriSost